RESUMO
Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) son biotrofos obligados que viven en asociación simbiótica con las raíces de las plantas. Se encuentran entre los microorganismos del suelo más extendidos que proporcionan a la planta huésped nutrientes y protección contra patógenos. Las prácticas agrícolas modernas, como la labranza frecuente, el alto empleo de fertilización inorgánica pesticidas junto con condiciones climáticas cambiantes debido al calentamiento global, tienen enormes impactos en la colonización de los HMA, la interacción con las plantas y la productividad de los cultivos. Los HMA afectan positivamente la tolerancia de las plantas al estrés biótico y abiótico, a los ecosistemas severos y sus patógenos al alterar la estructura de las raíces, la exudación, la microflora de la rizosfera, la producción de antifúngicos y antibacterianos, y al competir con los patógenos por la absorción de nutrientes. Por lo tanto, juegan un papel importante en el crecimiento, la productividad y la calidad de las plantas. Además, el efecto de un fungicida varía según su modo de acción y las especies de HMA asociadas, lo que sugiere que estos hongos tienen un gran potencial como herramienta para la agricultura sostenible ecológica en el actual escenario de calentamiento global.
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are obligate biotrophs living in symbiotic association with roots of plants. They are among the most widespread soil microorganisms that provide the host plant with nutrients and pathogen protection. Modern farming practices like frequent tillage, high input inorganic fertilization and pesticide along changing climatic conditions due to global warming, have huge impacts on AMF colonization, interaction with plants and on crop productivity. AMF positively affect the plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, harsh ecosystems and plant pathogens by altering root structure, exudation, rhizosphere microflora, production of antifungals, antibacterials, and competing with pathogens for nutrient uptake. Thus, it plays a significant role in plant growth, productivity and quality. Further, the effect of a fungicide is varied depending on its mode of action and the associated AMF species, suggesting that these fungi have a strong potential as a tool for eco-friendly sustainable farming in the present scenario of global warming.
Assuntos
Aquecimento Global , Agricultura , FungosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Our aim was to identify novel biomarker candidates for the near-term prediction of preeclampsia in a homogenous collective. In this study, we screened at the genome-wide level for gene expression in placental villous tissue from patients with severe preeclampsia in comparison to normal healthy pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Total RNA was extracted from placental villous tissue from 9 preeclamptic patients and 7 normotensive controls after scheduled cesarean sections. After sample pooling, gene expression analysis was performed using six Affymetrix Human Gene 1.0 ST arrays, followed by quantitative RT-PCR and validation of selected markers in the serum of patients at the protein level. RESULTS: In total, 896 significantly differentially expressed genes were identified (p ≤ 0.05). After restricting these to molecules present in the circulation, 9 upregulated and 5 downregulated genes were selected. Four of them (ß-hCG, HTRA4, LHB1, all upregulated; and NOX4, downregulated) were validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Finally, the maternal plasma protein levels of 2 of these genes (LHB and ß-hCG) were confirmed to be significantly different between preeclampsia cases and controls. DISCUSSION: We identified 14 potential new biomarker candidates for preeclampsia and validated 4 of them by quantitative RT-PCR and 2 of them with subsequent serum protein analyses. Further studies will assess the optimal marker combination for the imminent prediction of impending preeclampsia.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Marcadores Genéticos , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Pré-Eclâmpsia/genética , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Gonadotropina Coriônica Humana Subunidade beta/sangue , Gonadotropina Coriônica Humana Subunidade beta/genética , Vilosidades Coriônicas/química , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante Subunidade beta/sangue , Hormônio Luteinizante Subunidade beta/genética , NADPH Oxidase 4 , NADPH Oxidases/genética , Pré-Eclâmpsia/sangue , Gravidez , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Serina Endopeptidases/genética , Suíça , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The application of recent technical developments, such as digital PCR or shot-gun sequencing, for the analysis of cell-free fetal DNA, have indicated that the long-sought goal of the noninvasive detection of Down syndrome may finally be attained. Although these methods are still cumbersome and not high throughput, they provide a paradigm shift in prenatal diagnosis, as they could effectively pronounce the end of invasive procedures, such as amniocentesis or chorionic villous sampling for the detection of such fetal anomalies. However, it remains to be determined how suitable these approaches are for the detection of more subtle fetal genetic alterations, such as those involved in hereditary Mendelian disorders (e.g., thalassemia and cystic fibrosis). New technical developments, such as microfluidics and reliable automated scanning microscopes, have indicated that it may be possible to efficiently retrieve and examine circulating fetal cells. As these contain the entire genomic complement of the fetus, future developments may include the noninvasive determination of the fetal karyotype.