Conformational isomerism in trans-3-methoxycinnamic acid: From solid to gas phase.

The rotational spectrum of laser ablated trans-3-methoxycinnamic acid has been observed in the 2-8 GHz range using chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy coupled to a supersonic jet and adapted to support a laser ablation vaporization system (LA-CP-FTMW). Eight stable conformers were theoretically predicted to exist at B3LYP-D3BJ/6-311++(2d,p) level, all of which were experimentally detected. The experimental rotational parameters data evidence the essentially planar structures for all the conformers. The relative population distribution of conformers in the supersonic jet was investigated from relative intensity measurements. Cooling in the jet brings rotational temperatures close to 1 K for all the conformers. The theoretical predictions for the rotational constants and electric dipole moments show good agreement with the experimental constants and selection rules observed. The population distribution of conformers in the supersonic jet was found to be close to the equilibrium distribution calculated at temperatures lower than the stagnation temperature. Finally, the correlation of the observed conformers structures with those found in condensed phases was investigated.

Effectiveness of Mepolizumab in Patients with Severe Eosinophilic Asthma with/without Nasal Polyposis: A Real-Life Study.

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases and affects around 334 million people worldwide. The estimated prevalence of severe asthma is 3-10% of the asthmatic population. Mepolizumab has demonstrated efficacy in reducing exacerbations, oral corticosteroid use, and improving quality of life, asthma control, and lung function in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma (SEA). Our study aimed to check the response to mepolizumab in a series of severe asthma patients regarding exacerbations, oral corticosteroid use, asthma control, quality of life, and lung function and to compare the response between patients with and without nasal polyps. METHOD: This is a retrospective, multicenter study of RE-ASGRAMUR (Register of Severe Asthma of the Region of Murcia) performed in eight hospitals of the Region of Murcia (Spain) under routine clinical practice conditions. We included patients diagnosed with SEA who completed at least 1 year of treatment with mepolizumab. We analyzed clinical characteristics, drug tolerance, and effectiveness: exacerbations, ACT, miniAQLQ, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and use of oral corticosteroids. We also compared the results between patients with and without nasal polyps. RESULTS: The median of exacerbations before treatment was 3 and decreased to 0 after treatment (mean decrease of 77.4%). The median diary oral prednisone intake was 15 mg before treatment and 5 mg after treatment (mean 56% reduction). We have obtained a significant improvement in other variables: ED visits and hospitalizations, asthma control (ACT), quality of life (miniAQLQ), and lung function (FEV1). Thirty-four out of 70 patients (48.57%) fulfilled the criteria of super-responder, and 17 out of 70 (24.29%) had a complete response. More patients in the group with nasal polyps fulfilled the criteria of super-responder and complete response to mepolizumab. CONCLUSIONS: Mepolizumab is a safe and effective treatment for SEA patients, improving exacerbations, oral corticosteroid intake, asthma control, quality of life, and lung function. In patients with associated nasal polyposis, there is a statistically significant higher proportion of super-responders and complete responders.

SNPs Sets in Codifying Genes for Xenobiotics-Processing Enzymes Are Associated with COPD Secondary to Biomass-Burning Smoke.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide; the main risk factors associated with the suffering are tobacco smoking (TS) and chronic exposure to biomass-burning smoke (BBS). Different biological pathways have been associated with COPD, especially xenobiotic or drug metabolism enzymes. This research aims to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) profiles associated with COPD from two expositional sources: tobacco smoking and BBS. One thousand-five hundred Mexican mestizo subjects were included in the study and divided into those exposed to biomass-burning smoke and smokers. Genome-wide exome genotyping was carried out using Infinium Exome-24 kit arrays v. 1.2. Data quality control was conducted using PLINK 1.07. For clinical and demographic data analysis, Rstudio was used. Eight SNPs were found associated with COPD secondary to TS and seven SNPs were conserved when data were analyzed by genotype. When haplotype analyses were carried out, five blocks were predicted. In COPD secondary to BBS, 24 SNPs in MGST3 and CYP family genes were associated. Seven blocks of haplotypes were associated with COPD-BBS. SNPs in the ARNT2 and CYP46A1 genes are associated with COPD secondary to TS, while in the BBS comparison, SNPs in CYP2C8, CYP2C9, MGST3, and MGST1 genes were associated with increased COPD risk.

The Role of the Transient Atropisomerism and Chirality of Flurbiprofen Unveiled by Laser-Ablation Rotational Spectroscopy.

The combination of atropisomerism and chirality in flurbiprofen is shown to be relevant concerning its pharmacological activity. The two most stable conformers of a total of eight theoretically predicted for each R- or S- flurbiprofen enantiomers have been isolated in the cooling conditions of a supersonic jet and structurally characterized by laser ablation Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The detected conformers, whose structure is mainly defined by three dihedral angles, only differ in the sign of the phenyl torsion angle giving rise to Sa and Ra atropisomers. A comparison with the structures available for the R- and S- enantiomers complexed to COX isoforms reveals that the enzymes select only the Sa atropisomers, resulting in a diastereoisomer-specific recognition. The most stable gas phase conformer is exclusively selected when using the S- enantiomer while the second is recognized only for the R- enantiomer. These experimental results highlight the importance of atropisomerism in drug design.

Telephonic Follow-up and the Risk of Death in Ambulatory Patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Primary care level close monitoring of mild COVID-19 patients has shown to provide a risk reduction in hospitalization and death. We aimed to compare the risk of all-cause death among COVID-19 ambulatory patients who received and did not receive telephonic follow-up in primary health care settings. METHODS: A secondary database analysis, 2-group comparative study, was conducted with data from the medical information systems of the Mexican Institute of Social Security. A total of 1,498,808 ambulatory patients aged 20 years old and over and with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 by PCR or rapid antigen test were analyzed. Of them, 535,898 (35.8%) where followed by telephonic calls. The cases were attended from October 14, 2020, to April 10, 2022. Death incidence was evaluated. To assess the association between death and telephonic follow-up we calculated risk ratio using a multivariate logistic model. RESULTS: Case fatality rate was 1.29% in the patients who received telephonic follow-up and 2.95% in the cases who did not receive phone calls. Medical history of chronic kidney disease, COPD, cardiovascular disease, tobacco consumption and diabetes were associated with increased risk of death. In the multivariate model, telephonic follow-up was associated with lower risk of all-cause death, with an adjusted risk ratio of 0.61 (95% confidence interval from 0.59, 0.64). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that telephonic follow-up is associated with a risk of death reduction in adult outpatients with mild COVID-19, in the context of a multimodal strategy in the primary health care settings.

Alostasis y carga alostática de las enfermedades

Introducción: La homeostasis es la propiedad fundamental de los sistemas biológicos de preservar el medio interno. La presión arterial, el pH, las concentraciones plasmáticas de sodio y glucosa son ejemplos de variables homeostáticos, donde el propósito de la regulación fisiológica es fijar cada parámetro interno en un punto de ajuste, detecta errores y los corrige con realimentación negativa. Los fisiólogos han evidenciado que muchos errores no son constantes sino adaptativos. Objetivo: Exponer los conceptos novedosos acerca de la influencia de un ambiente de estrés sobre nuestra fisiología y sus efectos deletéreos a largo plazo. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, en el motor de búsqueda Google académico, los descriptores: homeostasis, alostasis y carga alostática. Conclusiones: Se expuso los conceptos novedosos acerca de la influencia de un ambiente de estrés sobre nuestra fisiología y sus efectos deletéreos a largo plazo. La alostasis es el precio que el cuerpo paga por verse obligado a adaptarse a situaciones psicosociales o físicas adversas. La obesidad, la diabetes, la insulinoresistencia, la hipertensión arterial, son variables alostáticas, no homeostáticas, no son parámetros constantes, sino adaptativos, el organismo cambiará su medio interno para enfrentar el desafío o perturbación que le llega desde el exterior. Pensar en muchas de estas patologías bajo un modelo alostático puede enriquecer los recursos conceptuales del médico y modificar el abordaje de enfermedades prevalentes.

Introduction: Homeostasis is the fundamental property of biological systems to preserve the internal environment. Blood pressure, pH, plasma sodium and glucose concentrations are examples of homeostatic variables, where the purpose of physiological regulation is to fix each internal parameter at a set point, detect errors and correct them with negative feedback. Physiologists have shown that many errors are not constant but adaptive. Objective: To expose novel concepts about the influence of a stressful environment on our physiology and its deleterious long-term effects. Methods: A literature review was performed, in the academic Google search engine, the descriptors: homeostasis, allostasis and allostatic load. Conclusions: Novel concepts about the influence of a stressful environment on our physiology and its deleterious long-term effects were exposed. Allostasis is the price the body pays for being forced to adapt to adverse psychosocial or physical situations. Obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, are allostatic variables, not homeostatic, they are not constant parameters, but adaptive, the organism will change its internal environment to face the challenge or perturbation that comes from the outside. Thinking about many of these pathologies under an allostatic model can enrich the conceptual resources of the physician and modify the approach to prevalent diseases.

Analysis of response of severe eosinophilic asthmatic patients to benralizumab.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical trials and real-life studies have been published showing effectiveness of benralizumab in severe eosinophilic asthmatic patients. The aim of the present study is to describe super-responders to benralizumab in a series of 79 patients who completed at least 1 year of treatment, and to compare super-responders with non super-responders. METHODS: This is a multicenter study of the Register of Severe Asthma of the Region of Murcia (RE-ASGRAMUR) Group performed in eight hospitals under the conditions of routine clinical practice. Patients with zero exacerbations and no oral corticosteroid therapy for asthma were considered super-responders. We analyzed clinical, functional, and inflammatory parameters of selected patients. RESULTS: In all, 50 of the 79 patients (63%) met the super-responder criteria. In addition, 36% of the patients (26/71) were considered as complete responders to treatment (super--responder + Asthma Control Test [ACT] ≥ 20 + forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] ≥ 80%). The super--responders were significantly older in age (P = 0.0029), had higher eosinophils count (P = 0.0423), higher proportion of nasal polyps (P = 0.036), and they had less severe disease at baseline. After 1 year of treatment, the super-responders had higher levels of ACT questionnaire (23 vs 19, P = 0.0007) and better percentage of FEV1 (83 vs 75, P = 0.0359). CONCLUSION: Almost two of the three patients treated with benralizumab were super--responders after 1 year of treatment and 36% had a complete response. Super-responders were associated with older age, higher eosinophils count, had nasal polyposis as comorbidity, and had less severe disease at baseline. This data illustrated the good real-life response of patients with severe eosinophilic asthma to the treatment with benralizumab.

Analysis of the genomic diversity of human papillomavirus type 31 in cervical samples reveals the presence of novel sublineages in clade C.

Human papillomavirus 31 (HPV31) is the fourth most frequent high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotype identified in cervical cancer (CC) worldwide and in Mexico. It has been recently classified into three lineages (A, B, and C) and eight sublineages (A1, A2, B1, B2, and C1 - C4). Here, we report the complete genomic sequences of 14 HPV31 isolates from cervical samples, and these were compared with viral genome sequences from the GenBank database for phylogenetic and genetic distance analysis. The formation of two novel clades within the C lineage (proposed as C5 and C6) was observed, with a well-defined variant-specific mutational pattern. The smallest average pairwise distance was 0.71% for lineages A and B, 0.94% for lineages A and C, and 1.01% for lineages B and C, and between sublineages, these values were 0.21% for clade A, 0.29% for clade B, and 0.24% for clade C. The isolates were grouped into the sublineages A1, B2, C1-C3, and C6. This is the first report on the whole-genome diversity of HPV31 in Mexico.

The Conformations of Isolated Gallic Acid: A Laser-Ablation Rotational Study.

The rotational spectrum of laser-ablated gallic acid has been recorded using CP-FTMW spectroscopy. Two rotamers have been detected, and their rotational spectra have been assigned and analyzed to obtain the molecular spectroscopic parameters. The observed rotamers have been unambiguously identified in the light of theoretical computations, based on the comparison of the experimental line intensities and rotational parameters with the rotational constants and electric dipole moments predicted from theoretical calculations. The values of the planar inertial moments confirm that the observed conformers are planar, and their relative stability and population have been determined from relative intensity measurements. The B3LYP-D3/6-311++G(2d,p) level has been shown to be the best method among a series of levels normally used to predict the rotational parameters in rotational spectroscopy. In the observed conformers, the three adjacent OH groups are arranged in a sequential form, and the only difference between them lies in the orientation of the COOH group. Although weak attractive OH···O interactions seem to exist, the analysis of the electron density topology does not show the existence of any critical point corresponding to these interactions.

Prevalencia bayesiana de Staphylococcus aureus en vacas lecheras en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia / Bayesian prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in Valle del Cauca, Colombia dairy cows / Prevalência bayesiana de Staphylococcus aureus em vacas leiteiras no Vale do Cauca, Colômbia

Resumen El Staphylococcus aureus es uno de los principales microorganismos causantes de mastitis subclínica en las vacas lecheras. Determinar la prevalencia del S. aureus se hace necesario en vacas de hatos lecheros grandes y pequeños ubicados en la región norte, centro y sur del departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se utilizó la metodología del National Mastitis Council recolectando 1070 muestras de leche de 273 vacas en 17 hatos mediante un muestreo polietápico, durante el periódo 2015 - 2016. Se realizó cultivo con todas las muestras recolectadas independientemente del resultado de la prueba de California mastitis test. Se utilizó el análisis bayesiano de los datos para obtener estimaciones más precisas. La prevalencia bayesiana del patógeno S. aureus en vacas lecheras en el Valle del Cauca fue de 31,94% y se tiene un 95% de probabilidad de que el intervalo (30,03 - 37,62%) contenga el valor de dicha prevalencia. La región Norte, Centro y Sur evidenciaron prevalencias de 33%, 34% y 24% respectivamente. En cuanto al tamaño del hato se evidenció que las vacas de los hatos pequeños presentan mayor prevalencia con 47% que las vacas de los hatos grandes 17% a la presencia del patógeno. La alta prevalencia encontrada en las vacas genera un alto impacto en la salud pública debido a una posible contaminación zoonótica por este patógeno.

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main microorganisms responsible of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. To determine the bayesian prevalence of S. aureus of cows in large and small dairy farms located in the northern, central and southern region of the Valle del Cauca province in Colombia. We Followed the National Mastitis Council methodology, 1070 milk samples from 273 cows in 17 dairy farms by means of a multi-stage sampling, were collected during the period 2015-2016. Cultivation was carried out with all the samples. Bayesian inference was used. The prevalence of the pathogen S. aureus in dairy cows in Valle del Cauca is 31,94% and there is a 95% probability that the interval (30,03 - 37,62%). The North, Central and South regions showed prevalence values of 33%, 34% and 24% respectively. Small dairy farms have prevalence, 47%, large dairy farms 17%. The high prevalence found in the cows studied generates a high impact on public health due to possible zoonotic contamination by this pathogen.

Resumo O Staphylococcus aureus é um dos principais microrganismos causadores de mastite subclínica em vacas leiteiras. Determinar a prevalência de S. aureus em vacas de leite em pequenas e grandes rebanhos leiteiros localizados região no norte, centro e sul do estado do Valle del Cauca, Colômbia. A metodologia do Conselho Nacional de Mastite 1070 foi utilizado para coletar amostras de leite de 273 vacas em 17 rebanhos através de amostragem de vários estágios durante o período 2015 - 2016. O cultivo foi realizado com todas as amostras coletadas, independentemente do resultado do teste de mastite Califórnia. O análise Bayesiana dos dados foi utilizada para obter estimativas mais precisas. Bayesian prevalência de agentes patogénicos S. aureus em vacas leiteiras no Valle foi 31,94% e tem uma probabilidade de 95% com um intervalo 30,03% - 37,62%. As regiões Norte, Central e Sul apresentaram prevalências de 33%, 34% e 24%, respectivamente. Em relação ao tamanho do rebanho, ficou evidente que as vacas dos pequenos rebanhos apresentam maior prevalência do patogeno com 47% comparado com 17% nas vacas dos grandes rebanhos. A alta prevalência encontrada nas vacas estudadas gera alto impacto na saúde pública, agravado pelo fato de metade do leite consumido na Colômbia ser cru.

How Aromatic Fluorination Exchanges the Interaction Role of Pyridine with Carbonyl Compounds: The Formaldehyde Adduct.

The rotational spectrum of the weakly bound complex pentafluoropyridine⋅⋅⋅formaldehyde has been investigated using Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. From the analysis of the rotational parameters of the parent species and of the 13 C and 15 N isotopologues, the structural arrangement of the adduct has been unambiguously established. The full ring fluorination of pyridine has a dramatic effect on its binding properties: It alters the electron density distribution at the π-cloud of pyridine creating a π-hole and changing its electron donor-acceptor capabilities. In the complex, formaldehyde lies above the aromatic ring with one of the oxygen lone pairs, as conventionally envisaged, pointing toward its centre. This lone pair⋅⋅⋅π-hole interaction, reinforced by a weak C-H⋅⋅⋅N interaction, indicates an exchange of the electron-acceptor roles of both molecules when compared to the pyridine⋅⋅⋅formaldehyde adduct. Tunnelling doublets due to the internal rotation of formaldehyde have also been observed and analysed leading to a discussion on the competition between lone pair⋅⋅⋅π-hole and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions.

Genetic Factors Associated with COPD Depend on the Ancestral Caucasian/Amerindian Component in the Mexican Population.

Genetic variability influences the susceptibility to and severity of complex diseases; there is a lower risk of COPD in Hispanics than in non-Hispanic Caucasians. In this study, we included 830 Mexican-Mestizo subjects; 299 were patients with COPD secondary to tobacco smoking, and 531 were smokers without COPD. We employed a customized genotyping array of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The population structure was evaluated by principal component analysis and allele association through a logistic regression model and haplotype identification. In this study, 118 individuals were identified with a high Caucasian component and 712 with a high Amerindian component. Independent of the ancestral contribution, two SNPs were associated with a reduced risk (p ≤ 0.01) of developing COPD in the CYP2A6 (rs4105144) and CYP2B6 (rs10426235) genes; however, a haplotype was associated with an increased risk of COPD (p = 0.007, OR = 2.47) in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3 loci among smokers with a high Caucasian component. In Mexican-Mestizo smokers, there are SNPs in genes that encode proteins responsible for the metabolism of nicotine associated with a lower risk of COPD; individuals with a high Caucasian component harboring a haplotype in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3 loci have a higher risk of suffering from COPD.

Comparison of the electromyographic activity of different zones of the abductor digiti minimi manus muscle in search of a functional compartmentalisation / Comparación de la actividad electromiográfica de diferentes zonas del músculo abductor digiti minimi manus en busca de una compartimentación funcional

SUMMARY: There is evidence demonstrating the presence of functional compartmentalisation (FC) in some skeletal muscles. This means that the motor units (MU), grouped in certain areas of the muscle, show different levels of activation in comparison to those located in other zones. This has only been described in large muscles whose morphology proves the existence of a FC. However, there is no background information about small muscles, such as the Abductor digiti minimi manus (ADM). The objective of this study was to compare the activation of the MU in different zones of the ADM to support the hypothesis of the existence of a FC in the ADM. By using a cross- sectional, analytical, observational study, the activity of the MUs in the ADM was assessed in 12 volunteers (age 21 ± 1.6 years old; weight 75.3 ± 8 kg; height 176.2 ± 7.3 cm; average ± standard deviation). The activity of MUs was evaluated using high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG) with an array of 64 electrodes arranged two-dimensionally. This allowed us to record the activity of the MUs in three zones of the ADM (Z1: dorsal zone; Z2: dorsal-palmar zone and Z3: palmar zone). Electromyographic recordings were obtained during voluntary isometric contractions of the ADM at 20, 40, 60 and 80 % of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). The comparison of the activation levels of MUs between the three zones was carried out using a mixed model analysis of covariance. The results showed a significant difference between the dorsal and palmar zones at 40 % of the MVC (p= 0.03), and between the dorsal and dorsal- palmar zone at 80 % of the MVC (p= 0.03). The results obtained in the evaluated sample support the hypothesis of the existence of FC in the ADM. However, further research is needed to determine with greater certainty the presence of this compartmentalisation in the ADM.

RESUMEN: Existe evidencia que demuestra la presencia de una compartimentalización funcional (CF) en algunos músculos esqueléticos. Aquello se traduce en que las unidades motoras (UM) agrupadas en ciertas zonas del músculo, presentan diferentes niveles de activación a las ubicadas en otras regiones. Esto solo ha sido descrito en músculos grandes, cuya morfología justifica la existencia de una CF. Sin embargo, no existen antecedentes de aquello en músculos pequeños, tales como el abductor digiti minimi manus (ADM). El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la activación de las UM en distintas zonas del ADM, con la finalidad sostener la hipótesis de la existencia de una CF en el ADM. Mediante un estudio observacional analítico transversal se evaluó la actividad de las UM del ADM en 12 voluntarios (edad 21±1,6 años; peso 75,3±8 kg; altura 176,2 ± 7,3 cm; promedio ± desviación estándar). La actividad de las UM, se evaluó mediante electromiografía de superficie alta densidad usando una matriz de 64 electrodos dispuestos bidimensionalmente. Esta permitió registrar la actividad de las UM en tres zonas del ADM (Z1: zona dorsal; Z2: zona dorso-palmar y Z3: zona palmar). Los registros electromiográficos fueron obtenidos durante contracciones isométricas voluntarias del ADM al 20, 40, 60 y 80 % de la contracción voluntaria máxima (CVM). La comparación de los niveles de activación de las UM entre las tres zonas fue realizada mediante un análisis de modelos mixtos de covarianza. Los resultados indicaron que existió diferencia significativa entre la zona dorsal y palmar al 40 % de la CVM (p=0,03), y entre la zona dorsal y dorso-palmar al 80 % de la CVM (p=0,03). Los resultados obtenidos en la muestra evaluada sostienen la hipótesis de la existencia de una CF en el ADM. Sin embargo, son necesarias más investigaciones para establecer con mayor certeza la presencia de esta compartimentalización en el ADM.

Hemorrhagic colloid cyst of the third ventricle: A rare cause of colloid cyst growth and progressive hydrocephalus. Case report.

INTRODUCTION: Acute spontaneous bleeding within a colloid cyst of the third ventricle is extremely rare. Accordingly, is difficult to establish reliable prognostic factors, risk factors for obstructive hydrocephalus remain poorly defined, and there are no standard management strategies. CASE PRESENTATION: 19-Year-old man with a colloid cyst of the third ventricle causing obstructive hydrocephalus is described, initially treated with partial endoscopic removal and ventriculo-peritoneal shunt placement. Serial neuroimaging follow-up showed gradual growth of the cyst due to clinically silent intracystic recurrent hemorrhage. Microsurgical transcallosal approach was performed and the cyst was totally resected. Pathological examination demonstrated hemorrhages of varying ages within the tumor. CONCLUSION: Bleeding within a colloid cyst must be considered when neuroimaging follow-up shows cyst growth, even with no clinical events associated. Hemorrhagic changes within the colloid cyst should be considered in the surgical indication and approach.

Argumentos para reconocer a los deportistas como trabajadores públicos civiles: más allá de la carrera dual / Arguments for recognizing athletes as civil public workers: beyond dual career / Argumentos para reconhecer atletas como trabalhadores públicos civis: Além da dupla carreira

RESUMEN El deporte es una actividad que se práctica de forma recreativa o profesional. Quienes lo hacen profesionalmente en ocasiones reciben aportes económicos y logran estudiar una carrera profesional, lo que se conoce como carrera dual. No obstante, hay quienes presentan esta actividad como su trabajo. El objetivo general del estudio fue analizar los argumentos de los deportistas chilenos para referirse a la práctica deportiva como una actividad laboral; el objetivo específico fue reflexionar críticamente sobre el desarrollo de la carrera dual en Chile. Para comprender estos argumentos, se realizó un estudio cualitativo por medio de entrevistas activas semiestructuradas a deportistas de alto rendimiento (DAR) y recreativos, olímpicos y paralímpicos. Los resultados muestran que los atletas demandan reconocimiento como trabajadores públicos por medio de tres argumentos: económico, subordinación y dependencia e identidad. Las conclusiones y discusiones sugieren debatir el reconocimiento de ellos y ellas como trabajadores públicos.

ABSTRACT Sport is an activity practiced recreationally or professionally. Those who do it professionally occasions receive financial contributions and manage to study a professional career, which is known as a dual career. However, there are those who present this activity as their work. The objective of the study was to analyze the arguments of Chilean athletes to refer to sports as a work activity. The specific objective was to critically reflect on the development of the dual career in Chile To understand these arguments, a qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured active interviews with high performance athletes and recreational, Olympic and Paralympic athletes. The results show that athletes demand recognition as public workers through three arguments: economic, subordination and dependency, and identity. The conclusions and discussions suggest to debate their recognition as public workers.

RESUMO O esporte é uma atividade praticada recreativa ou profissionalmente. Quem pratica profissionalmente às vezes recebe contribuições financeiras e consegue estudar uma carreira profissional, conhecida como carreira dupla. No entanto, há quem apresente essa atividade como trabalho. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os argumentos de atletas chilenos para se referir ao esporte como atividade de trabalho. O objetivo específico foi refletir criticamente sobre o desenvolvimento da carreira dupla no Chile Para entender esses argumentos, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, por meio de entrevistas ativas semiestruturadas com atletas de alto desempenho (DAR) e atletas recreativos, olímpicos e paralímpicos. Os resultados mostram que os atletas exigem reconhecimento como funcionários públicos por meio de três argumentos: econômico, subordinação e dependência e identidade. As conclusões e discussões sugerem debater seu reconhecimento como funcionários públicos.

Argumentos para reconocer a los deportistas como trabajadores públicos civiles: más allá de la carrera dual / Arguments for recognizing athletes as civil public workers: beyond dual career / Argumentos para reconhecer atletas como trabalhadores públicos civis: Além da dupla carreira

RESUMEN El deporte es una actividad que se práctica de forma recreativa o profesional. Quienes lo hacen profesionalmente en ocasiones reciben aportes económicos y logran estudiar una carrera profesional, lo que se conoce como carrera dual. No obstante, hay quienes presentan esta actividad como su trabajo. El objetivo general del estudio fue analizar los argumentos de los deportistas chilenos para referirse a la práctica deportiva como una actividad laboral; el objetivo específico fue reflexionar críticamente sobre el desarrollo de la carrera dual en Chile. Para comprender estos argumentos, se realizó un estudio cualitativo por medio de entrevistas activas semiestructuradas a deportistas de alto rendimiento (DAR) y recreativos, olímpicos y paralímpicos. Los resultados muestran que los atletas demandan reconocimiento como trabajadores públicos por medio de tres argumentos: económico, subordinación y dependencia e identidad. Las conclusiones y discusiones sugieren debatir el reconocimiento de ellos y ellas como trabajadores públicos.

ABSTRACT Sport is an activity practiced recreationally or professionally. Those who do it professionally occasions receive financial contributions and manage to study a professional career, which is known as a dual career. However, there are those who present this activity as their work. The objective of the study was to analyze the arguments of Chilean athletes to refer to sports as a work activity. The specific objective was to critically reflect on the development of the dual career in Chile To understand these arguments, a qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured active interviews with high performance athletes and recreational, Olympic and Paralympic athletes. The results show that athletes demand recognition as public workers through three arguments: economic, subordination and dependency, and identity. The conclusions and discussions suggest to debate their recognition as public workers.

RESUMO O esporte é uma atividade praticada recreativa ou profissionalmente. Quem pratica profissionalmente às vezes recebe contribuições financeiras e consegue estudar uma carreira profissional, conhecida como carreira dupla. No entanto, há quem apresente essa atividade como trabalho. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os argumentos de atletas chilenos para se referir ao esporte como atividade de trabalho. O objetivo específico foi refletir criticamente sobre o desenvolvimento da carreira dupla no Chile Para entender esses argumentos, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, por meio de entrevistas ativas semiestruturadas com atletas de alto desempenho (DAR) e atletas recreativos, olímpicos e paralímpicos. Os resultados mostram que os atletas exigem reconhecimento como funcionários públicos por meio de três argumentos: econômico, subordinação e dependência e identidade. As conclusões e discussões sugerem debater seu reconhecimento como funcionários públicos.

Genotype-Environment Interaction Analysis of NQO1, CYP2E1, and NAT2 Polymorphisms and the Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report From the Mexican Interinstitutional Group for the Identification of the Causes of Childhood Leukemia.

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the main type of cancer in children. In Mexico and other Hispanic populations, the incidence of this neoplasm is one of the highest reported worldwide. Functional polymorphisms of various enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics have been associated with an increased risk of developing ALL, and the risk is different by ethnicity. The aims of the present study were to identify whether NQO1, CYP2E1, and NAT2 polymorphisms or some genotype-environmental interactions were associated with ALL risk in Mexican children. Methods: We conducted a case-control study including 478 pediatric patients diagnosed with ALL and 284 controls (children without leukemia). Ancestry composition of a subset of cases and controls was assessed using 32 ancestry informative markers. Genetic-environmental interactions for the exposure to hydrocarbons were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results: The polymorphisms rs1801280 (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.21-1.93), rs1799929 (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.55-2.49), and rs1208 (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.14-1.81) were found to increase the risk of ALL; being the risks higher under a recessive model (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.30-1.71, OR 3.87, 95% CI 2.20-6.80, and OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.32-3.87, respectively). Gene-environment interaction analysis showed that NAT2 rs1799929 TT genotype confers high risk to ALL under exposure to fertilizers, insecticides, hydrocarbon derivatives, and parental tobacco smoking. No associations among NQO1, CYP2E1, and ALL were observed. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence for the association between NAT2 polymorphisms/gene-environment interactions, and the risk of childhood ALL in Mexican children.

Microsolvation of ethyl carbamate conformers: effect of carrier gas on the formation of complexes.

Microsolvated complexes of ethyl carbamate (urethane) with up to three water molecules formed in a supersonic expansion have been characterized by high-resolution microwave spectroscopy. Both chirped-pulse and cavity Fourier transform microwave spectrometers covering the 2-13 GHz frequency range have been used. The structures of the complexes have been characterized and show water molecules closing sequential cycles through hydrogen bonding with the amide group. As is the case in the monomer, the ethyl carbamate-water complexes exhibit a conformational equilibrium between two conformers close in energy. The interconversion barrier between both forms has been studied by analyzing the spectra obtained using different carrier gas in the expansion. Complexation of ethyl carbamate with water molecules does not appear to significantly alter the potential energy function for the interconversion between the two conformations of ethyl carbamate.

Prevalencia de dislipidemias en pacientes obesos / Dylispidemia prevalence in obese patients

Introducción: Las dislipidemias asociadas a la obesidad constituyen factores de riesgo de varias enfermedades especialmente del sistema cardiovascular. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de dislipidemias en pacientes obesos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio correlacional, retrospectivo y transversal de150 pacientes obesos, quienes acudieron a la consulta externa de la Clínica Medina del Hospital Básico de Guayaquil, desde el 2018 hasta el 2019. Las variables analizadas fueron edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal y resultados de laboratorio, tales como colesterol total, triglicéridos, colesterol LDL y dislipidemia mixta (colesterol HDL y VLDL). Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo masculino (62,6%), los pacientes con más de 65 años de edad (42,0 %), los niveles entre rango crítico y alto riesgo (66 pacientes); 16,0 % se clasificaron de alto riesgo con niveles de colesterol superior a 240 mg/dL. Mostraron resultados anormales en cuanto a los triglicéridos 62 afectados, en un rango mayor de 150 con niveles y limítrofe altos. Conclusiones: Se observó una correspondencia entre las dislipidemias y la obesidad, pues todos los pacientes presentaron algún tipo de alteración en los lípidos.

Introduction: Dyslipidemias associated to obesity constitute risk factors of several diseases specially from the cardiovascular system. Objective: To determine the prevalence of dyslipidemias in obese patients Methods: A correlational restrospective and cross-sectional study of 150 obese patients, who visited the outpatients department of Medina Clinic from Hospital Básico in Guayaquil, from 2018 to 2019. Variables used were age, sex, body mass index and laboratory results such as total cholesterol, triglycerids. LDL colesterol and mixed dyslipidemias (cholesterol HDL and VLDL). Results: In the serie, male sex (62.6 %), patients over 65 years (42.0 %), levels between critical and high risk (66 patients) prevailed, 16.0 % were classified as high risk patients with cholesterol level over 240 mg/dL. Sixty two patients showed subnormal results regarding triglycerids, in a rank higher than 150 with high limits and levels. Conclusions: A correspondance between dyslipidemias and obesity was observed, as all patients presented some type of change in lipids.

El pronóstico y su importancia en la práctica clínica / Prognosis and its importance in the clinical practice

Introducción: Una de las grandes preocupaciones que ha agobiado al hombre es su interés por las enfermedades y cómo afrontarlas. Objetivo: Exponer elementos teóricos que resaltan la importancia del pronóstico dentro del método clínico. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre el pronóstico de pacientes enfermos con determinada entidad. Se utilizó el motor de búsqueda Google Académico y los descriptores: método clínico, pronóstico, estimación pronostica, predicción. Además, se utilizaron libros de textos de medicina interna y la base de datos SciELO de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. Desarrollo: La identificación de factores capaces de influir en el pronóstico de una enfermedad es de suma importancia para la actividad clínica diaria. Por un lado, porque facilita la toma de decisiones en cuanto a procedimientos diagnósticos o tratamientos y por otro, porque el conocer la posible evolución de un paciente concreto permitirá informarlo sobre el curso clínico de su enfermedad. Conclusiones: El pronóstico y las escalas predictoras son de utilidad en el proceso salud-enfermedad y forma parte del método clínico. El desarrollo tecnológico bien empleado permite emitir predicciones más precisas pero no están exentas de errores. El método clínico y la revolución tecnológica van en un proceso de desarrollo continuo donde ninguno sustituye al otro sino ambos como en un binomio dialéctico, van camino al progreso(AU)

Introduction: One of the greatest concerns that burdens man is the interest in diseases and how to deal with them. Objective: To present theoretical elements that highlight the importance of prognosis within the clinical method. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out on the prognosis of sick patients with certain entity, using the Google Academic search engine. The descriptors used were clinical method, prognosis, prognostic estimation, prediction. In addition, internal medicine textbooks and SciELO database of the Virtual Health Library were used. Discussion: The identification of factors capable of influencing the prognosis of a disease is of utmost importance for daily clinical activity. On the one hand, because it facilitates decision-making regarding diagnostic procedures or treatments and, on the other, because knowing the possible evolution of specific patients will allow to inform patients on the clinical course of their disease. Conclusions: Prognosis and predictive scales are useful in the health-disease process and part of the clinical method. Well-used technological development enables more accurate predictions, but they are not error-free. The clinical method and the technological revolution go in a continuous progress where neither replaces the other but both, as in a dialectical binomial, are on the way to growth(AU)