Embolization of the Superior Rectal Arteries versus Closed Hemorrhoidectomy (Ferguson Technique) in the Treatment of Hemorrhoidal Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: To compare short-term and medium-term results of superior rectal artery embolization versus surgical hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of patients with hemorrhoidal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was a prospective randomized clinical trial following 33 patients with symptomatic hemorrhoidal disease Grades 2 and 3 who were randomly assigned to 2 different groups: the superior rectal artery embolization group (n = 15) and Ferguson closed hemorrhoidectomy surgical group (n = 14). Four patients were excluded from the analysis. Pain using the visual analog scale and the use of analgesics were evaluated 3 times daily during the first 7 days of the postoperative period. Recurrent symptoms and satisfaction with treatment were also evaluated in the subsequent first, third, sixth, and twelfth months. RESULTS: The mean pain during the first bowel movement after the procedure was 6.08 ± 4.41 in the surgery group and 0 in the embolization group (P = .001). The mean use of pain medication was higher in the surgery group (28.92 doses ± 15.78 vs 2.4 doses ± 5.21; P < .001). In the embolization group, the most prevalent preprocedural symptom was bleeding in 14 patients, with complete improvement in 12 (83.3%) patients. Mucus, skin tag, and pruritus were symptoms that showed little improvement in both groups. The frequency of symptoms (bleeding, pain, prolapse, and pruritus) was similar between the groups at 12 months (P = .691). No severe adverse events were observed in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Despite no difference in outcomes, embolization of the superior rectal arteries for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease showed pain levels lower than those observed after surgical treatment.

Low platelet reactivity in patients with myocardial infarction treated with aspirin plus ticagrelor.

OBJECTIVE: Low platelet reactivity levels are associated with higher risk of bleeding in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy relative to patients with optimal platelet blockade. This study set out to evaluate the prevalence of low platelet reactivity in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with ticagrelor and aspirin. METHODS: Patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction who were already undergoing dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and ticagrelor were enrolled. Blood samples were collected 1 hour before and 2 hours after the maintenance dose of ticagrelor to investigate trough and the peak effects of the drug respectively. Platelet reactivity was measured by three methods: Multiplate®, PFA-100® with Innovance® PFA-P2Y cartridge and PFA-100® with Collagen/ADP cartridge. Platelet reactivity was assessed in the presence of peak levels of ticagrelor and defined according to previously validated cut-offs for each method (<19 AUC, >299 seconds and >116 seconds respectively). The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Fifty patients were enrolled (44% with ST-elevation). Median duration of DAPT was 3 days (interquartile range, 2-5 days). On average, peak and trough platelet reactivity were markedly low and did not differ between different methods. Low platelet reactivity was common, but varied according to analytic method (PFA-100®/Innovance®PFA-P2Y: 86%; Multiplate®: 74%; PFA-100®/Collagen/ADP: 48%; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Low platelet reactivity was very common in patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor and aspirin. Findings of this study justify the investigation of less intensive platelet inhibition strategies aimed at reducing the risk of bleeding in this population, such as lower dose regimens or monotherapy with P2Y12 inhibitors.

Early Change in Area Strain Detected by 3D Speckle Tracking Is Associated With Subsequent Cardiotoxicity in Patients Treated With Low Doses of Anthracyclines.

Objective: To evaluate the prognostic impact of the parameters of myocardial deformation using three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) in patients with breast cancer who underwent chemotherapy with low doses of anthracyclines. Background: Chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity has an important prognostic impact on cancer survivors. Three-dimensional STE has revealed more consistent data than two-dimensional techniques and may represent a more accurate tool in the evaluation of myocardial function in patients who underwent chemotherapy. Methods: We evaluated patients with breast cancer who were treated with anthracyclines (associated or not with trastuzumab) in five stages: baseline, after cumulative doses of 120 and 240 mg/m2 of doxorubicin, and then, after 6 months and at least 1 year after anthracyclines. Ultrasensitive troponin I (US-TnI) and a standard echocardiography study were performed at each stage. We analyzed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by Simpson's method, two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DSTE) with longitudinal and radial strain values, and 3DSTE with longitudinal, radial, and circumferential strain as well as twist, torsion, rotation, and three-dimensional global area strain (3DGAS). Cardiotoxicity was defined as a decrease in LVEF by more than 10 percentage points to a value lower than 53%. Results: We evaluated 51 female patients who were aged 50.6 ± 11 years. After the cumulative dose of 240 mg/m2 of doxorubicin, US-TnI was increased (>34 pg/ml) in 21 patients (45%, p > 0.001), LVEF remained unchanged (p = 0.178), while 2DSTE longitudinal strain was decreased (from -17.8% to -17.1%, p < 0.001) and 3DSTE detected changes in longitudinal, radial, circumferential, and area strain. After a lower cumulative dose of doxorubicin (120 mg/m2), 3DGAS (p < 0.001) was the only parameter that was changed. In the follow-up, 7 (13%) patients presented a decrease in LVEF. Three-dimensional GAS early changed to abnormal values was the only variable associated with a subsequent decrease in LVEF (definitive cardiotoxicity). Conclusion: In patients with breast cancer, 3DSTE detected early changes in area strain after very low doses of doxorubicin. The 3DGAS early changed to abnormal values was associated with a subsequent decrease in LVEF, representing a promising technique to predict chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy.

Low platelet reactivity in patients with myocardial infarction treated with aspirin plus ticagrelor

ABSTRACT Objective: Low platelet reactivity levels are associated with higher risk of bleeding in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy relative to patients with optimal platelet blockade. This study set out to evaluate the prevalence of low platelet reactivity in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with ticagrelor and aspirin. Methods: Patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction who were already undergoing dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and ticagrelor were enrolled. Blood samples were collected 1 hour before and 2 hours after the maintenance dose of ticagrelor to investigate trough and the peak effects of the drug respectively. Platelet reactivity was measured by three methods: Multiplate®, PFA-100® with Innovance® PFA-P2Y cartridge and PFA-100® with Collagen/ADP cartridge. Platelet reactivity was assessed in the presence of peak levels of ticagrelor and defined according to previously validated cut-offs for each method (<19 AUC, >299 seconds and >116 seconds respectively). The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled (44% with ST-elevation). Median duration of DAPT was 3 days (interquartile range, 2-5 days). On average, peak and trough platelet reactivity were markedly low and did not differ between different methods. Low platelet reactivity was common, but varied according to analytic method (PFA-100®/Innovance®PFA-P2Y: 86%; Multiplate®: 74%; PFA-100®/Collagen/ADP: 48%; p<0.001). Conclusion: Low platelet reactivity was very common in patients with acute myocardial infarction submitted to dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor and aspirin. Findings of this study justify the investigation of less intensive platelet inhibition strategies aimed at reducing the risk of bleeding in this population, such as lower dose regimens or monotherapy with P2Y12 inhibitors.

Percutaneous Cryoablation versus Robot-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy of Renal T1A Tumors: a Single-Center Retrospective Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of percutaneous cryoablation (PCA) versus robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RPN) in patients with small renal tumors (T1a stage), considering perioperative complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study from November 2008 to April 2017 of 122 patients with a T1a renal mass who after being analyzed by a multidisciplinary board underwent to PCA (59 patients) or RPN (63 patients). Hospital costs in US dollars, and clinical and tumor data were compared. Non-complicated intervention was considered as an effective outcome. A hypothetical model of possible complications based on Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) was built, grouping them into mild (CDC I and II) and severe (CDC III and IV). A decision tree model was structured from complications of published data. RESULTS: Patients who underwent PCA were older (62.5 vs. 52.8 years old, p < 0.001), presented with more coronary disease and previous renal cancer (25.4% vs. 10.1%, p = 0.023 and 38% vs. 7.2%, p < 0.001, respectively). Patients treated with PCA had a higher preoperative risk (American Society of Anesthesiologists-ASA ≥ 3) than those in the RPN group (25.4% vs. 0%, p < 0.001). Average operative time was significantly lower with PCA than RPN (99.92 ± 29.05 min vs. 129.28 ± 54.85 min, p < 0.001). Average hospitalization time for PCA was 2.2 ± 2.95 days, significantly lower than RPN (mean 3.03 ± 1.49 days, p = 0.04). The average total cost of PCA was significantly lower than RPN (US$12,435 ± 6,176 vs. US$19,399 ± 6,047, p < 0.001). The incremental effectiveness was 5% higher comparing PCA with RPN, resulting a cost-saving result in favor of PCA. CONCLUSION: PCA was the dominant strategy (less costly and more effective) compared to RPN, considering occurrence of perioperative complications.

Síndrome de burnout e engajamento em profissionais de saúde: um estudo transversal / Burnout syndrome and engagement among critical care providers: a cross-sectional study

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de síndrome de burnout grave em profissionais de terapia intensiva e correlacioná-la com o engajamento com o trabalho. Métodos: Foi distribuído um questionário autoaplicável que incluía o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach, a Escala de Depressão Ansiedade e Estresse e o questionário Gallup. Todas as análises foram estratificadas por local de trabalho (unidade de terapia intensiva ou unidade semi-intensiva) e por grupo profissional (enfermeiros versus médicos versus fisioterapeutas). Resultados: Entre fevereiro de 2017 e junho de 2017, 206 dos 325 profissionais convidados (63,4%) responderam aos questionários. Destes, 55 eram médicos (26,7%), 88 eram fisioterapeutas (42,7%) e 63 eram enfermeiros (30,6%). A frequência de burnout grave foi de 34,3% (27,9 - 41,4%), e não se identificaram diferenças entre os grupos profissionais ou locais de trabalho. A frequência de casos graves ou muito graves de depressão, ansiedade ou estresse foi de 12,9%, 11,4% e 10,5%, respectivamente. O escore mediano (intervalo interquartil) observado pelo questionário Gallup foi 41 (34 - 48), e não se observaram diferenças entre os grupos profissionais ou locais de trabalho. Houve correlação negativa entre burnout e engajamento com o trabalho (r = -0,148; p = 0,035). Conclusão: A frequência de burnout grave foi elevada entre os profissionais de saúde que trabalham na unidade de terapia intensiva e na unidade semi-intensiva. Existe uma correlação negativa entre burnout e engajamento com o trabalho.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the frequency of severe burnout syndrome among critical care providers and to correlate it with work engagement. Methods: A self-administered survey including the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales, and Gallup questionnaire was distributed. All analyses were stratified by setting (intensive care unit or step-down unit) and by professional group (nurses versus physicians versus physiotherapists). Results: Between February 2017 and June 2017, 206 out of 325 invited professionals (63.4%) answered the questionnaires. Of these, 55 were physicians (26.7%), 88 were physiotherapists (42.7%) and 63 were nurses (30.6%). The frequency of severe burnout was 34.3% (27.9 - 41.4%), and no difference was found between professional groups or settings. The frequency of severe or very severe cases of depression, anxiety or stress was 12.9%, 11.4% and 10.5%, respectively. The median (interquartile range) score observed on the Gallup questionnaire was 41 (34 - 48), and no differences were found between professional groups or settings. There was a negative correlation between burnout and work engagement (r = -0.148; p = 0.035). Conclusion: There is a high frequency of severe burnout among critical care providers working in the intensive care unit and step-down unit. There was a negative correlation between burnout and work engagement.

REPLICCAR II Study: Data quality audit in the Paulista Cardiovascular Surgery Registry.

The quality of data in electronic healthcare databases is a critical component when used for research and health practice. The aim of the present study was to assess the data quality in the Paulista Cardiovascular Surgery Registry II (REPLICCAR II) using two different audit methods, direct and indirect. The REPLICCAR II database contains data from 9 hospitals in São Paulo State with over 700 variables for 2229 surgical patients. The data collection was performed in REDCap platform using trained data managers to abstract information. We directly audited a random sample (n = 107) of the data collected after 6 months and indirectly audited the entire sample after 1 year of data collection. The indirect audit was performed using the data management tools in REDCap platform. We computed a modified Aggregate Data Quality Score (ADQ) previously reported by Salati et al. (2015). The agreement between data elements was good for categorical data (Cohen κ = 0.7, 95%CI = 0.59-0.83). For continuous data, the intraclass coefficient (ICC) for only 2 out of 15 continuous variables had an ICC < 0.9. In the indirect audit, 77% of the selected variables (n = 23) had a good ADQ score for completeness and accuracy. Data entry in the REPLICCAR II database proved to be satisfactory and showed competence and reliable data for research in cardiovascular surgery in Brazil.

Short- and Midterm Adherence to Platelet P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Drug-Eluting Stents.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: In patients who have undergone recent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), poor adhesion to antiplatelet agents may increase the risk of stent thrombosis and death. We aimed to investigate the adherence to different P2Y12 receptor inhibitors after PCI with drug-eluting stent in stable and unstable patients and to evaluate the factors associated with low adherence. METHOD: In a prospective study conducted between 2014 and 2018, the 8-item Morisky scale was applied at 30 days and 6 months post-PCI to measure P2Y12 receptor inhibitors adherence. Also, we describe the characteristics of patients using different platelet receptor P2Y12 inhibitors. Regression models were used to identify predictors of poor adherence. RESULTS: A total of 214 patients were included (65 ± 12 years, 81% man, 61% acute coronary syndromes). Patients in the clopidogrel group were older than those in the prasugrel (68 ± 12 vs 59 ± 11 years, P < .01, respectively) or ticagrelor group (68 ± 12 vs 62 ± 12 years, P < .01). Patients with low/moderate adherence at 30 days and 6 months represented, respectively, 19.8% and 27.5% of our sample. Current smokers and preexisting cardiovascular disease at presentation were associated with lower adherence at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: We found substantial rates of moderate and low adherence to P2Y12 receptor inhibitors early after PCI. Current smokers and preexisting cardiovascular disease at presentation were associated with a lower likelihood of adherence. These results highlight the need of monitoring adherence to medical treatment after PCI.

Retinal exams requested at Primary Care Unit: indications, results and alternative strategies of evaluation / Exames de retina solicitados em Unidades Básicas de Saúde: indicações, resultados e estratégias alternativas de avaliação

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate indications, results and strategy of retinal exams requested at Primary Care Units. Methods A retrospective study that analyzed the indications and results of retinal exams, in the modalities clinical dilated fundus exams and color fundus photographs. In the following situations, patients were considered eligible for color fundus photographs if visual acuity was normal and ocular symptoms were absent: diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension, in use of drugs with potential retinal toxicity, diagnosis or suspicion of glaucoma, stable and asymptomatic retinopathies, except myopia greater than -3.00 diopters. Results A total of 1,729 patients were evaluated (66% female, age 63.5±15.5 years), and 1,190 underwent clinical dilated fundus exam and 539 underwent color fundus photographs. Diabetes was present in 32.2%. The main indications were diabetes (23.7%) and glaucoma evaluation (23.5%). In 3.4% of patients there was no apparent indication. The main results were a large cup/disc ratio (30.7%) and diabetic retinopathy (13.2%). Exam was normal in 9.6%, detected peripheral changes in 7% and could not be performed in 1%. Considering patients eligible for fundus photographs (22.4%), more than half underwent clinical dilated fundus exams. Conclusion Regarding exam modality, there were no important differences in the distribution of indications or diagnosis. Color fundus photograph is compatible with telemedicine and more cost-effective, and could be considered the strategy of choice in some scenarios. Since there are no clear guidelines for retinal exams indications or the modality of choice, this study may contribute to such standardization, in order to optimize public health resources.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar as indicações, os resultados e a estratégia de exames de retina solicitados em Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo no qual foram analisados as indicações e os resultados de exames de retina, nas modalidades mapeamento de retina e retinografia. Em casos de boa acuidade visual e sintomas oculares ausentes, foram considerados elegíveis para avaliação por retinografia: pacientes com diabetes mellitus e/ou hipertensão arterial sistêmica, em uso de medicação com potencial toxicidade retiniana, diagnóstico ou suspeita de glaucoma, e retinopatias estáveis e assintomáticas, exceto miopia maior que -3,00 dioptrias. Resultados Foram avaliados 1.729 pacientes (66% do sexo feminino, idade 63,5±15,5 anos). Destes, 1.190 realizaram mapeamento de retina e 539 realizaram retinografia. Diabetes estava presente em 32,2%. As principais indicações para solicitação do exame foram diabetes (23,7%) e investigação de glaucoma (23,5%). Em 3,4%, não havia indicação aparente. Os principais resultados foram aumento da escavação papilar (30,7%) e retinopatia diabética (13,2%). O exame foi normal em 9,6%; detectou alterações periféricas em 7%; e sua realização foi impossível em 1%. Dos pacientes elegíveis para retinografia (22,4%), mais da metade foi submetida ao mapeamento de retina. Conclusão Não houve diferenças importantes nas distribuições de indicações ou diagnósticos em relação à modalidade de exame. A retinografia, compatível com telemedicina e mais custo-efetiva, pode ser considerada a modalidade de escolha em determinadas situações. Na ausência de consenso quanto às indicações para a solicitação de exames da retina ou sua modalidade, este estudo pode contribuir para tal padronização, de modo a otimizar recursos do sistema público de saúde.

Development and clinical validation of a non-invasive, beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring device, compared to invasive blood pressure monitoring during coronary angiography / Desenvolvimento e validação clínica de equipamento para medida de pressão arterial não invasiva, batimento a batimento, comparado ao de pressão arterial invasiva durante procedimentos de angiocoronariografia

ABSTRACT Objective To develop and test a beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring device during coronary angiography, and compare it with invasive blood pressure monitoring. Methods Twenty-eight patients with an indication for hemodynamic study were selected for this investigation, and kept in supine position. Before starting the coronary angiography, they were instructed about the use of the left radial bracelet for beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring. Results There was a significant difference between the time required for the catheterization laboratory team to acquire the first invasive blood pressure reading and the time to obtain the first beat-to-beat reading (11.1±5.1 and 1.5±1.8, respectively; p<0.0001). The intraclass correlation coefficients (95%CI) of systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 0.897 (0.780-0.952) and 0.876 (0.734-0.942), indicating good reproducibility. Conclusion This study showed the process to develop a beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring device. When compared to invasive blood pressure monitoring, there were no significant differences between the two methods. This technique may play a promising coadjuvant role when combined with invasive monitoring during coronary angiography procedures.

RESUMO Objetivo Desenvolver e validar um equipamento para monitorização de pressão arterial batimento a batimento, durante a realização de coronariografia, e comparar com as medidas de pressão arterial invasiva obtidas. Métodos Foram selecionados 28 pacientes com indicação de estudo hemodinâmico, que permaneceram em decúbito dorsal horizontal e, antes do início da coronariografia, foram orientados quanto ao uso da pulseira radial esquerda para monitorização da pressão arterial batimento a batimento. Resultados Houve diferença significativa entre o tempo necessário para a equipe de hemodinâmica adquirir a primeira medida da pressão arterial invasiva e o tempo da primeira medida da pressão arterial batimento a batimento (11,1±5,1 e 1,5±1,8, respectivamente; p<0,0001). Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse (IC95%) da pressão arterial sistólica e da diastólica foram 0,897 (0,780-0,952) e 0,876 (0,734-0,942), indicando boa reprodutibilidade. Conclusão Este estudo demonstrou o processo de desenvolvimento de um equipamento para avaliação da pressão arterial batimento a batimento. Quando comparado com a pressão arterial invasiva, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as duas medidas. Essa técnica pode constituir ferramenta coadjuvante promissora, associada à monitorização invasiva, durante procedimentos de coronariografia.

Circulating osteogenic proteins are associated with coronary artery calcification and increase after myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery calcification (CAC) and atherosclerotic inflammation associate with increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI). Vascular calcification is regulated by osteogenic proteins (OPs). It is unknown whether an association exists between CAC and plasma OPs and if they are affected by atherothrombotic inflammation. We tested the association of osteogenic and inflammatory proteins with CAC and assessed these biomarkers after MI. METHODS: Circulating OPs (osteoprotegerin, RANKL, fetuin-A, Matrix Gla protein [MGP]) and inflammatory proteins (C-reactive protein, oxidized-LDL, tumoral necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor [TGF]-ß1) were compared between stable patients with CAC (CAC ≥ 100 AU, n = 100) and controls (CAC = 0 AU, n = 30). The association between biomarkers and CAC was tested by multivariate analysis. In patients with MI (n = 40), biomarkers were compared between acute phase and 1-2 months post-MI, using controls as a baseline. RESULTS: MGP and fetuin-A levels were higher within individuals with CAC. Higher levels of MGP and RANKL were associated with CAC (OR 3.12 [95% CI 1.20-8.11], p = 0.02; and OR 1.75 [95% CI 1.04-2.94] respectively, p = 0.035). After MI, C-reactive protein, OPG and oxidized-LDL levels increased in the acute phase, whereas MGP and TGF-ß1 increased 1-2 months post-MI. CONCLUSIONS: Higher MGP and RANKL levels associate with CAC. These findings highlight the potential role of these proteins as modulators and markers of CAC. In addition, the post-MI increase in OPG and MGP, as well as of inflammatory proteins suggest that the regulation of these OPs is affected by atherothrombotic inflammation.

Association between clinical factors and self-underestimation of cardiovascular risk in subjects submitted to a routine health evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The perception of cardiovascular (CV) risk is essential for adoption of healthy behaviors. However, subjects underestimate their own risk. HYPOTHESIS: Clinical characteristics might be associated with self-underestimation of CV risk. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study of individuals submitted to routine health evaluation between 2006 and 2012, with calculated lifetime risk score (LRS) indicating intermediate or high risk for CV disease (CVD). Self-perception of risk was compared with LRS. Logistic regression analysis was performed to test the association between clinical characteristics and subjective underestimation of CV risk. RESULTS: Data from 5863 subjects (age 49.4 ± 7.1 years; 19.9% female) were collected for analysis. The LRS indicated an intermediate risk for CVD in 45.7% and a high risk in 54.3% of individuals. The self-perception of CV risk was underestimated compared with the LRS in 4918 (83.9%) subjects. In the adjusted logistic regression model, age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-1.47 per 10 years, P = 0.001), smoking (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.40-2.83, P < 0.001), dyslipidemia (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01-1.46, P = 0.045), physical activity (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.36-2.02, P < 0.001), and use of antihypertensive (OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.15-1.92, P = 0.002) and lipid-lowering medications (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.56-2.91, P < 0.001) were associated with higher chance of risk underestimation, whereas higher body mass index (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.90-0.94, P < 0.001), depressive symptoms (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.37-0.57, P < 0.001), and stress (OR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.33-0.50, P < 0.001) decreased the chance. CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals submitted to routine medical evaluation, aging, smoking, dyslipidemia, physical activity, and use of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering medications were associated with higher chance of CV risk underestimation. Subjects with these characteristics may benefit from a more careful risk orientation.

Persistent Depressive Symptoms are Independent Predictors of Low-Grade Inflammation Onset Among Healthy Individuals / Sintomas Depressivos Persistentes são Preditores Independentes de Início de Inflamação de Baixo Grau em Indivíduos Saudáveis

Abstract Background: Depressive symptoms are independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among individuals with non-diagnosed CVD. The mechanisms underlying this association, however, remain unclear. Inflammation has been indicated as a possible mechanistic link between depression and CVD. Objectives: This study evaluated the association between persistent depressive symptoms and the onset of low-grade inflammation. Methods: From a database of 1,508 young (mean age: 41 years) individuals with no CVD diagnosis who underwent at least two routine health evaluations, 134 had persistent depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory - BDI ≥ 10, BDI+) and 1,374 had negative symptoms at both time points (BDI-). All participants had been submitted to repeated clinical and laboratory evaluations at a regular follow-up with an average of 26 months from baseline. Low-grade inflammation was defined as plasma high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP) concentrations > 3 mg/L. The outcome was the incidence of low-grade inflammation evaluated by the time of the second clinical evaluation. Results: The incidence of low-grade inflammation was more frequently observed in the BDI+ group compared to the BDI- group (20.9% vs. 11.4%; p = 0.001). After adjusting for sex, age, waist circumference, body mass index, levels of physical activity, smoking, and prevalence of metabolic syndrome, persistent depressive symptoms remained an independent predictor of low-grade inflammation onset (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.03-3.02; p = 0.04). Conclusions: Persistent depressive symptoms were independently associated with low-grade inflammation onset among healthy individuals.

Resumo Fundamento: Sintomas depressivos estão associados de forma independente ao risco aumentado de doença cardiovascular (DCV) em indivíduos com DCV não diagnosticada. Os mecanismos subjacentes a essa associação, entretanto, não estão claros. Inflamação tem sido indicada como um possível elo mecanicista entre depressão e DCV. Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou a associação entre sintomas depressivos persistentes e o início de inflamação de baixo grau. Métodos: De um banco de dados de 1.508 indivíduos jovens (idade média: 41 anos) sem diagnóstico de DCV submetidos a pelo menos duas avaliações de saúde de rotina, 134 tinham sintomas depressivos persistentes (Inventário de Depressão de Beck - BDI ≥10, BDI+) e 1.374 não apresentavam sintomas em nenhuma das ocasiões (BDI-). Todos os participantes foram submetidos a repetidas avaliações clínicas e laboratoriais em seguimento regular, cuja média foi de 26 meses desde a condição basal. Definiu-se inflamação de baixo grau como concentração plasmática de proteína C reativa (PCR) ultrassensível > 3 mg/L. O desfecho foi a incidência de inflamação de baixo grau por ocasião da segunda avaliação clínica. Resultados: A incidência de inflamação de baixo grau foi maior no grupo BDI+ em comparação ao grupo BDI- (20,9% vs. 11,4%; p = 0,001). Após ajuste para sexo, idade, circunferência abdominal, índice de massa corporal, níveis de atividade física, tabagismo e prevalência de síndrome metabólica, os sintomas depressivos persistentes continuaram sendo um preditor independente de início de inflamação de baixo grau (OR = 1,76; IC 95%: 1,03-3,02; p = 0,04). Conclusões: Sintomas depressivos persistentes foram independentemente associados com início de inflamação de baixo grau em indivíduos saudáveis.

Persistent Depressive Symptoms are Independent Predictors of Low-Grade Inflammation Onset Among Healthy Individuals.

Background: Depressive symptoms are independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among individuals with non-diagnosed CVD. The mechanisms underlying this association, however, remain unclear. Inflammation has been indicated as a possible mechanistic link between depression and CVD. Objectives: This study evaluated the association between persistent depressive symptoms and the onset of low-grade inflammation. Methods: From a database of 1,508 young (mean age: 41 years) individuals with no CVD diagnosis who underwent at least two routine health evaluations, 134 had persistent depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory - BDI ≥ 10, BDI+) and 1,374 had negative symptoms at both time points (BDI-). All participants had been submitted to repeated clinical and laboratory evaluations at a regular follow-up with an average of 26 months from baseline. Low-grade inflammation was defined as plasma high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP) concentrations > 3 mg/L. The outcome was the incidence of low-grade inflammation evaluated by the time of the second clinical evaluation. Results: The incidence of low-grade inflammation was more frequently observed in the BDI+ group compared to the BDI- group (20.9% vs. 11.4%; p = 0.001). After adjusting for sex, age, waist circumference, body mass index, levels of physical activity, smoking, and prevalence of metabolic syndrome, persistent depressive symptoms remained an independent predictor of low-grade inflammation onset (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.03-3.02; p = 0.04). Conclusions: Persistent depressive symptoms were independently associated with low-grade inflammation onset among healthy individuals.

Fundamento: Sintomas depressivos estão associados de forma independente ao risco aumentado de doença cardiovascular (DCV) em indivíduos com DCV não diagnosticada. Os mecanismos subjacentes a essa associação, entretanto, não estão claros. Inflamação tem sido indicada como um possível elo mecanicista entre depressão e DCV. Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou a associação entre sintomas depressivos persistentes e o início de inflamação de baixo grau. Métodos: De um banco de dados de 1.508 indivíduos jovens (idade média: 41 anos) sem diagnóstico de DCV submetidos a pelo menos duas avaliações de saúde de rotina, 134 tinham sintomas depressivos persistentes (Inventário de Depressão de Beck - BDI ≥10, BDI+) e 1.374 não apresentavam sintomas em nenhuma das ocasiões (BDI-). Todos os participantes foram submetidos a repetidas avaliações clínicas e laboratoriais em seguimento regular, cuja média foi de 26 meses desde a condição basal. Definiu-se inflamação de baixo grau como concentração plasmática de proteína C reativa (PCR) ultrassensível > 3 mg/L. O desfecho foi a incidência de inflamação de baixo grau por ocasião da segunda avaliação clínica. Resultados: A incidência de inflamação de baixo grau foi maior no grupo BDI+ em comparação ao grupo BDI- (20,9% vs. 11,4%; p = 0,001). Após ajuste para sexo, idade, circunferência abdominal, índice de massa corporal, níveis de atividade física, tabagismo e prevalência de síndrome metabólica, os sintomas depressivos persistentes continuaram sendo um preditor independente de início de inflamação de baixo grau (OR = 1,76; IC 95%: 1,03-3,02; p = 0,04). Conclusões: Sintomas depressivos persistentes foram independentemente associados com início de inflamação de baixo grau em indivíduos saudáveis.

Analysis Treatment Guideline versus Clinical Practice Protocol in Patients Hospitalized due to Heart Failure / Análise de Diretriz de Tratamento versus Protocolo Assistencial em Pacientes Internados por Insuficiência Cardíaca

Background: Despite the availability of guidelines for treatment of heart failure (HF), only a few studies have assessed how hospitals adhere to the recommended therapies. Objectives: Compare the rates of adherence to the prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) at hospital discharge, which is considered a quality indicator by the Joint Commission International, and to the prescription of beta-blockers at hospital discharge, which is recommended by national and international guidelines, in a hospital with a case management program to supervise the implementation of a clinical practice protocol (HCP) and another hospital that follows treatment guidelines (HCG). Methods: Prospective observational study that evaluated patients consecutively admitted to both hospitals due to decompensated HF between August 1st, 2006, and December 31st, 2008. We used as comparing parameters the prescription rates of beta-blockers and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge and in-hospital mortality. Results: We analyzed 1,052 patients (30% female, mean age 70.6 ± 14.1 years), 381 (36%) of whom were seen at HCG and 781 (64%) at HCP. The prescription rates of beta-blockers at discharge at HCG and HCP were both 69% (p = 0.458), whereas those of ACEI/ARB were 83% and 86%, respectively (p = 0.162). In-hospital mortality rates were 16.5% at HCP and 27.8% at HCG (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There was no difference in prescription rates of beta-blocker and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge between the institutions, but HCP had lower in-hospital mortality. This difference in mortality may be attributed to different clinical characteristics of the patients in both hospitals.

Fundamento: Apesar da disponibilidade de diretrizes de tratamento para insuficiência cardíaca (IC), há poucos estudos avaliando a adesão dos hospitais ao tratamento preconizado. Objetivos: Comparar as taxas de adesão à prescrição de inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou antagonista do receptor de angiotensina II (IECA/BRA) na alta hospitalar, considerada indicadora de qualidade pela Joint Commission International, e à prescrição de betabloqueador na alta hospitalar, preconizada por diretrizes nacionais e internacionais, em um hospital que utiliza gerenciamento de casos para supervisionar a implementação de um protocolo assistencial (HPA) e outro que utiliza diretrizes de tratamento (HDT). Métodos: Estudo observacional prospectivo que avaliou pacientes consecutivamente admitidos em ambos os hospitais por IC descompensada entre 1º de agosto de 2006 a 31 de dezembro de 2008. Os parâmetros comparados entre os hospitais foram as taxas de prescrição de betabloqueador e IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar e a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Resultados: Analisamos 1.052 pacientes (30% do sexo feminino, média de idade 70,6 ± 14,1 anos) dos quais 381 (36%) eram do HDT e 781 (64%) do HPA. No HDT e no HPA, as taxas de prescrição de betabloqueador na alta foram ambas de 69% (p = 0,458), e de prescrição de IECA/BRA foi de 83% e 86%, respectivamente (p = 0,162). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 16,5% no HPA e de 27,8% no HDT (p < 0,001). Conclusão: Não houve diferença entre as instituições em relação à prescrição de betabloqueador e IECA/BRA na alta hospitalar, mas a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi menor no HPA. Esta diferença na mortalidade pode ser atribuída às características clínicas distintas dos pacientes em ambos os hospitais.

Desempenho de Escores de Risco Cirúrgico para Prever Mortalidade após Implante Transcateter de Valva Aórtica / Performance of Surgical Risk Scores to Predict Mortality after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

AbstractBackground:Predicting mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains a challenge.Objectives:To evaluate the performance of 5 risk scores for cardiac surgery in predicting the 30-day mortality among patients of the Brazilian Registry of TAVI.Methods:The Brazilian Multicenter Registry prospectively enrolled 418 patients undergoing TAVI in 18 centers between 2008 and 2013. The 30-day mortality risk was calculated using the following surgical scores: the logistic EuroSCORE I (ESI), EuroSCORE II (ESII), Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score, Ambler score (AS) and Guaragna score (GS). The performance of the risk scores was evaluated in terms of their calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow test) and discrimination [area under the receiver–operating characteristic curve (AUC)].Results:The mean age was 81.5 ± 7.7 years. The CoreValve (Medtronic) was used in 86.1% of the cohort, and the transfemoral approach was used in 96.2%. The observed 30-day mortality was 9.1%. The 30-day mortality predicted by the scores was as follows: ESI, 20.2 ± 13.8%; ESII, 6.5 ± 13.8%; STS score, 14.7 ± 4.4%; AS, 7.0 ± 3.8%; GS, 17.3 ± 10.8%. Using AUC, none of the tested scores could accurately predict the 30-day mortality. AUC for the scores was as follows: 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49 to 0.68, p = 0.09] for ESI; 0.54 (95% CI: 0.44 to 0.64, p = 0.42) for ESII; 0.57 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.67, p = 0.16) for AS; 0.48 (95% IC: 0.38 to 0.57, p = 0.68) for STS score; and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.62, p = 0.64) for GS. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test indicated acceptable calibration for all scores (p > 0.05).Conclusions:In this real world Brazilian registry, the surgical risk scores were inaccurate in predicting mortality after TAVI. Risk models specifically developed for TAVI are required.

ResumoFundamento:Ainda é desafiador prever a mortalidade de pacientes que se submetem ao TAVI (sigla do inglês Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation).Objetivos:Avaliar o desempenho de cinco escores de risco para cirurgia cardíaca em prever mortalidade em 30 dias de pacientes inscritos no Registro Brasileiro de TAVI.Métodos:O Registro Multicêntrico Brasileiro inscreveu prospectivamente 418 pacientes submetidos ao TAVI em 18 centros entre 2008 e 2013. Os seguintes escores cirúrgicos foram usados para calcular o risco de mortalidade no período de 30 dias: EuroSCORE I (ESI) logístico, EuroSCORE II (ESII), STS Score (STS), Ambler Score (AS) e Guaragna Score (GS). O desempenho dos escores de risco foram avaliados através de sua calibração (teste Hosmer-Lemeshow) e discriminação [área sob a curva (AUC) do inglês receiver-operating characteristic curve)].Resultados:A idade média foi de 81,5 ± 7,7 anos. A prótese aórtica CoreValve (Medtronic) foi usada em 86,1% da coorte e a abordagem transfemural usada em 96,2%. A mortalidade observada no período de 30 dias foi de 9,1%. A mortalidade no período de 30 dias prevista pelos escores foi: ESI, 20,2 ± 13,8%; ESII, 6,5 ± 13,8%; STS, 14,7 ± 4,4%; AS, 7,0 ± 3,8%; GS, 17,3 ± 10,8%. Nenhum dos escores testados com a AUC foi capaz de prever a mortalidade no período de 30 dias de forma precisa. As AUC para os escores foram: 0,58 [95% de intervalo de confiança (IC): 0,49 a 0,68, p = 0,09] para ESI; 0,54 (IC de 95%: 0,44 a 0,64, p = 0,42) para ESII; 0,57 (IC de 95%: 0,47 a 0,67, p = 0,16) para AS; 0,48 (IC de 95%: 0,38 a 0,57, p = 0,68) para STS e 0,52 (IC de 95%: 0,42 a 0,62, p = 0,64) para GS. O teste Hosmer-Lemeshow indicou uma calibração aceitável para todos os escores (p > 0,05).Conclusões:Neste registro brasileiro de mundo real, os escores de risco cirúrgico foram imprecisos para prever a mortalidade após o TAVI. São necessários modelos de risco desenvolvidos especificamente para o TAVI.

Performance of surgical risk scores to predict mortality after transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

BACKGROUND: Predicting mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains a challenge. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of 5 risk scores for cardiac surgery in predicting the 30-day mortality among patients of the Brazilian Registry of TAVI. METHODS: The Brazilian Multicenter Registry prospectively enrolled 418 patients undergoing TAVI in 18 centers between 2008 and 2013. The 30-day mortality risk was calculated using the following surgical scores: the logistic EuroSCORE I (ESI), EuroSCORE II (ESII), Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score, Ambler score (AS) and Guaragna score (GS). The performance of the risk scores was evaluated in terms of their calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test) and discrimination [area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC)]. RESULTS: The mean age was 81.5 ± 7.7 years. The CoreValve (Medtronic) was used in 86.1% of the cohort, and the transfemoral approach was used in 96.2%. The observed 30-day mortality was 9.1%. The 30-day mortality predicted by the scores was as follows: ESI, 20.2 ± 13.8%; ESII, 6.5 ± 13.8%; STS score, 14.7 ± 4.4%; AS, 7.0 ± 3.8%; GS, 17.3 ± 10.8%. Using AUC, none of the tested scores could accurately predict the 30-day mortality. AUC for the scores was as follows: 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49 to 0.68, p = 0.09] for ESI; 0.54 (95% CI: 0.44 to 0.64, p = 0.42) for ESII; 0.57 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.67, p = 0.16) for AS; 0.48 (95% IC: 0.38 to 0.57, p = 0.68) for STS score; and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.62, p = 0.64) for GS. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated acceptable calibration for all scores (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this real world Brazilian registry, the surgical risk scores were inaccurate in predicting mortality after TAVI. Risk models specifically developed for TAVI are required.