COVID Arm After Moderna Booster in Healthcare Worker: A Case Report.

SARS CoV-2 virus has infected more than 200 million people worldwide and more than 4.4 million in Indonesia. The vaccination program has become one of the solutions launched by many countries globally, including Indonesia, to reduce the transmission rate of COVID-19. Various vaccination platforms are produced, such as inactivated, viral vector, mRNA, and protein subunit. The vaccination booster program with mRNA platform (Moderna) was launched by the Indonesian government to give better protection for health care workers, particularly from delta variant. In this case report, we discuss one of the typical side effects of Moderna vaccine, which is referred to as the COVID arm.

The Effect of Combination of Steroid and L-Asparaginase on Hyperglycemia in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL).

Background: Hyperglycaemia is a common side effect of steroid and L-asparaginase combinations, occurring most often during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) induction phase. To date in Indonesia, it has not been obtained data on the incidence of hyperglycemia in children with ALL in the induction phase and how the role of combinations of L-asparaginase and different type of steroid used. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of hyperglycemia in children ALL induction phase, knowing the difference between prednisone and dexamethasone (in combination with L-asparaginase) in causing hyperglycemia in children with ALL and determine the relationship of other factors related to hyperglycaemia. Methods: This was a prospective analytic study with a pre- and post-test design, conducted in three hospitals (Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Dharmais Cancer Hospital, and Gatot Soebroto Hospital). Patient's blood glucose levels (BGL) were checked at the 3rd (pretest), 4th, 5th and 6th week of protocol (post-test). Result: Of the 57 patients, 5.2% had hyperglycemia. The patients' age ranged from 1.4 years old to 15.8 years old (6.7 years old). There was no relationship between age, central nervous system (CNS) infiltration, leukocytosis, Down syndrome, nutritional status, family history of diabetes, infections and ALL stratification with hyperglycemia (p>0.05). Dexamethasone has more chance of obtaining higher mean rate of change in BGL compared to prednisone. (p < 0.05; RR 10.68; CI 95% 1.52-74.73). Conclusion: The incidence of hyperglycemia in this study is 5.2%. Dexamethasone, in combination with L-asparaginase, despite having no difference in causing hyperglycemia, has an increased risk of changing BGL compared to prednisone.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Among HIV-infected Children and Adolescents Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in the TREAT Asia Pediatric HIV Observational Database.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B (HBV)-HIV coinfection is associated with liver inflammation, which can progress to liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We determined HBV seroprevalence in children and adolescents participating in the TREAT Asia Pediatric HIV Observational Database. METHODS: A multisite cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV-infected patients currently <25 years old receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) who had HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), or HBV surface antibody (anti-HBs) or HBV core antibody (anti-HBc) tested during 2012-2013. HBV coinfection was defined as having either a positive HBsAg test or being anti-HBc positive and anti-HBs negative, reflective of past HBV infection. HBV seroprotection was defined as having a positive anti-HBs test. RESULTS: A total of 3380 patients from 6 countries (Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and India) were included. The current median (interquartile range) age was 11.2 (7.8-15.1) years. Of the 2755 patients (81.5%) with HBsAg testing, 130 (4.7%) were positive. Of 1558 (46%) with anti-HBc testing, 77 (4.9%) were positive. Thirteen of 1037 patients with all 3 tests were anti-HBc positive and HBsAg and anti-HBs negative. One child was positive for anti-HBc and negative for anti-HBs but did not have HBsAg tested. The prevalence of HBV coinfection was 144/2759 (5.2%) (95% confidence interval: 4.4-6.1). Of 1093 patients (32%) with anti-HBs testing, 257 (23.5%; confidence interval: 21.0-26.0) had positive tests representing HBV seroprotection. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of HBV coinfection in this cohort of Asian HIV-infected children and adolescents on ART was 5.2%. The majority of children and adolescents tested in this cohort (76.5%) did not have protective HBV antibody. The finding supports HBV screening of HIV-infected children and adolescents to guide revaccination, the use of ART with anti-HBV activity and future monitoring.

Incidence of Postsuppression Virologic Rebound in Perinatally HIV-Infected Asian Adolescents on Stable Combination Antiretroviral Therapy.

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence and predictors of postsuppression virologic rebound (VR) among adolescents on stable combination antiretroviral therapy in Asia. METHODS: Perinatally HIV-infected Asian adolescents (10-19 years) with documented virologic suppression (two consecutive viral loads [VLs] <400 copies/mL ≥6 months apart) were included. Baseline was the date of the first VL <400 copies/mL at age ≥10 years or the 10th birthday for those with prior suppression. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify predictors of postsuppression VR (VL >1,000 copies/mL). RESULTS: Of 1,379 eligible adolescents, 47% were males. At baseline, 22% were receiving protease inhibitor-containing regimens; median CD4 cell count (interquartile range [IQR]) was 685 (448-937) cells/mm3; 2% had preadolescent virologic failure (VF) before subsequent suppression. During adolescence, 180 individuals (13%) experienced postsuppression VR at a rate of 3.4 (95% confidence interval: 2.9-3.9) per 100 person-years, which was consistent over time. Median time to VR during adolescence (IQR) was 3.3 (2.1-4.8) years. Wasting (weight-for-age z-score <-2.5), being raised by grandparents, receiving second-line protease inhibitor-based regimens, starting combination antiretroviral therapy after 2005, and having preadolescent VF were independent predictors of adolescent VR. At VR, median age, CD4 cell count, and VL (IQR) were 14.8 (13.2-16.4) years, 507 (325-723) cells/mm3, and 4.1 (3.5-4.7) log10 copies/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A modest and consistent incidence of postsuppression VR was documented during adolescence in our cohort. Having poor weight, receiving second-line regimens, and prior VF were associated with an increased VR rate. Adolescents at higher risk of VR may benefit from more intensive VL monitoring to enhance adherence management.

Effects of paediatric HIV infection on electrical conduction of the heart.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of HIV infection in children on heart electrical conduction, particularly to delineate the effects of HIV infection from treatment. METHODS: On a 12-lead ECG, available for 37 antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve, 42 ART-exposed vertically-acquired HIV-infected and 50 healthy children in Jakarta, Indonesia, we measured cardiac conduction parameters: PR, QRS, and QTc (corrected using Bazett's formula) intervals. The associations between HIV infection/treatment status and ECG intervals were evaluated using general linear modelling with further adjustment for potential confounders or intermediary variables. Findings are presented as (adjusted) mean differences between each of the two HIV groups and healthy children. RESULTS: Although not exceeding the clinical threshold for long QT (QTc >460 ms for girls and >440 ms for boys) compared to healthy children, mean QTc intervals were longer in ART-naïve (difference 18.2 ms, 95% CI 7.0 to 29.3) and, to greater extent, in ART-exposed HIV-infected children (difference 28.9 ms, 19.3 to 38.5). Following adjustment for RR interval, age and height, prolongation of PR interval was seen only in ART-naïve HIV-infected children (difference 12.9 ms, 2.4 to 23.3). Cardiac mass/function, high-sensitive C reactive protein, cholesterol and glycated haemoglobin levels, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, or postnatal parental smoking exposure did not affect these associations. No difference in the QRS interval was observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Prolongation of the QTc interval occurs in ART-naïve HIV-infected children and, to a greater extent, in the ART-exposed children, whereas a longer PR interval appears to be seen only among ART-naïve HIV-infected children.

Effects of paediatric HIV infection on childhood vasculature.

AIMS: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may alter childhood vascular properties and influence future cardiovascular risk. Whether vascular changes are associated with HIV infection per se or antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unknown. We investigated the effects of ART-naive or ART-exposed HIV infection in children on childhood vascular characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed vascular ultrasound to measure carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), distensibility, and elastic modulus on 114 children with vertically acquired HIV infection (56 ART-naive, 58 ART treated) and 51 healthy children in Jakarta, Indonesia. Children also underwent clinical and blood examinations. We used general linear modelling to estimate associations between HIV infection/treatment status and vascular characteristics with adjustment for confounders or possible mediators. Vascular measurements were successful in 42 ART-naive HIV-infected [median age 4.0 years (min 0.4-max 11.5)]; 53 ART-treated HIV infected [5.7 years (0.6-12.2), median ART duration 2.4 years (0.1-9.9)]; and 48 healthy children, 6.5 years (2.4-14.0). The ART-naive HIV infected had thicker cIMT (difference 70.4 µm, 95% CI 32.1-108.7, P < 0.001), adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, parental smoking, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and HbA1c. Addition of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level to the model did not affect the results (71.6 µm, 31.9-111.2, P = 0.001). The ART-exposed children had similar cIMT dimensions to healthy children. Distensibility was not significantly different between HIV infected, either ART-naive or -exposed, and healthy children, but adjusted analysis including only ART-exposed children with controlled HIV (CD4+ ≥200/mm3 or CD4+ ≥15%) showed that the ART-exposed had an increased elastic modulus (difference 37.9 kPa, 95% CI 6.5-69.3, P = 0.02), and following adjustment for hs-CRP (35.5 kPa, 95% CI 4.2-66.8, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: ART-naive HIV infection in children is associated with increased cIMT. Children with ART-controlled HIV may have increased arterial stiffness, although further confirmation is required.