Mandibular assessment of panoramic radiographs for sex identification / Análise do dimorfismo sexual através de índices radiomorfométricos em radiografias panorâmicas

ABSTRACT Sex determination plays a crucial role in the post-mortem identification of human remains. One effective approach for obtaining sex-related data is to use measurements of anatomical structures such as the mandible. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of mandibular radiomorphometric indices from panoramic radiographs (PRs) for the identification of sexual dimorphism. The study sample included 300 PRs of individuals aged 51 to 80 years from the northeastern region of Brazil. Four linear measures and three numerical indices were analyzed with Inkscape® version 1.0.1 for Windows by two blinded evaluators. After statistical analysis, the results showed that the linear measurements obtained from PRs are a reliable method for sex identification. However, the calculated indices of these measurements exhibited lower efficacy for the same purpose. Therefore, PRs proved to be a valuable method for sexual identification through mandibular assessment.

RESUMO A determinação do sexo é um dado importante para a identificação post-mortem de um indivíduo ou de restos mortais humanos. Uma maneira de adquirir dados quanto ao sexo é utilizar mensurações de estruturas como a mandíbula. O objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar a utilização de índices radiomorfométricos de mandíbulas para a identificação de dimorfismo sexual, através de radiografias panorâmicas. O estudo foi realizado em exames radiográficos panorâmicos de 300 indivíduos entre 51 e 80 anos, residentes do Nordeste brasileiro. Foram analisadas quatro medidas lineares e três índices numéricos no software Inkscape® versão 1.0.1 para Windows, por dois avaliadores cegos. Após análise estatística, os resultados demostraram que as medidas lineares obtidas se configuram como um método seguro para a identificação sexual. Entretanto, os índices obtidos através destas medidas demostraram menor eficiência para o mesmo fim. Logo, as radiografias panorâmicas podem ser utilizadas como método eficaz para a obtenção da caracterização sexual através da mandíbula.

Prevalence of apical periodontitis and root-filled teeth in 2500 panoramic radiographs of a Brazilian population sample / Prevalência de periodontite apical e dentes obturados em 2500 radiografias panorâmicas de uma amostra da população brasileira

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of teeth with apical periodontitis (AP), root-filled teeth with (RFTAP), and without apical periodontitis (RFT) in 2500 digital panoramic radiographs from an adult Northeastern Brazilian population sample. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 2500 panoramic radiographs from a private dental imaging center. Data regarding sex, age, RFT, AP, and RFTAP were collected. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed adopting p<0.05 as significant. Results: The female sex was more significantly associated with RFT and RFTAP than the male sex (p=0,023; p=0.040). The maxilla showed a higher association with RFTAP in the anterior region (p=0.023) and RFT in the posterior region (p=0.023). AP showed a higher prevalence in individuals aged ≥ 31 years (p<0.001). RFTAP showed higher prevalence in the age group 30-70 years (p<0.001). RFT exhibited a significant prevalence in individuals aged ≥21 years (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed a higher prevalence of RFT and a low prevalence of AP and RFTAP. Female patients presented a significantly higher prevalence of RFT and RFTAP. Age was an important factor associated with the prevalence of RFT, AP, and RFTAP.

Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de dentes com periodontite apical (PA), dentes obturados com (DOPA) e sem periodontite apical (DO) em 2.500 radiografias panorâmicas digitais de uma amostra da população adulta do Nordeste brasileiro. Métodos: Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado em 2.500 radiografias panorâmicas de um centro privado de imagem odontológica. Dados sobre sexo, idade, DO, PA e DOPA foram coletados. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva, adotando-se p<0,05 como significante. Resultados: O sexo feminino associou-se mais significativamente com DO e DOPA do que o sexo masculino (p = 0,023; p = 0,040). A maxila apresentou maior associação com DOPA na região anterior (p = 0,023) e DO na região posterior (p = 0,023). A PA apresentou maior prevalência em indivíduos com idade ≥ 31 anos (p <0,001). O DOPA apresentou maior prevalência na faixa etária de 30 a 70 anos (p <0,001). DO exibiu uma prevalência significativa em indivíduos com idade ≥21 anos (p <0,001). Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou maior prevalência de DO e baixa prevalência de PA e DOPA. Pacientes do sexo feminino apresentaram prevalência significativamente maior de DO e DOPA. A idade foi um fator importante associado à prevalência de DO, PA e DOPA.

Prevalence of calcified triticeous cartilage-compatible images on 2500 digital panoramic radiographs of a Brazilian population sample / Prevalência de imagens compatíveis com calcificação da cartilagem tritícea em 2500 radiografias panorâmicas de uma amostra populacional brasileira

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of calcified triticeous cartilage (CTC)-compatible images on digital panoramic radiographs of a significant Brazilian population sample. Methods: In this retrospective study, 2500 digital panoramic radiographs were analyzed by a trained examiner using contrast and brightness adjustments of the Adobe® Photoshop® CC 2015 software. Data were collected and exported for statistical analysis (p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant). Results: The prevalence of CTC-compatible images was 4.5% (61.1% in women and 38.9% in men). The most prevalent age ranged between 51 and 60 years (32.7%), and bilateral occurrence had a higher prevalence (46.9%). Women between the ages of 61 and 70 years showed a significantly higher prevalence of CTC-compatible images (p=0.027). Conclusion: This study showed a low prevalence of CTC-compatible images, which mainly occurred in women close to 70 years of age.

Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de imagens compatíveis com calcificação da cartilagem tritícea (CCT) em radiografias panorâmicas digitais de uma significante amostra populacional brasileira. Métodos: Neste estudo retrospectivo, 2500 radiografias panorâmicas digitais foram analisadas por um examinador treinado utilizando ajustes de contraste e brilho através do software Adobe® Photoshop® CC 2015. Os dados foram coletados e exportados para análise estatística (p<0,05 foi considerado como valor estatisticamente significante). Resultados: A prevalência de imagens compatíveis com CCT foi de 4,5% (61.1% em mulheres e 38.9% em homens). A idade mais prevalente variou entre 51 e 60 anos (32,7%), sendo a ocorrência bilateral a mais comum (46,9%). Mulheres com idade entre 61 e 70 anos apresentaram prevalência significativamente maior de imagens compatíveis com CCT (p=0,027). Conclusão: O presente estudo evidenciou uma baixa prevalência de imagens compatíveis com CCT, que ocorreram, principalmente, em mulheres com idade próxima aos 70 anos.

Clinical, Imaging, and Therapeutic Aspects of Genial Tubercle Fractures: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: The present study reviewed the clinical, imaging, and therapeutic aspects of genial tubercle fracture (GTF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 2-phase systematic search of the literature was performed. Search strategies were developed for specific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and LILACS), including the gray literature (Open Grey and Google Scholar). The descriptors "genial tubercle," "fractures, bone," "mentalis," "spinae," and "mandible" were searched without restriction to year of publication. The CARE guideline was applied to evaluate methodologic aspects, and the Meta-Analysis of Assessment and Review Instrument was used to assess the risk of bias. The adopted level of significance was .05. RESULTS: Of 1,970 articles, 1,948 were excluded after applying the eligibility criteria. Furthermore, 2 studies were added through a manual search of the reference lists, totaling 24 articles. Occurrence of GTF was most common in women older than 61 years and men younger than 60 years (difference in age at occurrence was statistically significant; P = .019). The main clinical findings were edentulism, sublingual edema, and pain (P < .001). Previous trauma was commonly absent in women and present in men (P = .018). A cracking sound was mainly reported by women (P = .009). Isolated panoramic and occlusal radiographs were the most commonly performed examinations (P < .001). Diagnosis of sialolithiasis occurred in 37.5% of cases, and conservative treatment was performed in 76.6% of cases. CONCLUSION: GTF was mainly observed in older women, edentulous patients, and those without previous trauma. Conventional radiography and nonsurgical treatment were frequently reported.

Importância dos aspectos imaginológicos no plano de tratamento da displasia óssea florida: relato de caso / Importance of imaginological aspects in the florid osseous Dysplasia treatment plan: case report

A displasia óssea florida (DOFL) é uma lesão fibro-óssea relativamente incomum dos maxilares, que acomete, principalmente, mulheres melanodermas de meia idade e geralmente é diagnosticada em radiografias de rotina. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de uma paciente de 50 anos de idade, melanoderma, encaminhada ao Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará para avaliação imaginológica. Clinicamente, não foi observada nenhuma alteração de volume de estruturas faciais ou intraorais. A radiografia panorâmica evidenciou imagens radiopacas circunscritas por halos radiolúcidos, localizadas bilateralmente em região edêntula de corpo mandibular, sugestivas de DOFL. Na tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC), observaram se áreas hiperdensas em regiões mandibulares edêntulas, sem expansão de corticais ósseas vestibulares e linguais, e recobertas por fina espessura de tecido ósseo, típicos da displasia. Diante do diagnóstico clínico-imaginológico de DOFL, a paciente foi encaminhada para tratamento odontológico multidisciplinar. Por meio da TCFC, foi possível se estabelecer um plano de tratamento que consistiu em procedimentos minimamente intervencionistas, considerando os aspectos clínicos e imaginológicos das lesões observadas. Em sumário, o presente trabalho reforça a importância do exame clínico meticuloso aliado à avaliação por meio de TCFC, com fins de embasar um plano de tratamento adequado em casos de DOFL assintomáticos... (AU)

Florid osseous dysplasia (FOD) is a fibrous lesion relatively uncommon of maxillary bones, mainly affects middle-age black women and generally is diagnosed on routine radiographs. This paper aims to report a case of black woman, aged 50 years, referred to Dentistry Faculty of Federal University of Ceará for imaging evaluation. Clinically, there were no facial or intraoral structures alterations. Panoramic radiography showed radiopaque images circumscribed by radiolucent halos, located bilaterally in the edentulous mandibular body region suggestive of FOD. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) showed hyperdense areas in edentulous mandibular regions, with no expansion of buccal and lingual cortical bone, and covered by fine thickness of bone tissue, characteristic of FOD. After the clinical-imaging diagnosis of FOD, the patient was referred for multidisciplinary dental treatment. Through the CBCT, it was possible to establish a treatment plan that consisted of minimally interventional procedures considering the clinical and imaging limits of the observed lesions. In summary, the present case emphasizes a meticulous clinical examination along with an evaluation by means of CBCT allowing an adequate treatment plan for asymptomatic FOD... (AU)

Efeitos do aparelho reposicionador mandibular no tratamento da apneia obstrutiva do sono / Effects of the mandibular repositioning appliance on the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea

Objetivou-se avaliar e quantificar, por meio de tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC), as mudanças ocorridas na configuração anatômica da orofaringe de pacientes com Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) após a instalação de aparelho reposicionador mandibular, bem como avaliar se as possíveis alterações na faringe têm influência sobre os parâmetros polissonográficos de pacientes com SAOS. Foram triados dez pacientes com diagnóstico polissonográfico de SAOS leve/moderada. Medidas na via aérea superior foram realizadas a partir de imagens obtidas de TCFC antes da instalação do aparelho intraoral (AIO) (T1) e após atingir 85% do avanço mandibular máximo (T2). Nesses dois momentos também foram realizados os exames polissonográficos. Em relação às medidas de via aérea analisadas, houve alteração significativa apenas da região com mais constrição (p=0.019). Quanto aos valores polissonográficos, entre T1 e T2 houve uma diminuição significativa do índice de apneia e hipopneia (IAH) (p=0,000), elevação da saturação de oxiemoglobina média (p=0.005) e da saturação de oxiemoglobina mínima (p=0.010). Concluiu-se que o uso de aparelho intraoral de avanço mandibular não modificou significativamente a via aérea superior dos pacientes da amostra estudada, mas influenciou favoravelmente na melhora dos parâmetros polissonográficos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify, by means of computed tomography cone beam (CBCT), changes in the anatomical configuration of the oropharynx of patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) after mandibular repositioning appliance installation and assess whether the possible changes in the pharynx influence polysomnographic parameters of patients with OSAS. Ten patients were screened with polysomnographic diagnosis of mild OSA/moderate. Measurement from upper airway was performed using CBCT images obtained before oral appliance (OA) installation (T1) and after reaching 85% of the maximum mandibular advancement (T2). Polysomnographic exams were also performed at these same stages. The analysis of airway measures indicated significant change just in the most constricted area (p=0.019). As for the polysomnographic values between T1 and T2, there was a significant decrease in apnea and hypopnea index (AHI) (p=0.000), an increase on mean oxyhemoglobin saturation (p=0.005), and on minimum oxyhemoglobin saturation (P=0010). It was concluded that the use of intraoral mandibular advancement device did not result on significant changes on patients’ upper airway. However it had a favorable influence on the improvement of polysomnographic parameters.

Clinical aspects, imaging features, and considerations on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis risk in a pediatric patient with osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare hereditary condition caused by changes in collagen metabolism. It is classified into four types according to clinical, genetic, and radiological criteria. Clinically, bone fragility, short stature, blue sclerae, and locomotion difficulties may be observed in this disease. OI is often associated to severe dental problems, such as dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) and malocclusions. Radiographically, affected teeth may have crowns with bulbous appearance, accentuated constriction in the cementoenamel junction, narrowed roots, large root canals due to defective dentin formation, and taurodontism (enlarged pulp chambers). There is no definitive cure, but bisphosphonate therapy is reported to improve bone quality; however, there is a potential risk of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. In this study we report a case of OI in a male pediatric patient with no family history of OI who was receiving ongoing treatment with intravenous perfusion of bisphosphonate and who required dental surgery. In addition, we discussed the clinical and imaging findings and briefly reviewed the literature.

Breast adenocarcinoma mimicking temporomandibular disorders: a case report.

AIM: The aim of this report is to present a case of a metastatic lesion in the mandible originating from a breast adenocarcinoma that was initially diagnosed as temporomandibular disorder (TMD). The role of the dental practitioner in the diagnostic phases is also discussed. BACKGROUND: It is not uncommon to see a patient who complains of what seems to be a TMD but who in reality suffers from a systematic disease, dental infection, or neoplasia. Although metastases to the head and neck are uncommon, it should always be considered among the differential diagnoses of lesions. REPORT: A 42-year-old female presented with pain and swelling in the right temporomandibular joint (TMJ) previously diagnosed as TMD. Further clinical, radiological, and histological examinations coupled with a history of adenocarcinoma of the breast lead to a final diagnosis of a metastatic lesion in the right TMJ region. SUMMARY: In most patients who present with an oral metastasis the distant primary tumor has already been diagnosed and treated. Occasionally the discovery of an oral metastasis leads to the detection of an occult primary malignancy elsewhere in the body. Thus the dentist should be able to perform an adequate diagnosis and play an important role in the diagnostic phase of care that can lead to a useful palliation and an enhanced quality of the patient's life. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In order to avoid the pitfalls so common in evaluating patients with TMJ pain, the clinician must perform a complete and critical review of the medical history along with a comprehensive examination. The challenge is to know and evaluate the differential diagnosis. Failure to do so can result in a misdiagnosis which may lead to unnecessary care, long-term therapy without clinical resolution, or potentionally death.

Dental maturity as an indicator of chronological age: radiographic assessment of dental age in a brazilian population

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the applicability of the methods proposed by Nolla and by Nicodemo and colleagues for assessing dental age and its correlation to chronological age. METHODS: Panoramic radiographs of 360 patients from the city of Fortaleza (CE, Brazil) aged 7-15 years were used to assess the associations between dental and chronological age. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using the BioEstat 2.0 (2000) software. Student-Neuman-Keuls test was performed and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated at 5 percent significance level. RESULTS: When the Nolla method was applied, the mean difference between true and estimated age for males and females was underestimated. The use of the method proposed by Nicodemo and colleagues also resulted in underestimation, although it was more evident in male subjects. The correlation coefficients between chronological age and estimated dental age were high, with mean values ranging between 0.87 and 0.91 for males and between 0.84 and 0.93 for females. CONCLUSION: Although both methods proved to be reliable in estimating age, the use of correction factors is recommended.

Análise comparativa de radiografias panorâmicas convencionais e digitais no controle de alteraçöes ósseas periimplantares / Comparative analysis of conventional and digital panoramic radiographic in peri-implant bone alterations control

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o sistema de obtençäo indireto de radiografias digitalizadas, via scanner, com as radiografias panorâmicas convencionais, na visualizaçäo das alteraçöes ósseas periimplantares. Quatorze radiografias panorâmicas de pacientes que possuíam implantes na regiäo posterior da mandíbula foram digitalizadas através de um scanner (Hewlett Packard - Scanjet 4C), observando-se 56 implantes. Foram feitos recortes de parte das imagens das panorâmicas. Através do software do Sistema Digora (Orion Corporation - Soredex - Finlândia), as imagens totais e parciais foram manipuladas com ampliaçäo, inversäo de contraste, realce em relevo (3D), colorizaçäo e otimizaçäo da imagem. Os resultados mostraram que a radiografia panorâmica convencional permite uma visualizaçäo de regular a boa das alteraçöes ósseas periimplantares. A radiografia panorâmica convencional mostrou-se melhor que todos os tipos de imagens digitalizadas manipuladas, com diferença estatística de p < 0,05, exceto as imagens com realce em relevo (3D), que obtiveram resultados inferiores, os outros tipos de tratamento da imagem tiveram resultados bem próximos, mas sempre inferiores aos da radiografia panorâmica convencional. Desta forma, concluímos que o processo de digitalizaçäo indireta de radiografias convencionais näo melhora a qualidade da imagem