[Hygienic and environmental problems of energy-saving illumination in urbanization of Crimea].

The article considers the problems offloodlights pollution in the territory of Crimea due to the work of illumination led equipment of the key elements of the international transport artery "China-Europe". There was performed a qualitative assessment of characteristics of led floodlights pollution on the example of the sea surface of the transport crossing through the Kerch Strait. Ichthyologists and oceanographers were shown to estimate the amount of phytoplankton biomass based on sunlight illumination. The excess dose of blue light in the spectrum of led lighting was established to have an impact on phytoplankton greater than solar and lunar light, creating preconditions for the increase of biological mass of phytoplankton and consequently to the formation of the "stern stock". Arising from additional phytoplankton biomass can significantly influence on the schedule offish migration in waters of the Kerch Strait, the biomass of mosquitoes and midges, which are prey for amphibians and birds. The decline of the both light pollution and its negative impact on fauna andflora requires the development of semiconductor sources of white light with a biologically adequate spectrum in the framework of the "Lighting of the lighting equipment of Crimea".

[LIGHT POLLUTION AS THE HYGIENIC PROBLEM].

Mass introduction of lighting devices according to the concept of "maximum coverage area" and multistoried buildings of cities gave rise to light pollution, which became a problem for astronomers, ecologists and hygienists. Analysis of modern lighting devices and installations has shown that about 30-45% of the luminous flux becomes the light pollution. Night lighting of cities causes both direct and indirect damage to the environment, leads to unnecessary energy wastes. So in the USA due to excessive light there is wasted about 2 million barrels of oil per day. Light pollution affects the human hormonal system, causing various health disorders, such as insomnia and depression as a consequence. The light pollution through the ganglion cells of the retina affects the synthesis of melatonin by the pineal gland (epiphysis) and contributes to its calcification, which greatly affects the human psyche. At present, many countries have been paying much state attention to this problem via delivery of national documents and change of the concept of the designing of lighting devices and installations. The essence of this concept--to shine with a preset quality of light only in the right place at the specified time interval. This reduces the light pollution, saves energy and increases the environmental safety of lighting. There is presented an example of a technical solution to reduce the light pollution in the application of the light panel in the form of the gradient of the light guide generator project development.

[Proper use of gas masks as prevention of occupational diseases].

In the paper there are considered the problems arising from the use of respirators: 1. Modern methods used to replace the gas mask filter, 2. Conditions for safe re-use filters which are not fully developed their service life period 3. The conditions of safe use ofrespiratory protective equipment (RPE) in the immediately dangerous air pollution. Measures for the protection of health, based on the common practice of using RPE in the developed countries, which include: the development and application of regulations governing the selection and the use of respirators, filter replacement, training of staff have been proposed.

[Energy saving and LED lamp lighting and human health].

The appearance of new sources of high-intensity with large proportion of blue light in the spectrum revealed new risks of their influence on the function of the eye and human health, especially for children and teenagers. There is an urgent need to reconsider the research methods of vision hygiene in conditions of energy-saving and LED bulbs lighting. On the basis of a systematic approach and knowledge of the newly discovered photosensitive receptors there was built hierarchical model of the interaction of "light environment - the eye - the system of formation of visual images - the hormonal system of the person - his psycho-physiological state." This approach allowed us to develop a range of risk for the negative impact of spectrum on the functions of the eye and human health, as well as to formulate the hygiene requirements for energy-efficient high-intensity light sources.

[Prevalence and characteristics of the "burnout syndrome" of the medical staff of cancer and TB institutions of Primorskii Krai].

As 50 doctors and 70 nurses in oncologic dispensaries as well 90 doctors and 110 nurses in tuberculosis dispensaries in Primorye have been studied on the basis of voluntary testing methods supposed by C. Maslach and V.V. Boiko. The aim of this study was to estimate the relative prevalence and psychological features of the "burnout syndrome" among doctors and nurses of oncologic and tuberculosis dispensaries in Primorye Territory. "Emotional burnout" in various stages of its development is much more common among nurses (75% of respondents), compared with physicians (less than 50% tested). In nursing professional burnout syndrome developed significantly more frequently in the more severe form, and with less seniority of professional activity. The dependence of burning on the age and professional experience is more common for physicians. There is an urgent need to study the epidemiology of the "burnout syndrome" and identify ways to prevent the formation of social syndrome in medical personnel.

[Railway use of asbestos-containing rubble: environmental hygienic aspects]. / Ekologo-gigienicheskie aspekty primeneniia asbestsoderzhashchego ballasta na zheleznykh dorogakh.

The paper presents the results of a study of the gravimetric and counting concentrations of respirable asbestos fibers while working with sand-and-crushed stone mixtures, obtained from the concentration of chrysotile asbestos, at distances of 25, 50, and 100 m from the working place, as well as in a car saloon when the electric train passes along the area of these operations following an hour, a day, and a year after the completion of work, in warm and colds seasons of a year. It is concluded that the use of asbestos-containing sand-and-crushed stone mixtures on the railway leads to a higher anthropogenic asbestos load on the population living in the railway right-of-way, on railway workers and passengers. In this connection, it is necessary to evaluate risk factors of asbestos-induced diseases among the above contingents. The authors consider that due to the fact that asbestos-containing sand-and-crushed stone mixtures are well wetted with water, followed by the formation of a firm surface crust that prevents dust formation, as well as the short duration and rare frequency of operations relating their change, it is necessary to irrigate the repair areas with water or surfactant liquids after work termination.

[Problems of ecologically-caused illness]. / Problemy kologicheski obuslovlennoi zabolevaemosti.

The paper presents data on environmental factor-induced changes in human health. The health status was studied in rail workers living and working in the areas exposed to radiation. This demonstrated a higher incidence of neoplasms, anemias, alimentary and circulatory diseases. Children had a high incidence of chronic lymphonoid tissue diseases and anemias. It is suggested that a complex of negative environmental factors is formed not only by radiation, but also by industrial pollution of the areas and by adverse and hazardous occupational factors.

[Clinical and hygienic aspects of asbestos-induced lung diseases]. / Kliniko-gigienicheskie aspekty asbestobuslovlennykh zabolevanii legkikh.

The outcomes of 31 operations made in patients with asbestos-induced lung cancer and mesothelioma are considered; the relationships of age, lengths of services, and occupation to the occurrence of diseases are analyzed. A phenomenological concept of development of asbestos-induced cancer diseases is proposed. The functional and morphological features of the course of the disease have been established. Recommendations on the prevention and treatment of abnormalities are given.

[Health status of workers contacting chrysotile asbestos waste on railway objects]. / Sostoianie zdorov'ia rabotaiushchikh s otkhodami khrizotil-asbesta na ob"ektakh zheleznodorozhnogo transporta.

Asbestos dust associated with other factors induces more hazardous effects, than if acting solely. That is seen especially in women whose morbidity grows 1.5-2.0 times higher than in men of the same occupations. Further studies are recommended for better knowledge asbestos dust influence under provocative action of other hazards.

[Primary prevention of occupational diseases and compensation for health impairment of those working under harmful conditions]. / Pervichnaia profilaktika profzabolevanii i kompensatsiia za ushcherb zdorov'iu rabotaiushchikh vo vrednykh usloviiakh.

The optimization coefficients for making demands of an employer to grant funds for measures for primary prophylaxis of occupational diseases are proposed. The initial payment is based on the expenses connected with these problems in the past 3 years. An approximate calculating scale for primary prophylaxis is presented.

[Risk assessment for the development of occupational diseases among railroad workers]. / Otsenka riska razvitiia professional'nykh zabolevanii zheleznodorozhnikov.

An attempt was made to asses the actual risk of occupational diseases among various railway specialists having harmful and adverse working conditions. The risk was found to be high, suggesting that there are harmful and extremely harmful working conditions and high undetection of patients with occupational diseases.

[The decrease of risk of occupational diseases among rail road workers: future strategies]. / Snizhenie riska razvitiia profzabolevanii zheleznodorozhnikov: strategiia budushchego.

Diagnosis, registration and prophylaxis of occupational diseases among railway workers remain unsatisfactory so far. Thus, creation of the Railway Register of Occupational Diseases is essential. The Register includes several blocks related to each other and covering enterprises, medical and social institutions. Given relatively low primary occupational morbidity in railway transport, the Register's software considers incidence of occupational diseases in Russian Federation among analogous occupations, matched in working environment classes, length of service and occupational hazard. The authors obtained the matched incidences of occupational diseases, and can extrapolate the relationships revealed to railway workers, forecast high risk of occupational diseases among these workers.

[Improvement in detection, registration and estimation of occupational diseases of the railroad transport]. / Sovershenstvovanie vyiavleniia, registratsii i ucheta professional'nykh zabolevanii na zheleznodorozhnom transporte.

Misdetection of occupational diseases in railway workers is discussed. The reason is that medical staff has poor knowledge of occupational diseases and patients with their signs and symptoms are not all registered. The paper gives scientific rationale for creating a register of occupational diseases in the system of enterprises subordinate to the Ministry of Railways.

[Evaluation of occupational diseases according to their risk and severity]. / Kontseptsiia otsenki profzabolevanii po kategoriiam ikh riska i tiazhesti.

Article covers approaches to evaluation and forecasting of occupational risk for workers exposed to occupational hazards, formulates a concept to evaluate occupational disease according to risk and severity categories, gives an integral parameter for qualitative and quantitative analysis of group risk for one occupational disease or their combination. Trials proved acceptability of the method for group risk evaluation according to WHO concept concerning occupational diseases.