Early postoperative water exposure does not increase complications in cutaneous surgeries: A randomized, investigator-blinded, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients are often advised to keep the initial postoperative dressings dry and undisturbed for 24 to 72 hours. However, these requirements may result in significant disruption of patients' activities of daily living, such as bathing, leisure, and exercise. OBJECTIVE: Compare standard management of keeping wounds dry and covered (48 hours) with early (6 hours) postoperative water exposure. METHODS: Investigator-blinded, randomized (1:1), controlled trial evaluating rate of infection and additional outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Overall, 437 patients were randomized to either the early (6-hour) water exposure (n = 218) intervention group or the standard cohort (n = 219). The incidence of culture-proven infection in the intervention group (1.8%) was similar to the standard group (1.4%) (P > .99). There was also no difference in rates of bleeding or bruising. Scar assessment using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale revealed similar scar outcomes. LIMITATIONS: Single site, academic center. CONCLUSION: Surgical wounds can be allowed to get wet in the immediate postoperative period with no increased incidence of infection or other complications and with similar cosmesis.

Characteristics and treatment pathways in pediatric and adult hidradenitis suppurativa: An examination using real world data.

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, debilitating, inflammatory disease. Contemporaneous real-world data can be used to elucidate the clinical treatment of pediatric patients and how treatment strategies compare with adult hidradenitis suppurativa patients. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate clinical and treatment characteristics of pediatric and adult HS patients. Methods: HS adult and pediatric patients were identified in 3 the United States administrative claims databases during the study period between 2016 to 2021. Patients were required to have 2 diagnostic codes for HS and have at least 365 days of prior observation time to the first HS diagnosis. Results: Pediatric and adult HS treatments were similar. The proportions of subjects treated with topical and oral antibiotic or oral antibiotic alone or topical medication alone or surgery alone covered 90% of the treated pediatric subjects and 91% of treated adult subjects. The remaining proportion of subjects received other treatment combinations. Limitations: The databases represent subjects with commercial or government insurance coverage and thus do not necessarily represent the broader US population. The databases do not capture information about medications obtained without insurance. Conclusions: Although subtle differences exist, this study confirms that topical and systemic therapeutic treatment of HS in adults and adolescents is very similar.

Surgical Procedural Definitions for Hidradenitis Suppurativa Developed by Expert Delphi Consensus.

Importance: Various surgical approaches for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) have been described in the literature, but the nomenclature is inconsistent. Excisions have been described as wide, local, radical, and regional with variable descriptions of margins. Deroofing procedures have been described with various approaches though descriptions of the approach are generally more uniform. No international consensus has been formed to globally standardize terminology for HS surgical procedures. Lack of such agreement may contribute to misunderstanding or misclassification in HS procedural research studies and impair clear communication among clinicians or between clinicians and patients. Objective: To create a set of standard definitions for HS surgical procedures. Design, Setting, and Participants: This consensus agreement study was conducted from January to May 2021 using the modified Delphi consensus method to reach agreement among a group of international HS experts regarding standardized definitions for an initial set of HS surgical terms, including "incision and drainage," "deroofing/unroofing," "excision," "lesional excision," and "regional excision," ultimately expanded to 10 terms. Provisional definitions were drafted based on existing literature and discussion among an expert 8-member steering committee. Online surveys were disseminated to members of the HS Foundation, direct contacts of the expert panel, and the HSPlace listserv to reach physicians with considerable experience with HS surgery. Consensus was defined as greater than 70% agreement to accept a definition. Results: In the first and second modified Delphi round, 50 and 33 experts participated, respectively. Ten surgical procedural terms and definitions reached consensus with greater than 80% agreement. Overall, the term "local" excision was abandoned and replaced with the descriptors "lesional" or "regional" excision. Of note, "regional" replaced the terms "wide" and "radical" excision. Furthermore, modifiers such as "partial" vs "complete" should also be included when describing surgical procedures. A combination of these terms helped formulate the final glossary of HS surgical procedural definitions. Conclusion and Relevance: An international group of HS experts agreed on a set of definitions describing surgical procedures frequently used by clinicians and in the literature. The standardization and application of such definitions are vital to allow for accurate communication, reporting consistency, and uniform data collection and study design in the future.

Keratinocytes and immune cells in the epidermis are key drivers of inflammation in hidradenitis suppurativa providing a rationale for novel topical therapies.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating inflammatory skin disease characterized by painful nodules, drainage and scarring in skin folds. Injectable adalimumab is the only drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of HS. Although systemic Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors show promise, serious side-effects have been reported. There are no highly effective topical treatments for HS; furthermore, the contribution of epidermal keratinocytes to the intense inflammation has largely been unexplored. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the role of keratinocytes and epidermal immune cells in HS inflammation at all Hurley stages of disease severity. We aimed to determine whether ruxolitinib can mitigate inflammation from keratinocytes and to develop a better understanding of how topical therapeutics might benefit patients with HS. METHODS: We used skin samples from 87 patients with HS (Hurley stages I-III) and 39 healthy controls to compare keratinocyte- and immune cell-driven epidermal inflammation, in addition to the response of lesional HS keratinocytes to treatment with interferon (IFN)-γ and ruxolitinib. We used haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assessments in whole skin, isolated epidermis, and cultured keratinocytes from healthy controls and both nonlesional and lesional HS skin to identify and define epidermal and keratinocyte-mediated inflammation in HS and how this may be targeted by therapeutics. RESULTS: HS lesional keratinocytes autonomously secreted high levels of chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL3 and CXCL3, which recruited neutrophils, CD8 T cells, and natural killer cells to the epidermis. Keratinocytes were the dominant source of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in HS lesions with little to no contribution from underlying dermal immune cells. In the presence of IFN-γ, which is dependent on immune cell infiltrate in vivo, keratinocytes expressed increased levels of additional cytokines including IL-1ß, IL-12, IL-23 and IL-36γ. The JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib mitigated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in HS lesional keratinocytes, thus providing a rationale for future study as a topical treatment for HS. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that keratinocytes actively recruit immune cells to HS epidermis and interactions between these cells drive a broad inflammatory profile in HS epidermis. Targeting epidermal inflammation in HS with novel topical formulations may be highly efficacious with reduced systemic side-effects.

Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Diagnosis and Management in the Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease characterized by abscesses and inflammatory nodules, and occasionally tunnels and scars, in the axillae, groin, and inframammary areas. OBJECTIVE: HS can be challenging to diagnose because it mimics localized soft-tissue infection. The process of differentiating HS from soft-tissue infection is discussed. Patients with HS frequently visit emergency departments (EDs) for acute management of pain and drainage from HS lesions. This review updates emergency and urgent care physicians on how to educate and initiate treatment for patients with HS, and to coordinate care with dermatologists and other physicians early in their disease course. DISCUSSION: Recent updates on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of HS are reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Practice variations between how care for HS is provided in the ED setting and what HS treatment guidelines recommend are identified.

Factors associated with treatment satisfaction in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: results from the Global VOICE project.

BACKGROUND: Nearly half of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) report dissatisfaction with their treatment. However, factors related to treatment satisfaction have not been explored. OBJECTIVES: To measure associations between treatment satisfaction and clinical and treatment-related characteristics among patients with HS. METHODS: Treatment satisfaction was evaluated utilizing data from a cross-sectional global survey of patients with HS recruited from 27 institutions, mainly HS referral centres, in 14 different countries from October 2017 to July 2018. The primary outcome was patients' self-reported overall satisfaction with their current treatments for HS, rated on a five-point scale from 'very dissatisfied' to 'very satisfied'. RESULTS: The final analysis cohort comprised 1418 patients with HS, most of whom were European (55%, 780 of 1418) or North American (38%, 542 of 1418), and female (85%, 1210 of 1418). Overall, 45% (640 of 1418) of participants were either dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their current medical treatment. In adjusted analysis, patients primarily treated by a dermatologist for HS had 1·99 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·62-2·44, P < 0·001] times the odds of being satisfied with current treatment than participants not primarily treated by a dermatologist. Treatment with biologics was associated with higher satisfaction [odds ratio (OR) 2·36, 95% CI 1·74-3·19, P < 0·001] relative to treatment with nonbiologic systemic medications. Factors associated with lower treatment satisfaction included smoking (OR 0·78, 95% CI 0·62-0·99; active vs. never), depression (OR 0·69, 95% CI 0·54-0·87), increasing number of comorbidities (OR 0·88 per comorbidity, 95% CI 0·81-0·96) and increasing flare frequency. CONCLUSIONS: There are several factors that appear to positively influence satisfaction with treatment among patients with HS, including treatment by a dermatologist and treatment with a biologic medication. Factors that appear to lower treatment satisfaction include active smoking, depression, accumulation of comorbid conditions and increasing flare frequency. Awareness of these factors may support partnered decision making with the goal of improving treatment outcomes. What is already known about this topic? Nearly half of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa report dissatisfaction with their treatments. What does this study add? Satisfaction with treatment is increased by receiving care from a dermatologist and treatment with biologics. Satisfaction with treatment is decreased by tobacco smoking, accumulation of comorbid conditions including depression, and higher flare frequency. What are the clinical implications of this work? Awareness of the identified factors associated with poor treatment satisfaction may support partnered decision making and improve treatment outcomes.

Comorbidity screening in hidradenitis suppurativa: Evidence-based recommendations from the US and Canadian Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundations.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is associated with comorbidities that contribute to poor health, impaired life quality, and mortality risk. OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence-based screening recommendations for comorbidities linked to HS. METHODS: Systematic reviews were performed to summarize evidence on the prevalence and incidence of 30 comorbidities in patients with HS relative to the general population. The screening recommendation for each comorbidity was informed by the consistency and quality of existing studies, disease prevalence, and magnitude of association, as well as benefits, harms, and feasibility of screening. The level of evidence and strength of corresponding screening recommendation were graded by using the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) criteria. RESULTS: Screening is recommended for the following comorbidities: acne, dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, pilonidal disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, suicide, smoking, substance use disorder, polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, spondyloarthritis, and sexual dysfunction. It is also recommended to screen patients with Down syndrome for HS. The decision to screen for specific comorbidities may vary with patient risk factors. The role of the dermatologist in screening varies according to comorbidity. LIMITATIONS: Screening recommendations represent one component of a comprehensive care strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Dermatologists should support screening efforts to identify comorbid conditions in HS.

Outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth in women with hidradenitis suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Many women affected by hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are of childbearing age. To date, the literature is limited on pregnancy-related outcomes for women with HS. OBJECTIVE: To investigate maternal and obstetric outcomes and treatment utilization among women with HS. METHODS: This retrospective analysis used the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims Database. Pregnant women with HS (n = 998) and 5:1 age-matched pregnant women without HS (n = 5065) were identified and information on claims related to diagnoses, procedures, and medications were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared to women without HS, pregnant women with HS had significantly lower odds of having a live birth (odds ratio [OR], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.51) and significantly higher odds of having elective terminations (OR, 2.51; 95% CI, 2.13-2.96), gestational hypertension (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.12-1.84), and cesarean deliveries (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.06-1.55), and of receiving HS designated treatment during pregnancy (OR, 4.41; 95% CI, 3.56-5.46). LIMITATIONS: Retrospective and convenience sampling and absence of clinical information to correlate HS severity and outcomes. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with HS have an increased probability of select complicated maternal and obstetric outcomes. Women planning for pregnancy or who are currently pregnant may benefit from coordinated care by dermatologists and obstetric providers.

Advances and Considerations in the Management of Actinic Keratosis: An Expert Consensus Panel Report.

BACKGROUND: Actinic Keratosis (AK) is a potentially pre-malignant tumor with a poorly defined risk of progression to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Because of the typical need for recurrent cycles of AK treatment, outcomes can be limited by both therapeutic efficacy and patient adherence. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the available and most current literature into overarching principles to provide guidance on the management of AKs, improving patient experiences and treatment outcomes. METHODS: A systematic review querying epidemiology, natural history, prognosis, management of AKs as well as the mechanism of action of and adherence to current AK therapy was conducted. After reviewing the literature, an expert consensus panel consisting of 10 expert dermatologists and dermatopathologists used a modified Delphi process to develop statements regarding the pathogenesis and management of AKs. Final statements were only adopted with a supermajority vote (≥7/10). RESULTS: The panel developed 7 consensus statements regarding AKs pathogenesis and management. CONCLUSION: The poorly defined risk for AK progression into invasive SCC without universally accepted clinical-histopathological factors highlights the importance of long-term efficacious treatment. To effectively counsel and treat patients with actinic keratoses, dermatologists must understand how newer therapeutic approaches with mechanisms of action that have more rapid onset of action, shorter treatment courses, and less intense local skin reaction (LSRs) may promote adherence and improve long-term outcomes. J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(8):888-893. doi:10.36849/JDD.6078 THIS ARTICLE HAD BEEN MADE AVAILABLE FREE OF CHARGE. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN TO ACCESS THE FULL fTEXT OF THIS ARTICLE WITHOUT LOGGING IN. NO PURCHASE NECESSARY. PLEASE CONTACT THE PUBLISHER WITH ANY QUESTIONS.

Efficacy and Safety of Adalimumab in Conjunction With Surgery in Moderate to Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa: The SHARPS Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Surgery is a mainstay in the management of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Adalimumab is the first drug approved for HS. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of adalimumab in combination with wide-excision surgery followed by secondary intention healing. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Safety and Efficacy of Adalimumab for Hidradenitis Suppurativa Peri-Surgically (SHARPS) trial was a phase 4, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adalimumab in conjunction with surgery. Patients were enrolled in 45 sites across 20 countries from July 18, 2016, to February 2, 2019, with the last patient visit on October 16, 2019. Eligible patients (aged 18-65 years) had moderate to severe HS that required radical surgery in an axillary or inguinal region and had 2 other anatomical regions affected, with 1 or more regions at Hurley stage II or III. Analysis was conducted in November 2019. Interventions: Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive continuous adalimumab, 40 mg, or placebo during presurgery (12 weeks), perioperative (2 weeks), and postoperative (10 weeks) periods. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was the proportion of patients achieving HS clinical response across all body regions at week 12. Results: Overall, 103 patients were randomized to adalimumab and 103 to matching placebo. Among all patients, 51% (n = 106) were women, 94% (n = 193) were White, and the mean (SD) age was 37.6 (11.3) years. At week 12, significantly more patients receiving adalimumab (49 of 103 [48%]) vs placebo (35 of 103 [34%]; P = .049) achieved HS clinical response across all body regions (treatment difference, 14% [95% CI, 0%-27%]). Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 74 of 103 patients (72%) and 69 of 103 patients (67%) in the adalimumab and placebo groups, respectively. No increased risk of postoperative wound infection, complication, or hemorrhage was observed with adalimumab vs placebo. Two deaths occurred in the adalimumab group; neither was considered as having a reasonable possibility of relationship to study drug. Conclusions and Relevance: Adalimumab was efficacious in conjunction with wide-excision surgery followed by secondary intention healing, with no need to interrupt treatment prior to surgery. These data support further investigation of adalimumab as an adjuvant therapy to surgery in patients with moderate to severe HS. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02808975.

What causes hidradenitis suppurativa ?-15 years after.

The 14 authors of the first review article on hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) pathogenesis published 2008 in EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY cumulating from the 1st International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Research Symposium held March 30-April 2, 2006 in Dessau, Germany with 33 participants were prophetic when they wrote "Hopefully, this heralds a welcome new tradition: to get to the molecular heart of HS pathogenesis, which can only be achieved by a renaissance of solid basic HS research, as the key to developing more effective HS therapy." (Kurzen et al. What causes hidradenitis suppurativa? Exp Dermatol 2008;17:455). Fifteen years later, there is no doubt that the desired renaissance of solid basic HS research is progressing with rapid steps and that HS has developed deep roots among inflammatory diseases in Dermatology and beyond, recognized as "the only inflammatory skin disease than can be healed". This anniversary article of 43 research-performing authors from all around the globe in the official journal of the European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V. (EHSF e.V.) and the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation, Inc (HSF USA) summarizes the evidence of the intense HS clinical and experimental research during the last 15 years in all aspects of the disease and provides information of the developments to come in the near future.

Prevalence and Impact of Dietary Avoidance among Individuals with Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: People with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) are interested in dietary alterations to manage the condition. However, there are few data on the prevalence of this or the impact on HS activity. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and impact of dietary alterations made by people with HS. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was sent to people with HS through multiple sources. Participants reported food alterations in the prior 6 months. -Results: Overall, 242 complete surveys were included in this analysis; the mean age was 35.8 years, and most (87.5%) were women. The majority (75.8%, n = 182) altered at least one food from their diet. Within this group, 154 (84.6%) made changes to multiple food groups. The top 5 food groups that were altered were gluten (48.8%), dairy (44.2%), refined sugars (40.0%), tomatoes (36.7%), and alcohol (37.1%). Smoking was eliminated in 27.5% of participants. Some participants (30.9%) reported the change made the HS "much better." CONCLUSIONS: Dietary alteration to manage HS was common among participants in this study. Some people reported improvement in HS activity, but some noted worsening. Additional research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary alteration to manage HS and to better understand the underlying pathomechanisms.

North American clinical management guidelines for hidradenitis suppurativa: A publication from the United States and Canadian Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundations: Part I: Diagnosis, evaluation, and the use of complementary and procedural management.

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting hair follicles, with profoundly negative impact on patient quality of life. Evidence informing ideal evaluation and management of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa is still sparse in many areas, but it has grown substantially in the last decade. Part I of this evidence-based guideline is presented to support health care practitioners as they select optimal management strategies, including diagnostic testing, comorbidity screening, and both complementary and procedural treatment options. Recommendations and evidence grading based on the evidence available at the time of the review are provided.

Bundled payment for actinic keratosis management: Pilot evaluation of developed models.

BACKGROUND: There is an opportunity to explore alternate payment models in dermatology. OBJECTIVE: To pilot 2 bundled payment models for actinic keratosis (AK) management. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted during September 2013-June 2016. Consecutive patients were recruited from clinics of 5 dermatologists. Patients had to be adults, have ≥1 year of care at the department, and have a history of AK. A bundled payment strategy was prospectively piloted for 1 year and compared with costs in the prior year. RESULTS: Overall, 400 participants were enrolled, and complete data was collected for 254 participants. During the year of bundled payments, actual total annual spending on claims was $70,557, whereas model 1 and model 2 bundled payment models would have totaled $67,310 and $74,422, respectively, for the patient cohort. Patient satisfaction surveys showed no difference in the quality of care. LIMITATIONS: Single-center study and limited sample size. International Classification of Diseases 9 and 10 codes were used to identify claims and might be inaccurate. Costs were modeled rather than fully implemented. CONCLUSION: Dermatologists should be aware of bundled payment models. More work is needed to elucidate the optimal formulation of a bundled payment for AK management, including the services covered, time delimitation, and risk stratification factors.

Positron emission tomography costs less to patients than conventional screening for malignancy in dermatomyositis.

BACKGROUND: Dermatomyositis (DM) is associated with malignancy and interstitial lung disease. Many malignancies associated with DM occur in organs not routinely screened by national guidelines; thus, best screening practices are still debated. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been suggested as a single study alternative to more complex screening panels and may also be valuable in detecting interstitial lung disease progression. Criticisms of PET screening exams have focused on cost and radiation exposure. OBJECTIVE: To compare the cost of PET and its variants to conventional malignancy screening panels, and to review concerns regarding radiation exposure in PET. METHODS: Four variants of PET and PET-CT were included in the study. The conventional screening panel was defined as CT of the abdomen and pelvis without contrast, CT of the thorax without contrast, CEA, CA 19.9, PSA (men), mammography (women), transvaginal ultrasound (women), cytopathology (women), and CA 125 (women). The MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters database, a collection of private insurance claims data from 53 million Americans, was queried for every instance of each test from 2005 to 2014 and the mean inflation-adjusted cost of each was recorded. The mean total cost to insurance companies and the mean out-of-pocket costs to patients for PET variants were compared to the costs for conventional panels. Additionally, the cost of pulmonary function tests (PFT) from the same period was evaluated. RESULTS: From 2005-2014, the mean inflation-adjusted costs of PET have trended downward, but the mean cost of PET-CT have trended upward. The mean total cost to insurance companies for PET-CT whole body was $730.70 and $537.62 greater than the cost of conventional panels for men and women, respectively. The out-of-pocket patient costs for PET-CT whole body was $109.82 and $111.33 less than the cost of conventional panels for men and women, respectively. The mean total cost of PFT was $205.02. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of PET-CT whole body was greater than conventional panels for insurance companies, but patient out-of-pocket costs were lower. PET-CT may also have added value in detecting and monitoring interstitial lung disease progression in DM patients. More data are needed on the efficacy of PET-CT in detecting malignancy in DM patients; however, the cost difference is less than expected, suggesting the single scan could be a reasonable alternative to the conventional screening panel in some patients.

Proceeding report of the Second Symposium on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Advances (SHSA) 2017.

The 2nd Annual Symposium on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Advances (SHSA) took place on 03-05 November 2017 in Detroit, Michigan, USA. This symposium was a joint meeting of the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation (HSF Inc.) founded in the USA, and the Canadian Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation (CHSF). This was the second annual meeting of the SHSA with experts from different disciplines arriving from North America, Europe and Australia, in a joint aim to discuss most recent innovations, practical challenges and potential solutions to issues related in the management and care of Hidradenitis Suppurativa patients. The last session involved clinicians, patients and their families in an effort to educate them more about the disease.

Dose, duration, and cost: opportunities to improve use of long-term oral antibiotics for people with rosacea.

BACKGROUND: Systemic antibiotics are often used to treat rosacea and tetracyclines are the most common antibiotic prescribed; however, there is ambiguity among clinical guideline suggestions. Importantly, there is an increasing call to all clinicians to curtail antibiotic use. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the utilization and cost of long-term oral antibiotic use for the treatment of rosacea, including ocular rosacea. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters database, from January 1, 2005 through December 31, 2014. Claim data were used to determine the duration and costs of antibiotic treatment among adults with rosacea. RESULTS: The sample included 72,411 patients. The mean (SD) duration of long-term antibiotic treatment was 87.68 (145.99) days and for patients with ocular rosacea was slightly longer, 108.34 (176.74) days [p < .0001]. The majority of antibiotic courses were shorter than 3 months (80.04%) for the entire sample and the subset with ocular rosacea (53.64% [p = .007]). LIMITATIONS: Patient adherence is uncertain and database lacks information on rosacea severity and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of oral antibiotic course durations follow guidelines. Costs of antibiotic therapy were lower for shorter courses and those utilizing generic medications; the cost-effectiveness of these modifications has not been investigated.