[Chronic atrophic gastritis: morphological features and pepsin formation function].

The paper discusses a modern approach to chronic atrophic gastritis as a precancerous gastric condition. It deals with the role of Helicobacter pylori infection, development of disease, morphological changes taking place in gastric mucosa associated with chronic atrophic gastritis, and their importance for gastrocarcinogenesis. Recommendations are given on the strategies of management of precancerous gastric changes in mucosa as well as early prophylaxis of stomach cancer development from chronic atrophic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection.

[Study of the antioxidant drug "Karinat" in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis]. / Izuchenie antioksidantnogo preparata "Karinat" kak sredstva dlia lecheniia bol'nykh s khronicheskim atroficheskim gastritom.

A randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial of the drug karinat was carried out in patients with chronic multifocal atrophic gastritis. Karinat contains beta-carotene 2.5 mg, alpha-tocopherol 5 mg, ascorbic acid 30 mg and garlic powder 150 mg per tablet. Out of 66 patients, 34 received karinat, 32--placebo. Both karinat and placebo were administered for 6 months, one tablet twice a day. Karinat therapy improved digestion, the fibrogastroscopic pattern of mucosa, inhibited Helicobacter pylori infection, stimulated stomach activity, mitigated intestinal metaplasia and interfered with the epithelial proliferation of gastric mucosa. These therapeutic effects were more pronounced in the study group. On the whole, the effectiveness of the drug was significantly higher (29%). Karinat should be recommended for the management of chronic atrophic gastritis, a precursor of stomach cancer.

[Radioimmunoassay of serum pepsinogen I in chronic gastritis and stomach cancer]. / Radioimmunologicheskii analiz syvorotochnogo pepsinogena I u bol'nykh khronicheskim gastritom i rakom zheludka.

Blood serum in stomach cancer and chronic gastritis has been compared. A sharp decrease in pepsinogen 1 level both in cancer and gastritis patients was found as compared with healthy subjects. Pepsinogen 1 level in poorly-differentiated tumor (37.4 ng/ml) was lower than in well-differentiated one (58.2 ng/ml).

[Evaluation of pepsinogen A expression in stomach cancer]. / Analiz ékspressii genov pepsinogena A pri rake zheludka.

The report deals with a molecular-genetic study of human pepsinogen A (PGA) genetic locus. EcoRI, HindIII and BamH 1 restriction endonuclease technique were employed. The investigation involving 58 patients with stomach cancer (SC) and 18 healthy donors failed to identify any significant PGA genetic restructuring in the blood of healthy donors. However, DNA sampled from tumor tissue showed lower expression and deletion of PGA fragments as compared with those of unaltered gastric mucosa in the same patients. Such changes were identified in 27 SC patients.

[Biochemical and immunologic analysis of pepsinogen I in blood serum and mucosa in patients with gastric tumors and non-tumor diseases]. / Biokhimicheskii i immunologicheskii analiz pepsinogena I syvorotki krovi i slizistoi obolochki bol'nykh opukholevymi i neopukholevymi zabolevaniiami zheludka.

The results of the biochemical and immunologic studies of pepsinogen I (PG-I) occurring in the mucosa and blood serum of patients with tumors and non-tumor conditions of the stomach are discussed. Pepsinogen I was identified in human blood serum using rabbit antibodies against PG-I. Sharp drop in blood serum-PG-I level in patients with gastric tumors has been confirmed.

[Microsatellite instability of genome in cells of sporadic and hereditary carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract]. / Mikrosatellitnaia nestabil'nost' genoma v kletkakh sporadicheskikh i nasledstvennykh kartsinom zheludochno-kishechnogo trakta.

Microsatellite instability (MIN) of human genome, i.e. instability of very short (1-5 nt) DNA tandem repeats, points to a deficiency in the mismatch repair system (MMR). To investigate the role of MMR in sporadic and hereditary carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract, four types of carcinomas were compared: sporadic (GC), familial (FGC) gastric carcinoma, sporadic colorectal (CC) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal (HNPCC) carcinoma. No significant difference in MIN frequency was found between GC (9 out of 27) (33%) and CC (7 out of 29) (24%). In hereditary carcinoma group, MIN occurrence appeared 2-3 times as high: FGC in 7 out of 10 (70%) and HNPCC in 6 out of 8 patients (75%). No significant differences were recorded in MIN occurrence at early and later stages of the disease in all groups. Therefore, it can be suggested that disorders in the MMR develop at earlier stages of carcinogenesis and may be responsible for tumor progression.

[Characteristics of enzymatic function of the stomach in gastroduodenal diseases in children with regard to gastric carcinogenesis]. / Osobennosti fermentativnoi funktsii zheludka pri gastroduodenal'noi patologii u detei v aspekte gastrokantserogeneza.

The paper deals with a description of the biochemical properties of the isoforms of pepsinogen pepsin of gastric mucosa and blood serum in children suffering from duodenal ulcerative disease as well as in atrophic and subtrophic lesions of gastric mucosa. Atrophic gastritis was found to involve an inhibited biosynthesis of the Ist fraction of pepsinogen while ulcerative-erosive lesions of the gastro-duodenal area--an increased level of the 3rd isoform of pepsinogen.

[The use of the 5'PstEJ6.6 probe containing a Ha-ras oncogene promoter in population genetics research by DNA fingerprinting]. / Ispol'zovanie proby 5'PstEJ6.6, soderzhashchei promotr onkogena HRAS, v populiatsionno-geneticheskom issledovanii metodom DNK-fingerprinta.

The Mendelian inheritance of population genetic markers according to their zygosity has been established in a population investigation carried out in Kazakhstan and the northwestern region of Russia, using the 5'PstEJ6.6 DNA probe genetic variability both for persons of different nationality in a population and between two distant populations has been observed. Said procedure has proved more acceptable than the M13 phage DNA test for mass screening examinations because it involves genome analysis on the basis of DNA markers common to each population.

[Biochemical and molecular biological aspects of stomach cancer development in human and animal]. / Biokhimicheskie i molekuliarno-biologicheskie aspekty gastrokantserogeneza u cheloveka i zhivotnykh.

Expression of protooncogenes c-myc, N-myc, c-fos, Ha-ras 1, Ki-ras 2, yes, abl, src, N-ras, met and mos was studied in human gastric tumors and in rat gastric mucosal membrane during gastric carcinogenesis induced in rats by means of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso guanidine (MNNG). Elevated expression of protooncogenes c-myc, c-fos, Ha-ras 1, Ki-ras 2, N-myc and Raf 1 was observed in carcinomas of human stomach. Amplification of Ha-ras 1 protooncogene was found in the human gastric tumor and metastasis. Point mutation was not detected in 12 the codon of Ha-ras I protooncogene. Expression of these protooncogenes was not altered during gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNNG in rats. However, within early steps of cancerogenesis (9 days, 3 months) amplification of ribosomal genes occurred in rat gastric mucosal membrane and in adenocarcinoma developed, while the tumor growth was accompanied by activation of mitochondrial genes.

[Determination of the role of DNA cytosine methylation in human genetic individuality]. / Ustanovlenie roli metilirovaniia tsitozina DNK v geneticheskoi individual'nosti cheloveka.

By the restriction analysis method we established that methylation of the 5'-end cytosine in 5'-m5CC-3' duplexes had individual specific features. This genetic peculiarity did not change even in DNA from human stomach carcinomas.

[Biochemical and molecular biology characteristics of gastric carcinogenesis in humans and animals]. / Nekotorye biokhimicheskie i molekuliarno-biologicheskie osobennosti gastrokantserogeneza u cheloveka i zhivotnykh.

The data on the changes in the isoenzyme spectrum of pepsinogen-pepsin inversely correlating with the development and retaining of the malignant condition of gastric mucosa in human and animals are reviewed. The results of the molecular-genetic studies of gastric carcinogenesis, in particular the role of protooncogenes--oncogenes in this process are presented.

[A molecular genetic analysis of the 12th codon of the Ha-ras-1 proto-oncogene in human carcinoma and stomach ulcer cells]. / Molekuliarno-geneticheskii analiz 12-go kodona protoonkogena Ha-ras-1 v kletkakh kartsinomy i iazvy zheludka cheloveka.

A method of the restriction analysis by Msp I enzyme has been used to analyze the 12th codon of Ha-ras-1 protooncogene in 10 human carcinomas and in the stomach mucosa adjacent to them their 5 metastases into the regional lymph nodes and in 2 ulcers. No point mutation was found.