Tumor necrosis factor antagonist-induced psoriasis in a 3-year-old boy with Kawasaki disease.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists have beenknown to trigger new-onset psoriasis in adult andpediatric patients. Here we report a case of TNFantagonist-induced psoriasis in a 3-year-old boytreated with infliximab for Kawasaki disease. Ourpatient is a 3-year-old boy with Kawasaki diseaseunresponsive to intravenous immunoglobulinwho was then treated with one dose of infliximab.A few days later he developed psoriatic plaqueson the face and extremities. The psoriatic plaqueswere treated with topical calcineurin inhibitors andtopical corticosteroids, with marked improvement.Prior reports of TNF antagonist-induced psoriasis inthe pediatric population have been in children withinflammatory bowel disease or juvenile idiopathicarthritis. To the best of our knowledge, this is thefirst case of TNF antagonist-induced psoriasis ina pediatric patient with Kawasaki disease, andthe youngest patient to date. Although we donot fully understand the mechanism behind thisphenomenon, in vitro studies have implicated theimportance of interferon-α, a pro-inflammatorycytokine, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Furtherresearch is necessary to understand who is at riskfor this condition and the molecular basis for thisparadoxical reaction.

Pediatric periorificial dermatitis.

Periorificial dermatitis (POD) has been documented in the pediatric population in patients as young as 3 months, with a slight predominance in girls compared to boys. Many patients have a personal or family history of atopic disorders. Periorificial dermatitis typically presents with erythematous to flesh-colored papules and rarely pustules near the eyes, nose, and mouth. Although the etiology is unknown, many patients have had recent exposure to a topical or less commonly an inhaled or systemic corticosteroid. Although steroids may initially control the skin lesions, disease often rebounds after discontinuing therapy. Diagnosis of POD is clinical. Laboratory tests are not helpful in making the diagnosis, and the histology of POD resembles rosacea. It is important to rule out other acneform diagnoses based on the age of the patient, clinical history, and presentation of the lesions. Topical metronidazole has been successful in the pediatric population. For pediatric patients with extrafacial skin lesions or more severe disease, oral antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, azithromycin, and erythromycin can be used, depending on the age of the patient.

Pediatric rosacea.

Because rosacea is uncommon in the pediatric population, care must be taken to exclude other papulopustular disorders. Children can present with vascular, papulopustular, and/or ocular findings. Importantly, ocular symptoms can appear before the cutaneous symptoms of rosacea, leading to misdiagnosis. Rosacea is a clinical diagnosis, but histopathologic examination typically reveals dilated vessels, perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates in the upper dermis, elastosis, and disorganization of the upper dermal connective tissue. Treatment involves avoiding known triggers and utilizing topical and/or systemic therapies. Although treatment can control flares, pediatric rosacea often persists into adulthood.

Survival in patients treated for anaplastic meningioma.

OBJECT: While most meningiomas are benign, 1%-3% display anaplastic features, with little current understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation. In a large single-center cohort, the authors tested the hypothesis that two distinct subtypes of anaplastic meningiomas, those that arise de novo and those that progress from lower grade tumors, exist and exhibit different clinical behavior. METHODS: Pathology reports and clinical data of 37 patients treated between 1999 and 2012 for anaplastic meningioma at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into those whose tumors arose de novo and those whose tumors progressed from previously documented benign or atypical meningiomas. RESULTS: Overall, the median age at diagnosis was 59 years and 57% of patients were female. Most patients (38%) underwent 2 craniotomies (range 1-5 surgeries) aimed at gross-total resection (GTR; 59%), which afforded better survival when compared with subtotal resection according to Kaplan-Meier estimates (median overall survival [OS] 3.2 vs 1.3 years, respectively; p = 0.04, log-rank test). Twenty-three patients (62%) presented with apparently de novo anaplastic meningiomas. Compared with patients whose tumors had progressed from a lower grade, those patients with de novo tumors were significantly more likely to be female (70% vs 36%, respectively; p = 0.04), experience better survival (median OS 3.0 vs 2.4 years, respectively; p = 0.03, log-rank test), and harbor cerebral hemispheric as opposed to skull base tumors (91% vs 43%, respectively; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Based on this single-center experience at MSKCC, anaplastic meningiomas, similar to glial tumors, can arise de novo or progress from lower grade tumors. These tumor groups appear to have distinct clinical behavior. De novo tumors may well be molecularly distinct, which is under further investigation. Aggressive GTR appears to confer an OS advantage in patients with anaplastic meningioma, and this is likely independent of tumor progression status. Similarly, those patients with de novo tumors experience a survival advantage likely independent of extent of resection.