[Balanoposthitis in the clinical practice of a urologist and dermatovenereologist: an interdisciplinary problem].

Balanoposthitis is a common inflammatory disease of the male genitals, which occurs more often in uncircumcised men. The cause of balanoposthitis can be an infectious, inflammatory or autoimmune process, as well as traumatization. In most cases, after proper intimate hygiene and the use of neutral moisturizers, the symptoms of balanoposthitis are completely stopped. In the case of torpid course of balanoposthitis and in the absence of improvement after drug therapy, it is necessary to exclude the malignant process. In the review article, the authors present the data of modern scientific research on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiome in balanoposthitis. Differences in the composition of the microbiome were revealed in patients with balanoposthitis and healthy patients from the control group with excess foreskin. It was found that in patients with balanoposthitis, a impaired in hydration of the skin of the glans penis was revealed. Staphylococcus warneri and Prevotella bivia are the most common species associated with balanoposthitis and positively correlate with the severity of the disease. Candida infection, as an etiological factor of balanoposthitis, often occurs in children and may be associated with diaper rash. The prevalence of Gardnerella vaginalis as a pathogen in the male urogenital tract has not been fully studied. Currently, there are no reliable scientific studies that make it possible to attribute G. vaginalis to the etiological factor of balanoposthitis in men. However, it should be borne in mind that balanoposthitis may have a polymicrobial and synergistic etiology with the participation of G. vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria in the lower genital tract of men. The review article is clearly illustrated with clinical examples of the disease from the personal practice of the authors.

[Urological problems related to coloproctology. Part 2].

The second part of the review article is devoted to current urological and proctological issues: rectal injuries during urological procedures, rectal complications associated with prostate cancer, as well as violations of the genitourinary function during interventions on the pelvic and rectal organs. Ignoring the symptoms from the adjacent pelvic organs can lead to diagnostic errors and the choice of wrong treatment, which ultimately adversely affects the outcomes. The interaction of specialists "working in the small pelvis" is required to exchange experience and improve the quality of care for this category of patients.

[Urological problems related to coloproctology. Part 1].

The aim of this review was to characterize the possible urological manifestations of rectal disorders in case of the involvement of the genitourinary system, as well as the symptoms of urological diseases involving the distal part of the large bowel. In urological and coloproctological practice, the anatomical and physiological proximity of the distal part of the intestine and the urogenital organs is of importance (for example, the common innervation of the pelvic organs, the synergy of the pelvic floor muscles, etc.), since it results in similar clinical manifestations, making it difficult to make a diagnosis. The most relevant and common urological and proctological diseases, including prostatitis, intestinovesical and rectourethral fistulas, damage to the ureter and bladder during colorectal surgery are discussed in the article. Particular attention is paid to the interdisciplinary cooperation of urologists and proctologists and the frequent need for their joint participation in the diagnosis and treatment of the pelvic organs disorders.

[25-year trends of incidence and mortality from liver cancer and viral hepatitis in Novosibirsk].

The article presents data of Cancer Registry in Novosibirsk for the period 1988-2012 concerning primary liver cancer. Over the period studied the incidence and mortality have declined significantly (2,5 and 2,1 times, respectively). Both figures fall in line for men and women being generally twice as high in men. The long-term trends of main etiologic risk factor for liver cancer (prevalence of hepatitis viruses B and C in the population) are shown. The issues of screening and prevention are discussed.

Interferon-Gamma: Treatment Horizons.

The review provides modern literature data on the system of interferons, their cells producers and target cells. Particular attention is paid to the immunomodulating effect of interferon-y. High efficacy of Ingaron in the treatment of various groups of diseases, especially viral, infectious and oncologic is shown.