Preexposition Prophylaxis With Truvada (Tenofovir/Emtricitabine) as Potential Cause of Celiac Disease-Like Enteropathy.

We present here a case of a 39-year-old patient who presented with celiac-disease-like symptoms and MARSH 3a histology in duodenal biopsies under normal diet. Interestingly, HLA genotyping and celiac-specific serology were negative, primarily leading to exclusion of celiac disease. However, biopsies from a second endoscopy a couple of months later (still under normal diet) showed histologic progression of the disease to MARSH 3b and led to the re-evaluation of the out-of-hospital-obtained histological samples by a pathologist experienced in celiac disease. The second biopsy described previously as MARSH 3b turned out to be non-specific and was therefore re-classified as MARSH 0. After all known causes of duodenal villous atrophy were excluded by a thorough evaluation, a correlation between the first biopsy (MARSH 3a) and Truvada intake could be established. After Truvada discontinuation and under normal diet, normalisation of duodenal mucosa was observed, leading to the assumption that Truvada could lead to celiac-like enteropathy.

[Other specific types of diabetes and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (update 2023)]. / Andere spezifische Diabetesformen und exokrine Pankreasinsuffizienz (Update 2023).

The heterogenous category "specific types of diabetes due to other causes" encompasses disturbances in glucose metabolism due to other endocrine disorders such as acromegaly or hypercortisolism, drug-induced diabetes (e.g. antipsychotic medications, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), checkpoint inhibitors), genetic forms of diabetes (e.g. Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), neonatal diabetes, Down­, Klinefelter- and Turner Syndrome), pancreatogenic diabetes (e.g. postoperatively, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, haemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis), and some rare autoimmune or infectious forms of diabetes. Diagnosis of specific diabetes types might influence therapeutic considerations. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is not only found in patients with pancreatogenic diabetes but is also frequently seen in type 1 and long-standing type 2 diabetes.

Plasma Levels of the Bioactive Sphingolipid Metabolite S1P in Adult Cystic Fibrosis Patients: Potential Target for Immunonutrition?

Recent research has linked sphingolipid (SL) metabolism with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity, affecting bioactive lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We hypothesize that loss of CFTR function in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients influenced plasma S1P levels. Total and unbound plasma S1P levels were measured in 20 lung-transplanted adult CF patients and 20 healthy controls by mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). S1P levels were correlated with CFTR genotype, routine laboratory parameters, lung function and pathogen colonization, and clinical symptoms. Compared to controls, CF patients showed lower unbound plasma S1P, whereas total S1P levels did not differ. A positive correlation of total and unbound S1P levels was found in healthy controls, but not in CF patients. Higher unbound S1P levels were measured in ΔF508-homozygous compared to ΔF508-heterozygous CF patients (p = 0.038), accompanied by higher levels of HDL in ΔF508-heterozygous patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in ΔF508 heterozygotes compared to ΔF508 homozygotes. This is the first clinical study linking plasma S1P levels with CFTR function and clinical presentation in adult CF patients. Given the emerging role of immunonutrition in CF, our study might pave the way for using S1P as a novel biomarker and nutritional target in CF.

[Other specific types of diabetes and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (Update 2019)]. / Andere spezifische Diabetesformen und exokrine Pankreasinsuffizienz (Update 2019).

The heterogenous catagory "specific types of diabetes due to other causes" encompasses disturbances in glucose metabolism due to other endocrine disorders such as acromegaly or hypercortisolism, drug-induced diabetes (e. g. antipsychotic medications, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive agents, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)), genetic forms of diabetes (e. g. Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY), neonatal diabetes, Down Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome, Turner Syndrome), pancreatogenic diabetes (e. g. postoperatively, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, haemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis), and some rare autoimmune or infectious forms of diabetes. Diagnosis of specific diabetes types might influence therapeutic considerations. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is not only found in patients with pancreatogenic diabetes but is also frequently seen in type 1 and long-standing type 2 diabetes.

MARKEDLY DELAYED INSULIN SECRETION AND A HIGH RATE OF UNDETECTED OVERT DIABETES CHARACTERIZE GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANTATION.

OBJECTIVE: Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is associated with adverse clinical outcomes and should be screened for by an annual oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Since pathophysiologic studies have mainly been performed in a pediatric/adolescent, nontransplanted collective, we aimed to assess parameters of insulin secretion and sensitivity in adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patients after lung transplantation (LT). METHODS: Twelve adult CF patients after LT without known diabetes (33.3 ± 11.5 years; body mass index [BMI] 21.5 ± 3.3 kg/m2) and 8 control subjects matched by age (36.0 ± 6.6 years; P>.05), BMI (22.3 ± 1.5 kg/m2; P>.05), and gender (CON group) underwent a 3-hour OGTT with glucose, insulin, and C-peptide measurements. Parameters of insulin secretion and sensitivity as well as lipid profiles were assessed. RESULTS: In the CF group, 4 patients were diagnosed with overt diabetes (CFRD) compared to CF patients without diabetes (CF-noDM), of whom 6 had indeterminate glycemia with 1-h glucose values >200 mg/dL. The insulin peak after glucose load occurred after 30 minutes in CON, after 90 minutes in CF-noDM, and was missing in CFRD. Insulin sensitivity was comparable between the groups. Beta-cell glucose sensitivity was markedly reduced in CFRD (10.7 ± 5.8 pmol/min*m2*mM), higher in CF-noDM (39.9 ± 23.4 pmol/min*m2*mM), but still significantly lower compared to CON (108.3 ± 53.9 pmol/min*m2*mM; P = .0008). CFRD patients exhibited increased triglyceride levels and decreased high-density lipoprotein levels. CONCLUSION: Adult CF patients after LT have profound disturbances in glucose metabolism, with a high rate of undetected diabetes and markedly delayed insulin secretion. Curbed beta-cell glucose sensitivity rather than insulin resistance explains postprandial hyperglycemia and is accompanied by abnormalities in lipid metabolism. ABBREVIATIONS: AUC = area under the curve; BMI = body mass index; CF = cystic fibrosis; CFRD = cystic fibrosis-related diabetes; CFTR = cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator; CF-TX = cystic fibrosis patients who underwent lung transplantation; CGM = continuous glucose monitoring; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; INDET = indeterminate glycemia; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; LT = lung transplantation; OGIS = oral glucose sensitivity index; OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test; QUICKI = quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.

The Efficacy of MRI in the diagnostic workup of cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease: A clinical observational cohort study.

PURPOSE: To identify independent imaging features and establish a diagnostic algorithm for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF)-associated liver disease (CFLD) in CF patients compared to controls using gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. METHODS: A total of 90 adult patients were enrolled: 50 with CF, 40 controls. The CF group was composed of two subgroups: a retrospective test subgroup (n = 33) and a prospective validation subgroup (n = 17). Controls (patients with normal liver enzymes and only benign focal liver lesions) were divided accordingly (27:13). MRI variables, including quantitative and qualitative parameters, were used to distinguish CFLD from controls using clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and Debray criteria. Disease severity was classified according to Child-Pugh and Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) scores. Fifteen qualitative single-lesion CF descriptors were defined. Two readers independently evaluated the images. Univariate statistical analysis was performed to obtain significant imaging features that differentiate CF patients from controls. Through multivariate analysis using chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID) methodology the most important descriptors were identified. Diagnostic performance was assessed by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: Three independent imaging descriptors distinguished CFLD from controls: (1) presence of altered gallbladder morphology; (2) periportal tracking; and (3) periportal fat deposition. Prospective validation of the classification algorithm demonstrated a sensitivity of 94.1% and specificity of 84.6% for discriminating CFLD from controls. Disease severity was well associated with the imaging features. CONCLUSIONS: A short unenhanced MRI protocol can identify the three cardinal imaging features of CFLD. The hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI can define CFLD progression. KEY POINTS: • Using a multivariate classification analysis, we identified three independent imaging features, altered gallbladder morphology (GBAM), periportal tracking (PPT) and periportal fat deposition (PPFD), that could diagnose CFLD with high sensitivity, 94.1 % (95% CI: 71.3-99.9) and moderate specificity, 84.6 % (95% CI: 54.6-98.1). • Based upon the results of this study, gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI with DWI is able to diagnose early-stage CFLD, as well as its progression.

Impact of nutritional status on pulmonary function after lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional status is an important prognostic factor in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) prior to lung transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of nutritional status on pulmonary function in CF transplant recipients. METHODS: Adult double lung transplanted CF patients were consecutively included. The predictive value of nutritional status on lung function - measured by spirometry - was longitudinally assessed by body composition serially evaluated by a three-compartment model bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in comparison to body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Overall, 147 spirometries and 147 BIAs were performed in 58 patients (59% female, median age: 30.1 years, median BMI: 19.6 kg/m2). Malnourished patients (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2; 27.6%) had a significantly reduced lung function compared to normal/overweight patients (forced expiratory volume in 1 second in percent (FEV1%pred), 57% vs 77%; p = 0.024). BMI, as well as the BIA parameters phase angle, total body water, fat free mass, body cell mass (BCM) and extracellular mass (ECM)/BCM ratio, were univariate predictors of FEV1%pred. When included in a linear mixed model, ECM/BCM ratio remained the only significant predictor of lung function (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Nutritional status assessed by BIA predicted lung function in CF transplant recipients. Serial BIA measurements to monitor patients' nutritional status might help to improve or maintain lung function.

[Second Austrian consensus on the safe use of anti-TNFα-antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases]. / Zweiter österreichischer Konsensus zur sicheren Anwendung von anti-TNF-α-Antikörpern bei chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen.

Anti-TNFα-antibodies have revolutionized the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Due to the increasing application of these substances, the Working Group of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases of the Austrian Association of Gastroenterology and Hepatology intended to update their consensus report on the safe use of Infliximab (published in 2010) and to enlarge its scope to cover all anti-TNFα-antibodies. The present consensus report summarizes the current evidence on the safe use of anti-TNFα-antibodies and covers the following topics: general risk of infection, bacterial infections (i. e., Clostridium difficile, Tuberculosis, food hygiene), Pneumocystis jiroveci, viral infections (i. e., Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV, CMV, VZV), vaccination in general and recommendation for vaccines, gastrointestinal aspects (i. e., perianal fistula, abdominal fistula, intestinal strictures, stenosis and bowel obstruction), dermatologic aspects (skin malignancies, eczema-like drug-related skin eruption), infusion reactions and immunogenicity, demyelinating diseases, hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity, congestive heart failure, risk and history of malignancies, and pregnancy and breast feeding. For practical reasons, the relevant aspects are summarized in a checklist which is divided into two parts: issues to be addressed before therapy and issues to be addressed during therapy.

Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Stem Cell Therapy (Cx601) for Complex Perianal Fistulas in Patients With Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Therapies for perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease are often ineffective in producing long-term healing. We performed a randomized placebo-controlled trial to determine the long-term efficacy and safety of a single local administration of allogeneic expanded adipose-derived stem cells (Cx601) in patients with Crohn's disease and perianal fistulas. METHODS: We performed a double-blind study at 49 hospitals in Europe and Israel, comprising 212 patients with Crohn's disease and treatment-refractory, draining, complex perianal fistulas. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to groups given a single local injection of 120 million Cx601 cells or placebo (control), in addition to the standard of care. Efficacy endpoints evaluated in the modified intention-to-treat population (randomly assigned, treated, and with 1 or more post-baseline efficacy assessment) at week 52 included combined remission (closure of all treated external openings draining at baseline with absence of collections >2 cm, confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging) and clinical remission (absence of draining fistulas). RESULTS: The study's primary endpoint, at week 24, was previously reported (combined remission in 51.5% of patients given Cx601 vs 35.6% of controls, for a difference of 15.8 percentage points; 97.5% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-31.2; P = .021). At week 52, a significantly greater proportion of patients given Cx601 achieved combined remission (56.3%) vs controls (38.6%) (a difference of 17.7 percentage points; 95% CI 4.2-31.2; P = .010), and clinical remission (59.2% vs 41.6% of controls, for a difference of 17.6 percentage points; 95% CI 4.1-31.1; P = .013). Safety was maintained throughout week 52; adverse events occurred in 76.7% of patients in the Cx601 group and 72.5% of patients in the control group. CONCLUSION: In a phase 3 trial of patients with Crohn's disease and treatment-refractory complex perianal fistulas, we found Cx601 to be safe and effective in closing external openings, compared with placebo, after 1 year. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT01541579.

Expanded allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Cx601) for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease are challenging to treat. Allogeneic, expanded, adipose-derived stem cells (Cx601) are a promising new therapeutic approach. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of Cx601 for treatment-refractory complex perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS: We did this randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study at 49 hospitals in seven European countries and Israel from July 6, 2012, to July 27, 2015. Adult patients (≥18 years) with Crohn's disease and treatment-refractory, draining complex perianal fistulas were randomly assigned (1:1) using a pre-established randomisation list to a single intralesional injection of 120 million Cx601 cells or 24 mL saline solution (placebo), with stratification according to concomitant baseline treatment. Treatment was administered by an unmasked surgeon, with a masked gastroenterologist and radiologist assessing the therapeutic effect. The primary endpoint was combined remission at week 24 (ie, clinical assessment of closure of all treated external openings that were draining at baseline, and absence of collections >2 cm of the treated perianal fistulas confirmed by masked central MRI). Efficacy was assessed in the intention-to-treat (ITT) and modified ITT populations; safety was assessed in the safety population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01541579. FINDINGS: 212 patients were randomly assigned: 107 to Cx601 and 105 to placebo. A significantly greater proportion of patients treated with Cx601 versus placebo achieved combined remission in the ITT (53 of 107 [50%] vs 36 of 105 [34%]; difference 15·2%, 97·5% CI 0·2-30·3; p=0·024) and modified ITT populations (53 of 103 [51%] vs 36 of 101 [36%]; 15·8%, 0·5-31·2; p=0·021). 18 (17%) of 103 patients in the Cx601 group versus 30 (29%) of 103 in the placebo group experienced treatment-related adverse events, the most common of which were anal abscess (six in the Cx601 group vs nine in the placebo group) and proctalgia (five vs nine). INTERPRETATION: Cx601 is an effective and safe treatment for complex perianal fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease who did not respond to conventional or biological treatments, or both. FUNDING: TiGenix.

Difficult case of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, Clostridium difficile infection and polymyalgia rheumatica.

A 64-year-old woman presented with heavy diarrhoea, nausea and weight loss accompanied by alopecia and dystrophic fingernails and toenails. The preceding diagnosis of an inflammatory bowel disease, a common pitfall, was excluded by endoscopic work up. Instead, Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS), a rare polyposis condition, was identified as the reason for this almost pathognomonic combination of diagnostic findings including various polyps throughout the entire intestine and ectodermal abnormalities. This case exemplifies common risks and complications in terms of gastrointestinal malabsorption, infections and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), including its treatment as well as a hereto unreported association with polymyalgia rheumatica. In CCS, long-term immunosuppressive therapy and close endoscopic cancer screening of the patient is essential. The treatment of vitamin deficiency and recurring SIBO helps to reduce symptoms.

Challenges and Management of Liver Cirrhosis: Practical Issues in the Therapy of Patients with Cirrhosis due to NAFLD and NASH.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and comprises a liver disease spectrum ranging from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with risk of progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Associated metabolic conditions and comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are common and require concerted management. Adiponutrin (PNPLA3) variants may help to identify NAFLD patients at higher risk for liver disease progression towards advanced fibrosis and HCC. The therapeutic options in NAFLD/NASH include lifestyle modification, pharmacological treatment, bariatric surgery for patients with morbid obesity and treatment of complications of liver cirrhosis and HCC, including liver transplantation. Insulin sensitizers and antioxidative treatment strategies with vitamin E are among the best-established pharmacological approaches, but both drugs have long-term safety issues and there is limited evidence in cirrhotic patients. Treatment of concomitant/underlying metabolic conditions with statins or metformin may also have beneficial effects on portal hypertension, complications of liver cirrhosis and HCC prevention. The bile acid receptor FXR may be a promising novel therapeutic target for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH, fibrosis and portal hypertension, but the prognostic implications of associated changes in low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol require further studies. Morbidly obese NASH patients can benefit from bariatric surgery which may reduce liver fibrosis but carries a risk of decompensation in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis. When carefully selected, patients with NASH cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation have a good outcome. This review summarizes recent progress in the management of patients with liver cirrhosis due to NASH.

Cystic fibrosis related liver disease--another black box in hepatology.

Due to improved medical care, life expectancy in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has veritably improved over the last decades. Importantly, cystic fibrosis related liver disease (CFLD) has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in CF patients. However, CFLD might be largely underdiagnosed and diagnostic criteria need to be refined. The underlying pathomechanisms are largely unknown, and treatment strategies with proven efficacy are lacking. This review focuses on current invasive and non-invasive diagnostic standards, the current knowledge on the pathophysiology of CFLD, treatment strategies, and possible future developments.

Differentiation of nonalcoholic from alcoholic steatohepatitis: are routine laboratory markers useful?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Specific markers for differentiation of nonalcoholic (NASH) from alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) are lacking. We investigated the role of routine laboratory parameters in distinguishing NASH from ASH. METHODS: Liver biopsies performed at our hospital over a 10-year period were reviewed, 95 patients with steatohepatitis identified and their data prior to biopsy reevaluated. The diagnosis NASH or ASH was assigned (other liver diseases excluded) on the basis of the biopsy and history of alcohol consumption (< 140 g/week). Logistic regression models were used for analysis. RESULTS: NASH was diagnosed in 58 patients (61%; 30 f) and ASH in 37 (39%; 9 f). High-grade fibrosis (59% vs. 19%, P < 0.0001) and an AST/ALT ratio > 1 (54.1% vs 20.7%, P = 0.0008) were more common in ASH. The MCV was elevated in 53% of ASH patients and normal in all NASH patients (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified the MCV (P = 0.0013), the AST/ALT ratio (P = 0.011) and sex (P = 0.0029) as relevant regressors (aROC = 0.92). The AST/ALT ratio (P < 0.0001) and age (P = 0.00049) were independent predictors of high-grade fibrosis. Differences in MCV were more marked in high-grade fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Higher MCVs and AST/ALT ratios in ASH reflect the severity of underlying liver disease and do not differentiate NASH from ASH. Instead, these biomarkers might prove useful in guiding selection of patients for liver biopsy and in targeting therapy.

C-reactive protein and all-cause mortality in a large hospital-based cohort.

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase protein, is a sensitive systemic marker of inflammation and acute-phase reactions. Testing CRP concentrations at hospital admission may provide information about disease risk and overall survival. METHODS: All first-ever transmittals to the department of medical and chemical laboratory diagnostics for determination of low-sensitivity CRP (n = 274 515, 44.5% male, median age 51 years) between January 1991 and July 2003 were included [median follow-up time: 4.4 years (interquartile range, 2.3-7.4 years)]. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Multivariate Cox regression adjusted for sex and age was applied for analysis. RESULTS: Compared to individuals within the reference category (CRP <5 mg/L), hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality increased from 1.4 (5-10 mg/L category) to 3.3 in the highest category (>80 mg/L, all P <0.001). CRP was associated with various causes of death. The relation of CRP to cancer death was stronger than to vascular death. Younger patients with increased CRP had relatively far worse outcome than older patients (maximal HR: < or =30 years: 6.7 vs >60 years: 1.7-3.7). Interestingly, both short- and long-term mortality were associated with increasing CRP concentrations (>80 mg/L: HR 22.8 vs 1.4). CONCLUSION: Measurement of low-sensitivity CRP at hospital admission allowed for the identification of patients at increased risk of unfavorable outcome. Our findings indicate that close attention should be paid to hospitalized patients with high CRP not only because of very substantial short-term risk, but also long-term excess risk, the basis for which needs to be determined.

S-ibuprofen effectively inhibits thromboxane B2 levels and platelet function in an experimental model of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated and non-stimulated whole blood.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed at testing the effect of S- and R-ibuprofen on thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), collagen-epinephrine closure time (CEPI-CT) and collagen-adenosine 5'-diphosphate closure time (CADP-CT) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated and non-stimulated human whole blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whole blood was incubated with S- or R-ibuprofen with and without prior stimulation with LPS. To verify ibuprofen's potential effects on TXB(2), varying ratios of concentrations of S- and R-ibuprofen ranging from 0 to 100% were used. TXB(2) levels were measured by ELISA. The effects of S- and R-ibuprofen enantiomers on platelet aggregability were tested utilizing a PFA-100 apparatus. RESULTS: In non-stimulated and LPS-stimulated whole blood, S-ibuprofen markedly decreased TXB(2) levels at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 microg/ml. R-ibuprofen showed its inhibiting effect at concentrations >100 microg/ml. In inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions, CEPI-CT was prolonged at concentrations of 12.5 and 75 microg/ml for S-ibuprofen and at a concentration of 150 microg/ml of combined R- and S-ibuprofen. S-ibuprofen was significantly more effective than R-ibuprofen (p < 0.05). The combined use of S- and R-ibuprofen did not additively or synergistically prolong CEPI-CTs. CADP-CTs remained unaffected by both enantiomers. CONCLUSIONS: S-ibuprofen was more effective than the R-ibuprofen enantiomer in inhibiting TXB(2) plasma levels and aggregability of thrombocytes in non-inflammatory and inflammatory conditions.

Gamma glutamyltransferase and long-term survival: is it just the liver?

BACKGROUND: Increased gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) is associated with cardiovascular disease. To date, however, few studies with sufficient sample size and follow-up have investigated the association of GGT with all-cause mortality. METHODS: The relation of GGT to the risk of death was examined in a cohort of 283 438 first attendants (inpatients or outpatients) of the Vienna General Hospital with request for GGT analysis as part of a routine screening panel and was monitored for up to 13 years. To evaluate GGT as a predictor, Cox proportional hazards models were calculated, which were adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS: In both men and women, GGT above the reference category (GGT > or = 9 U/L in women, > or = 14 U/L in men) was significantly (P <0.001) associated with all-cause, cancer, hepatobiliary, and vascular mortalities. Hazard ratios (HRs) for men and women were similar in all categories. Among patients who presented with GGT above the reference category, those younger than 30 years had higher all-cause mortality rates than did older individuals (HR 1.5-3.3 vs HR 1-1.3 >80 years, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: GGT is associated with mortality in both men and women, especially in patients younger than 30 years, and even high-normal GGT is a risk factor for all-cause mortality.

Infliximab: lack of efficacy on perforating complications in Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND: Infliximab (Remicade), a chimeric monoclonal antibody against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), has emerged as promising therapeutic option in perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease (CD). However, little knowledge exists about its use for the treatment of internal fistulas in CD. We present our experience with infliximab in this situation. METHODS: Four patients with CD who had internal fistulas (Case 1: entero-enteral and entero-abdominal; Case 2: entero-enteral; Case 3: entero-enteral and parastomal; Case 4: entero-vesical) were treated with 3 infusions of infliximab (5 mg/kg body weight) with intervals of 2 and 4 weeks. In addition, 3 patients had strictures and 2 patients had perianal fistulas. RESULTS: After the three infusions of infliximab (5 mg/kg body weight), internal fistulas remained unchanged in all patients. The perianal fistulas present in 2 cases were healed. Administration of infliximab was safe and well tolerated in all cases. CONCLUSION: Treatment with 3 infusions of infliximab (5 mg/kg body weight) led to healing of only the perianal fistulas, whereas the internal fistulas were not influenced. We conclude that in these 4 cases, infliximab was well tolerated but not effective for the management of internal fistulas and was no alternative for surgery.