Pediatric Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis: A Comprehensive Analysis of Prognostic Factors for Survival.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (IFS) is a devastating infection that manifests almost exclusively in immunocompromised children. The goal of this work was to determine which clinical features carry prognostic value for survival. METHODS: A retrospective review of children with a histopathological diagnosis of IFS was performed at an academic tertiary care institution from 1990 to 2021. Clinical variables were collected to generate survival and life-table estimators at 6-months and 1-year. RESULTS: Eighteen patients were included in this analysis, with a mean age of 9.8 years (range, 1-17 years). Most children were neutropenic (n = 15, 83.3%), with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 10, 55.6%) representing the most common primary diagnosis. A mean of 3.2 operations (range 1-7 operations) was performed per patient for either mucormycosis (n = 10, 55.6%) or aspergillosis (n = 8, 44.4%). The mean time to absolute neutrophil count recovery was 65.8 days (range 20-137 days), with a 6-month and 1-year survival rate of 47.6% and 41.7%, respectively. Gross total resection (p = 0.006, p < 0.001), number of antifungals (p = 0.0004, p = 0.0003), and total operation number (p = 0.0032, p = 0.0035), served as positive prognostic factors for 6-month and 1-year survival. Conversely, altered mental status (p = 0.0026), cerebral involvement (p = 0.0010), cranial neuropathies (p < 0.0001), hyperglycemia (p = 0.0445, p = 0.0208), and intensive care unit status (p = 0.0013) served as negative prognostic factors for 6-month and 1-year survival. CONCLUSION: Several key elements were identified and found to play a vital role in influencing survival for pediatric IFS. Early diagnosis, prompt medical therapy, and aggressive surgical intervention remain at the forefront in the treatment of this complex opportunistic infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 133:1239-1250, 2023.

Intracapsular tonsillar reduction (partial tonsillectomy): reviving a historical procedure for obstructive sleep disordered breathing in children.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to reintroduce a historical procedure-intracapsular tonsillar reduction (partial tonsillectomy or tonsillotomy)-for tonsillar hypertrophy causing obstructive sleep disordered breathing (OSDB) in children, as well as to determine whether partial tonsillectomy, compared with conventional (total) tonsillectomy when performed by more than one surgeon, is equally effective for the relief of OSDB while resulting in less pain and more rapid recovery. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective case series at a tertiary children's hospital. The charts of children who underwent partial tonsillectomy and total tonsillectomy (1998 through 2002) for postoperative complications were reviewed. The caregivers were surveyed to assess postoperative pain, rapidity of recovery, and effectiveness of surgery for relieving symptoms of OSDB. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-three children underwent partial tonsillectomy and 107 children underwent total tonsillectomy. There were no significant differences in immediate and delayed complications between the groups. Both operations were equally effective in relieving OSDB. Children who had partial tonsillectomy had significantly less postoperative pain and significantly more rapid recovery. CONCLUSION: Intracapsular tonsillar reduction with an endoscopic microdebrider relieves OSDB as effectively as conventional tonsillectomy, but results in less postoperative pain and a more rapid recovery.