Prevalence and patterns of illicit drug use in people living with HIV in Spain: A cross-sectional study.

This study assessed the prevalence and patterns of drug use among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Spain. We conducted an observational cross-sectional study including 1401 PLHIV. Data were collected through 33 sites across Spain using an online computer-assisted self-administered interview. The survey measured use of illicit drugs and other substances, treatment adherence and health-related variables. To analyse patterns of drug use we performed cluster analysis in two stages. The most frequently consumed substances were: alcohol (86.7%), tobacco (55.0%), illicit drugs (49.5%), other substances (27.1%). The most prevalent illicit drugs used were cannabis (73.8%), cocaine powder (53.9%), and poppers (45.4%). Results found four clusters of PLHIV who used drugs. Two of them were composed mainly of heterosexuals (HTX): Cluster 1 (n = 172) presented the lowest polydrug use and they were mainly users of cannabis, and Cluster 2 (n = 84) grouped mostly men who used mainly heroin and cocaine; which had the highest percentage of people who inject drugs and presented the lowest level of treatment adherence (79.8±14.2; p < .0001). The other two clusters were composed mainly of men who have sex with men (MSM), who were mostly users of recreational drugs. Cluster 3 (n = 285) reported moderate consumption, both regarding frequency and diversity of drugs used, while Cluster 4 (n = 153) was characterized by the highest drug polyconsumption (7.4±2.2; p < .0001), and 4 grouped MSM who injected recreational drugs, and who reported the highest frequency of use of drugs in a sexual context (2.6±0.8; p < .0001) and rates of sexually transmitted infections (1.8±1.1; p < .01). This is the largest multi-centre cross-sectional study assessing the current prevalence and patterns of drug use among PLHIV in Spain. The highest prevalence of drug use was found among MSM, although HTX who used heroin and cocaine (Cluster 2) had the most problems with adherence to HIV treatment and the worst health status.

Psychosocial determinants of HIV testing across stages of change in Spanish population: a cross-sectional national survey.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this research is to study the psychosocial determinants of HIV-testing as a function of the decision or change stage concerning this health behavior. The determinants considered in the major ongoing health models and the stages contemplated in the Precaution Adoption Process Model are analysed. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was administered to 1,554 people over 16 years of age living in Spain by a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI). The sample design was randomised, with quotas of sex and age. The survey measured various psychosocial determinants of health behaviors considered in the main cognitive theories, the interviewees' stage of change concerning HIV-testing (lack of awareness, decision not to act, decision to act, action, maintenance, and abandonment), and the signal for the action of getting tested or the perceived barriers to being tested. RESULTS: Approximately two thirds of the population had not ever had the HIV test. The predominant stage was lack of awareness. The most frequently perceived barriers to testing were related to the health system and to the stigma. We also found that the psychosocial determinants studied differed depending on the respondents' stage of change. Perception of risk, perceived self-efficacy, proximity to people who had been tested, perceived benefits of knowing the diagnosis, and a positive instrumental and emotional attitude were positively associated with the decision and maintenance of testing behavior. However, unrealistic underestimation of the risk of HIV infection, stereotypes about the infection, and the perceived severity of HIV were associated with the decision not to be tested. CONCLUSIONS: There are various sociocognitive and motivational profiles depending on people's decision stage concerning HIV-testing. Knowing this profile may allow us to design interventions to influence the psychosocial determinants that characterise each stage of change.

Validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Colombia / Validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire in a Sample of University Students from Colombia

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la validación del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora (CIE) en Colombia. Este cuestionario, desarrollado y validado en España (Rueda, Moriano, & Liñán, 2015), se enmarca dentro de la Teoría de la Acción Planificada (TAI, Ajzen, 1991). La TAP resulta en la actualidad el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. Con una muestra de 316 estudiantes universitarios colombianos, el modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirma que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora. Disponer de escalas de medida fiables y validadas en distintos contextos culturales permite las comparaciones entre distintas entidades y/o para una misma entidad en diferentes momentos (por ejemplo, antes y después de impartir un curso orientado al emprendimiento). Un mejor conocimiento de los antecedentes psicosociales (actitudes hacia el emprendimiento, norma subjetiva y autoeficacia emprendedora) que conducen a jóvenes universitarios a emprender puede contribuir a un diseño más adecuado de los programas de formación emprendedora que se están impulsando en muchas universidades y desde otro tipo de instituciones.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Colombia. This questionnaire, developed and validated in Spain (Rueda, Moriano, & Linân, 2015), draws on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB, Ajzen, 1991). The TPB is the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention nowadays. With a sample of 316 Colombian university students, the results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurial intentions. The availability of reliable measurement scales validated in different cultural contexts allows comparisons among institutions and/or within an institution along the time (e.g. before and after a course on entrepreneurship). A deep understanding of the psychosocial antecedents (i.e. attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy) that lead young university students to become entrepreneurs might contribute to a better design of the entrepreneurship education programmes that are being developed from universities and other institutions.

Intenção empreendedora em estudantes universitários: adaptação e validação de uma escala (QIE) / Entrepreneurial intention among university students: Adaptation and validation of a scale (QIE) / Intención emprendedora en estudiantes universitarios: adaptación y validación de un cuestionario (QIE)

O objetivo deste artigo é a validação de uma escala sobre a Intenção Empreendedora (QIE) em universitários de Portugal. Essa escala foi desenvolvida e validada na Espanha, tendo sido posteriormente validada em outros países e idiomas. O QIE se enquadra na Teoria da Ação Planificada, traduzindo-se no modelo mais amplamente utilizado para prever as intenções empreendedoras. A TAP constitui um marco teórico coerente e de aplicação geral que permite compreender e prever as intenções empreendedoras, tendo em consideração não só os fatores pessoais, mas também sociais. Neste estudo de validação participaram 326 estudantes de várias universidades do norte de Portugal. Os resultados do modelo de fatores estruturais confirmam que o QIE tem uma alta fiabilidade e validade preditiva sobre a intenção empreendedora e que é uma escala aplicável ao contexto português.

The current research aims to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Portugal. The scale was developed and validated in Spain, and later validated in other countries and languages though not yet in Portugal. The EIQ draws on the Theory of Planned Behavior, the most widely used model for predicting entrepreneurial intention. The TPB provides a coherent theoretical and general application framework that allows us to understand and predict entrepreneurial intentions, taking into account not only personal fators but also social ones. This validation study has involved a sample of 326 Portuguese university students. The results of the structural equation modeling confirm that the EIQ has a high reliability and predictive validity of entrepreneurship intention and, except for some items, this is a scale applicable to Portuguese context.

El objetivo de este artículo es la validación de uma escala de intención emprendedora (CIE) en Portugal. Esta escala ha sido desarrollada y validada en España, y posteriormente validada en otros países e idiomas, aunque todavía no en Portugal. El CIE se enmarca en la Teoría de la Acción Planificada, que es el modelo más ampliamente utilizado para predecir las intenciones emprendedoras. La TAP ofrece un marco teórico coherente y de aplicación general, que nos permite entender y predecir las intenciones emprendedoras, teniendo en cuenta no sólo fatores personales, sino también sociales. En este estudio de validación ha participado una muestra de 326 estudiantes universitarios portugueses. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales confirman que el CIE tiene una alta fiabilidad y validez predictiva sobre la intención emprendedora y que, a excepción de algunos ítems, es una escala aplicable al contexto portugués.