Nutritional significance and promising therapeutic/medicinal application of camel milk as a functional food in human and animals: a comprehensive review.

Camel milk (CM) is the key component of human diet specially for the population belongs to the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. CM possess unique composition as compare to the cow milk with abundant amount of medium chain fatty acids in fat low lactose and higher concentration of whey protein and vitamin C. Besides the nutritional significance of CM, it also contains higher concentration of bioactive compounds including bioactive peptides, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), lactoferrin (LF), lactoperoxidase, lysozyme casein and immunoglobulin. Recently, CM and their bioactive compounds gaining more attention toward scientific community owing to their multiple health benefits, especially in the current era of emerging drug resistance and untold side effects of synthetic medicines. Consumption of fresh or fermented CM and its products presumed exceptional nutraceutical and medicinal properties, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Moreover, CM isolated LAB exhibit antioxidant and probiotic effects leading to enhance the innate and adaptive immune response against both gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. The main objective of this review is to highlight the nutritional significance, pharmaceutical potential, medicinal value and salient beneficial health aspect of CM for human and animals.

Recombinant dynein light intermediate chain of Haemonchus contortus affects the functions of goat immune cells in vitro.

Haemonchus contortus dynein light intermediate chain (HcLIC), an essential excretory/secretory protein of Haemonchus contortus, has been shown to have antigenic features. Neverthless, understanding of its immunomodulatory roles on host immune cells remains limited. Herein, HcLIC gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned in prokaryotic expression vector pET32a. The protein was expressed by IPTG and purified by affinity chromatography using HisTrap™ FF column. The localization of HcLIC in adult H. contortus woms was detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was carried out to test the binding ability of rHcLIC to goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Furthermore, the effects of HcLIC on cell migration and cell apoptosis were evaluated when goat PBMCs were co-incubated with rHcLIC protein. The results revealed that rHcLIC was expressed in the cuticle tissues of adult H. contortus. IFA confirmed the binding of HcLIC on the surface of goat PBMCs. Moreover, functional analysis revealed that the interaction between rHcLIC and host immune cells significantly suppressed cell migration, suggesting that parasite might lessen the production of cytokines and chemokines that signal the migration of host immune cells towards infection site. Moreover, rHcLIC treatment improved cell apoptosis efficiency which might lower the immune cells quantity and thereby downregulate host immunity, enabling parasite survival within host. These results suggested that decrease trend of migration along with induction of apoptosis might be an immunosuppressive strategy of H. contortus. Overall, these findings add to our understanding of HcLIC, and the mechanisms involved in H. contortus immune escape during host-parasite interaction.

Microsatellite Instability and MMR Genes Abnormalities in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors.

Early diagnosis of mammary gland tumors is a challenging task in animals, especially in unspayed dogs. Hence, this study investigated the role of microsatellite instability (MSI), MMR gene mRNA transcript levels and SNPs of MMR genes in canine mammary gland tumors (CMT). A total of 77 microsatellite (MS) markers in 23 primary CMT were selected from four breeds of dogs. The results revealed that 11 out of 77 MS markers were unstable and showed MSI in all the tumors (at least at one locus), while the other markers were stable. Compared to the other markers, the ABC9TETRA, MEPIA, 9A5, SCNA11 and FJL25 markers showed higher frequencies of instability. All CMT demonstrated MSI, with eight tumors presenting MSI-H. The RT-qPCR results revealed significant upregulation of the mRNA levels of cMSH3, cMLH1, and cPMSI, but downregulation of cMSH2 compared to the levels in the control group. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed in the cMSH2 gene in four exons, i.e., 2, 6, 15, and 16. In conclusion, MSI, overexpression of MMR genes and SNPs in the MMR gene are associated with CMT and could be served as diagnostic biomarkers for CMT in the future.