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INTRODUCTION: Giant urinary bladder calculus in an adult is an uncommon entity. The number of patients with giant bladder calculi has decreased over recent years owing to wider availability of healthcare and better diagnostic modalities. CASE REPORT: We present a case of a young adult without any history of recurrent urinary tract infections or bladder outlet obstruction with giant vesical calculus who presented to the emergency department with gross hematuria, abdominal pain, and dysuria. Investigations revealed a large calculus in the urinary bladder, and suprapubic cystolithotomy was performed. A large stone of 6.5×6×5.5 centimeters, weighing 125 grams, was removed. On follow-up, the patient was free of any symptoms and cystoscopy was normal. CONCLUSION: Urinary outflow obstruction must be ruled out in all patients with giant vesical calculus. Patients without any predisposing condition should be treated as a separate entity and evaluated accordingly. Multiple surgical treatment modalities are available for bladder calculus patients. Treatment is personalised as per size of stone, number of stones, and associated comorbidities.
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PURPOSE: We previously demonstrated that the median survival of patients with poor prognosis non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) considered unfit for first-line platinum chemotherapy was <4 months. We evaluated whether VeriStrat could be used as a prognostic or predictive biomarker in this population. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We conducted a randomised double-blind trial among patients with untreated advanced NSCLC considered unfit for platinum chemotherapy because of poor performance status (PS) or multiple comorbidities. All patients received active supportive care (ASC) and were treated with either oral erlotinib or placebo daily. Five hundred twenty-seven patients had plasma samples for VeriStrat classification: good (VeriStrat Good [VSG]) or poor (VeriStrat Poor [VSP]). Main end-point was overall survival. RESULTS: Fifty-five percent patients had VSG, and 83% had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 2-3 at baseline. VeriStrat was strongly associated with survival. Among patients managed with ASC only, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 0.54 (p < 0.001) for VSG versus VSP. The association was consistent across patient factors: HR = 0.25 (p = 0.004) and HR = 0.56 (p < 0.001) for ECOG 0-1 and 2-3, respectively, HR = 0.49 (0070 < 0.001) for age≥75 years and HR = 0.59 (p = 0.007) for stage IV. Several ECOG 2-3 patients had long survival: 2-year survival was 8% for VSG patients who had ASC, compared with 0% for VSP. VeriStrat status did not predict benefit from erlotinib treatment because the HRs for erlotinib versus placebo were similar between VSG and VSP patients. CONCLUSIONS: VeriStrat was not a predictive marker for survival when considering first-line erlotinib for patients with NSCLC who had poor PS and were not recommended for platinum doublet therapies. However, VeriStrat was an independent prognostic marker of survival. It represents an objective measurement that could be considered alongside other patient factors to provide a more refined assessment of prognosis for this particular patient group. VSG patients could be selected for treatment trials because of better survival, while VSP patients can continue to be treated conservatively or offered trials of less toxic agents. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN NUMBER: ISRCTN02370070.
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Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/sangue , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/sangue , Cloridrato de Erlotinib/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/sangue , Platina/uso terapêutico , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/patologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Proteômica , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 represent a standard treatment option for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. However, a substantial proportion of patients will not benefit from these treatments, and robust biomarkers are required to help clinicians select patients who are most likely to benefit. Here, we discuss the available evidence on the utility of clinical characteristics in the selection of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer as potential candidates for single-agent anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and provide practical guidance to clinicians on identifying those patients who are most likely to benefit. Recommendations on the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor in clinically challenging populations are also provided.
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Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores Etários , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Mutação , Metástase Neoplásica , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Seleção de Pacientes , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
AIM: To explore the feasibility and activity of oral metronomic vinorelbine patients with advanced NSCLC not eligible to standard chemotherapy because of old age (≥70 years), and/or poor Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (≥2), and/or extensive brain or bone disease, and/or active comorbidities (≥2) requiring for pharmacological treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective phase II not randomized study, patients with stage IV NSCLC unfit to chemotherapy were treated with oral metronomic vinorelbine at 30 mg fixed dose three times a week until disease progression. RESULTS: Fifty patients were treated, 19 (38%) in the first-line setting. Five patients (11%) experienced a grade 3 toxicity; no grade 4 toxicity occurred. Overall disease control rate was 32%, 44% and 26% in first and subsequent lines, respectively (p=0.39). Median OS and PFS were 7.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI]=4.7-10.0) and 2.7 months (95%CI=2.0-3.4), respectively. CONCLUSION: These data support the activity and safety of metronomic vinorelbine in a relevant proportion of patients usually excluded from any specific treatment.
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Vimblastina/análogos & derivados , Administração Metronômica , Administração Oral , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Astenia/induzido quimicamente , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Constipação Intestinal/induzido quimicamente , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Náusea/induzido quimicamente , Estudos Prospectivos , Vimblastina/administração & dosagem , Vimblastina/efeitos adversos , Vimblastina/uso terapêutico , VinorelbinaRESUMO
AIM: The treatment of patients with recurrent or progressive thymic epithelial tumors remains uncertain due to limited data in this rare disease. MATERIALS & METHODS: A retrospective 10-year monoinstitutional analysis was conducted on 25 patients with first recurrence or disease progression following primary treatment. RESULTS: Twenty patients had thymoma, five thymic carcinomas. Ten patients (40%) received surgery, four (40%) following chemotherapy; 17 (68%) had chemotherapy, with a combination regimen in 16 of them (94%). Surgery had a significant effect both on overall survival and progression-free survival-2 by univariate analysis (p = 0.04), combination chemotherapy only on progression-free survival-2 (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Combination chemotherapy and surgery at first recurrence/progression of thymic epithelial tumors were associated with improved survival. DISCUSSION: Although several limitations may have affected this retrospective study on a relatively small number of patients with this rare entity of recurrent thymic malignancies, we suggest the use of combination chemotherapy and surgery at their first recurrence may have contributed to the high overall and progression-free survival observed with adequate follow-up and deserve further investigations in broader retrospective and comparative studies.
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Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/terapia , Neoplasias do Timo/mortalidade , Neoplasias do Timo/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Terapia Combinada , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Epiteliais e Glandulares/patologia , Retratamento , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Neoplasias do Timo/patologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement (ALK+) occurs in approximately 2-7% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), contributing to a considerable number of patients with ALK+ NSCLC worldwide. Ceritinib is a next generation ALK inhibitor (ALKi), approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2015. In the first-in-human, phase I study, ceritinib demonstrated rapid and durable responses in ALK patients previously treated with a different ALKi and in those who were ALKi-naive. As ceritinib is starting to be used routinely for the treatment of patients with ALK+ NSCLC, experience is growing with regard to ideal therapy management. In this review we provide a brief background to the development of ceritinib. The optimal treatment management and adverse events associated with ceritinib in clinical trials and in clinical practice are then discussed in detail, and where applicable, an expert consensus on specific recommendations are made. In clinical trials, the most common adverse events related to ceritinib are nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. However, the majority of these are mild and, in the opinion of the authors, can be effectively managed with dose modifications. Based on clinical data, ceritinib has demonstrated efficacy as a first-line therapy and in patients who have relapsed on crizotinib, including those with brain metastases at baseline. Unfortunately, at some point, all patients experience progressive disease, with the central nervous system being a common site of metastases. Recommendations are made for continuing treatment beyond disease progression as long as a clinical benefit to patients is observed. Here, we review management of ceritinib treatment and adverse events and make recommendations on optimal management of patients.
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Rearranjo Gênico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/genética , Sulfonas/uso terapêutico , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundário , Neoplasias Encefálicas/terapia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Gerenciamento Clínico , Progressão da Doença , Interações Medicamentosas , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Seguimentos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Sulfonas/administração & dosagem , Sulfonas/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
AIM: To explore the feasibility and activity of a histology-based induction combination chemotherapy for elderly patients with clinical stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients aged ≥70 years with stage IIIA and IIIB lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or adenocarcinoma were treated with three cycles of carboplatin and gemcitabine or pemetrexed, respectively, followed by definitive radiotherapy or surgery. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR) following induction. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients, with a median age of 74 years (range=70-80 years) were treated for adenocarcinoma in 14 (52%) and SCC in 13 (48%), clinical stage IIIA in eight (30%) and IIIB in 19 (70%). Grade 3 or 4 toxicity was reported for five patients (18.5%). The ORR was 46% in 12 (partial responses) out of 26 assessable patients. CONCLUSION: Histology-based induction combination chemotherapy is active and feasible in elderly patients with stage III NSCLC.
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Adenocarcinoma , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Quimioterapia de Indução , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/radioterapia , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carboplatina/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/radioterapia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/cirurgia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Terapia Combinada , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Masculino , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Pemetrexede/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , GencitabinaRESUMO
A new approach to the management of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has recently emerged that works by manipulating the immune checkpoint controlled by programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Several drugs targeting PD-1 (pembrolizumab and nivolumab) or PD-L1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab, and avelumab) have been approved or are in the late stages of development. Inevitably, the introduction of these drugs will put pressure on healthcare systems, and there is a need to stratify patients to identify those who are most likely to benefit from such treatment. There is evidence that responsiveness to PD-1 inhibitors may be predicted by expression of PD-L1 on neoplastic cells. Hence, there is considerable interest in using PD-L1 immunohistochemical staining to guide the use of PD-1-targeted treatments in patients with NSCLC. This article reviews the current knowledge about PD-L1 testing, and identifies current research requirements. Key factors to consider include the source and timing of sample collection, pre-analytical steps (sample tracking, fixation, tissue processing, sectioning, and tissue prioritization), analytical decisions (choice of biomarker assay/kit and automated staining platform, with verification of standardized assays or validation of laboratory-devised techniques, internal and external quality assurance, and audit), and reporting and interpretation of the results. This review addresses the need for integration of PD-L1 immunohistochemistry with other tests as part of locally agreed pathways and protocols. There remain areas of uncertainty, and guidance should be updated regularly as new information becomes available.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Nivolumabe , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the long-term results of pleurectomy/decortication (P/D), hyperthermic pleural lavage with povidone-iodine, prophylactic chest wall radiotherapy (21 Gy), and systemic chemotherapy in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. METHODS: A cohort of patients having surgery between January 2004 and December 2013 were retrospectively studied. All patients received prophylactic radiotherapy postoperatively and all were supposed to receive systemic chemotherapy, either preoperatively or as adjuvant therapy. Patients were reviewed at 30 days, then followed up 6-monthly. (18)F-FDG-PET-CT was used routinely to diagnose disease recurrence. Second-line therapies were administered when appropriate. Survival and prognostic factors were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: One hundred two patients had P/D followed by prophylactic radiotherapy and were referred for adjuvant chemotherapy. Median age at operation was 64 years. Eighty-one patients (79.4%) were male; 57 patients (55.9%) had complete macroscopic resection. Thirty-day mortality was nil and 30 patients (29.4%) experienced postoperative complications. Seventy-three patients had epithelioid mesothelioma (71.5%). Sixty-eight patients (66.6%) had N0 disease. Ninety-six patients (94.1%) received the planned 4 to 6 chemotherapy cycles. At last follow-up, 49 patients were alive. Univariate analysis showed no significant difference when sex, age >70 years, nodal status, or prior chemotherapy were considered. The overall median survival was 32 months and 5-year survival rate was 23.1%. Median survival and 5-year survival rates were 35.0 months and 30.7% for epithelioid mesothelioma and 15 months and 7% for nonepithelioid mesothelioma, respectively (P = .0001). Median survival was 45.0 months for R0-R1 resection versus 17.4 months for R2 resection (P = .0001). CONCLUSIONS: P/D, hyperthermic pleural lavage with povidone-iodine, prophylactic chest wall radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy is a safe and well-tolerated multimodality therapy.
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Hipertermia Induzida , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Mesotelioma/terapia , Neoplasias Pleurais/terapia , Pneumonectomia/métodos , Povidona-Iodo/uso terapêutico , Irrigação Terapêutica/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mesotelioma Maligno , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Imagem Multimodal , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The association between tissue damage, chronic inflammation and cancer is well known. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we characterize a mouse model in which constitutive epidermal extracellular-signal-regulated kinase-MAP-kinase signalling results in epidermal inflammation, and skin wounding induces tumours. We show that tumour incidence correlates with wound size and inflammatory infiltrate. Ablation of tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1/-2, Myeloid Differentiation primary response gene 88 or Toll-like receptor (TLR)-5, the bacterial flagellin receptor, but not other innate immune sensors, in radiosensitive leukocytes protects against tumour formation. Antibiotic treatment inhibits, whereas injection of flagellin induces, tumours in a TLR-5-dependent manner. TLR-5 is also involved in chemical-induced skin carcinogenesis in wild-type mice. Leukocytic TLR-5 signalling mediates upregulation of the alarmin HMGB1 (High Mobility Group Box 1) in wound-induced papillomas. HMGB1 is elevated in tumours of patients with Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa, a disease characterized by chronic skin damage. We conclude that in our experimental model the combination of bacteria, chronic inflammation and wounding cooperate to trigger skin cancer.
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Proteína HMGB1/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/microbiologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/química , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Flagelina/metabolismo , Hematopoese , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Pele/patologia , Receptor 5 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Ferimentos e Lesões/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Home-based care in oncology is mainly reserved for patients at the end of life. Regulations regarding home delivery of cytotoxics differ across Europe, with a notable lack of practice guidelines in most countries. This has led to a lack of data addressing the feasibility of home-based administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy. In advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer, pemetrexed is approved as maintenance therapy after first-line chemotherapy. In this setting, patients have the potential to be treated long-term with maintenance therapy, which, in the absence of unacceptable toxicity, is continued until disease progression. The favourable safety profile of pemetrexed and the ease of its administration by 10-minute intravenous infusion every 3 weeks make this drug a suitable candidate for administration in a home setting. METHODS: Literature and regulations relevant to the home-based delivery of cytotoxic therapy were reviewed, and a phase II feasibility study of home administration of pemetrexed maintenance therapy was designed. At least 50 patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1 and no progressive disease after four cycles of platinum-based first-line therapy are required to allow investigation of the feasibility of home-based administration of pemetrexed maintenance therapy (500 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity). Feasibility is being assessed as adherence to the home-based administration process (primary endpoint), patient safety, impact on patients' quality of life, patient and physician satisfaction with home care, and healthcare resource use and costs. Enrolment of patients from the UK and Sweden, where home-based care is relatively well developed, commenced in December 2011. DISCUSSION: This feasibility study addresses an important aspect of maintenance therapy, that is, patient comfort during protracted home-based chemotherapy. The study design requires unusual methodology and specific logistics to address outcomes relevant to the home-delivery approach. This article presents a study design that offers a novel and reproducible model for home-based chemotherapy, and provides an up-to-date overview of the literature regarding this type of treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01473563.
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Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Glutamatos/administração & dosagem , Guanina/análogos & derivados , Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Cooperação do Paciente , Adolescente , Adulto , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Europa (Continente) , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Guanina/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Quimioterapia de Manutenção/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Satisfação do Paciente , Pemetrexede , Qualidade de Vida , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: This first-in-human dose-escalating trial investigated the safety, tolerability, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor resminostat in patients with advanced solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Resminostat was administered orally once-daily on days 1 to 5 every 14 days at 5 dose levels between 100 and 800 mg. Safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics including histone acetylation and HDAC enzyme activity, and antitumor efficacy were assessed. RESULTS: Nineteen patients (median age 58 years, range 39-70) were treated. At 800 mg, 1 patient experienced grade 3 nausea and vomiting, grade 2 liver enzyme elevation, and grade 1 hypokalemia and thrombocytopenia; these were declared as a combined DLT. No other DLT was observed. Although an MTD was not reached and patients were safely dosed up to 800 mg, 3 of 7 patients treated with 800 mg underwent dose reductions after the DLT-defining period due to cumulative gastrointestinal toxicities and fatigue. All toxicities resolved following drug cessation. No grade 4 treatment-related adverse event was observed. The pharmacokinetic profile was dose-proportional with low inter-patient variability. Pharmacodynamic inhibition of HDAC enzyme was dose-dependent and reached 100% at doses ≥400 mg. Eleven heavily pretreated patients had stable disease and 1 patient with metastatic thymoma had a 27% reduction in target lesion dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Resminostat was safely administered with a dose-proportional pharmacokinetic profile, optimal on-target pharmacodynamic activity at dose levels ≥400 mg and signs of antitumor efficacy. The recommended phase II dose is 600 mg once-daily on days 1 to 5 every 14 days.
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Antineoplásicos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Acetilação , Administração Oral , Adulto , Idoso , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Dose Máxima Tolerável , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Sulfonamidas/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The incidence of mesothelioma is rising. First-line cisplatin and pemetrexed confers a survival benefit, with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 5.7 months. Sorafenib inhibits tyrosine kinases, including receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor, which are implicated in mesothelioma pathogenesis by preclinical and clinical data. METHODS: Sorafenib, at 400 mg twice daily, was assessed in a single-arm multicenter phase 2 study, using Simon's two-stage design. Eligible patients had received platinum combination chemotherapy earlier. The primary endpoint was PFS at 6 months, with secondary endpoints, including response rate and metabolic response, assessed using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Published reference values for PFS in mesothelioma provide a benchmark for the null hypothesis of 28% progression-free at 6 months, and for moderate or significant clinical activity of 35% or 43% progression-free at 6 months, respectively. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (72%) were treated. Most had epithelioid histology. Ninety-three percent of patients had a performance status 0 or 1. Treatment was well tolerated with few grade 3 or 4 toxicities. Median PFS was 5.1 months, with 36% of patients being progression-free at 6 months. Nine percent of patients remained on study beyond 1 year. Changes in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography parameters did not predict clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Sorafenib is well tolerated in patients with mesothelioma after completion of platinum-containing chemotherapy. PFS of sorafenib compares favorably with that reported for other targeted agents, and suggests moderate activity in this disease.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mesotelioma/tratamento farmacológico , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Compostos de Fenilureia/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Pleurais/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Terapia de Salvação , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Glutamatos/administração & dosagem , Guanina/administração & dosagem , Guanina/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Masculino , Mesotelioma/mortalidade , Mesotelioma/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Niacinamida/uso terapêutico , Pemetrexede , Platina/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Pleurais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pleurais/patologia , Prognóstico , Sorafenibe , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
PURPOSE: OSI-930 is a novel, potent, oral small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, predominantly against VEGF receptors (VEGFR), c-Kit, and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. A phase I trial was undertaken to determine safety, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of OSI-930 in patients with advanced solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: OSI-930 was administered once or twice a day using a modified accelerated titration design. Pharmacokinetics and plasma soluble VEGFR2 (sVEGFR2) studies were undertaken. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and 2[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) MTD expansion cohorts were conducted. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients received OSI-930 in 2 schedules; once a day schedule: 12 patients at doses up to 1,600 mg without reaching MTD; twice a day schedule: 46 patients at 400 mg (n = 7), 500 mg (n = 31), and 600 mg (n = 8). Dose-limiting toxicities were observed at 600 mg twice a day (n = 3): G3 rash (n = 2) and G4 γ-glutamyltransferase, establishing the MTD at 500 mg twice a day. Common G1-2 toxicities included fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and rash. Antitumor responses were seen in 2 patients with advanced ovarian cancer [Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) partial response (PR) (n = 1); GCIG CA125 response (n = 1)]. Eleven of 19 heavily pretreated imatinib-resistant patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors achieved RECIST stable disease (median duration: 126 days), with FDG-PET scans showing PRs in 4 of 9 patients. OSI-930 exposure increased with dose; substantial decreases in sVEGFR levels were observed with OSI-930 twice a day doses ≥400 mg, while DCE-MRI responses were shown in 4 of 6 patients. CONCLUSIONS: OSI-930 is safe and well tolerated, with pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data supporting proof-of-mechanism with clinically relevant antitumor activity.
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Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Quinolinas/administração & dosagem , Tiofenos/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fadiga/induzido quimicamente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Dose Máxima Tolerável , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Quinolinas/efeitos adversos , Quinolinas/farmacocinética , Tiofenos/efeitos adversos , Tiofenos/farmacocinética , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receive only active supportive care because of poor performance status or presence of several comorbidities. We investigated whether erlotinib improves clinical outcome in these patients. METHODS: TOPICAL was a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, done at 78 centres in the UK. Eligibility criteria were newly diagnosed, pathologically confirmed NSCLC; stage IIIb or IV; chemotherapy naive; no symptomatic brain metastases; deemed unsuitable for chemotherapy because of poor (≥2) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status or presence of several comorbidities, or both; and estimated life expectancy of at least 8 weeks. Patients were randomly assigned (by phone call, in a 1:1 ratio, stratified by disease stage, performance status, smoking history, and centre, block size 10) to receive oral placebo or erlotinib (150 mg per day) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Investigators, clinicians, and patients were masked to assignment. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Analyses were by intention to treat, and prespecified subgroup analyses included development of a rash due to erlotinib within 28 days of starting treatment. This study is registered, number ISRCTN 77383050. FINDINGS: Between April 14, 2005, and April 1, 2009, we randomly assigned 350 patients to receive erlotinib and 320 to receive placebo. We followed up patients until March 31, 2011. 657 patients died; median overall survival did not differ between groups (erlotinib, 3·7 months, 95% CI 3·2-4·2, vs placebo, 3·6 months, 3·2-3·9; unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0·94, 95% CI 0·81-1·10, p=0·46). 59% (178 of 302) of patients assigned erlotinib and who were assessable at 1 month developed first-cycle rash, which was the only independent factor associated with overall survival. Patients with first-cycle rash had better overall survival (HR 0·76, 95% CI 0·63-0·92, p=0·0058), compared with placebo. Compared with placebo, overall survival seemed to be worse in the group that did not develop first-cycle rash (1·30, 1·05-1·61, p=0·017). Grade 3 or 4 diarrhoea was more common with erlotinib than placebo (8% [28 of 334] vs 1% [four of 313], p=0·0001), as was high-grade rash (23% [79 of 334] vs 2% [five of 313], p<0·0001); other adverse events were much the same between groups. INTERPRETATION: Patients with NSCLC who are deemed unsuitable for chemotherapy could be given erlotinib. Patients who develop a first-cycle rash should continue to receive erlotinib, whereas those who do not have a rash after 28 days should discontinue erlotinib, because of the possibility of decreased survival. FUNDING: Cancer Research UK, Roche.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Quinazolinas/administração & dosagem , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Método Duplo-Cego , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/classificação , Receptores ErbB , Cloridrato de Erlotinib , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Quinazolinas/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: To compare the outcomes of two different multimodality regimens involving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) and adjuvant radiotherapy versus pleurectomy/decortication (P/D), hyperthermic pleural lavage with povidone-iodine, and adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. METHODS: Nonrandomized prospective study of patients treated by multimodality therapy and operated on between January 2004 and June 2011. Second-line treatments were administered when appropriate. Survival and prognostic factors were analyzed by the Kaplan Meier method, log rank test, and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-five consecutive patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 22 underwent EPP, and 17 received adjuvant radiotherapy. Over the same period, 54 consecutive patients underwent P/D and hyperthermic pleural lavage and received prophylactic radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.5%in the EPP group and nil in the P/D group. Fifteen patients (68%) in the EPP group and 15 (27.7%) in the P/D group experienced complications. There were no differences between the EPP and P/D groups for age, sex, histology, pathologic stage, and nodal status. Trimodality therapy was completed by 68%of the patients in the EPP group and 100%in the P/D group. Survival was significantly better in the P/D group: median survival was 23 months versus 12.8 months, 2-year survival was 49%versus 18.2 %, and 5-year survival was 30.1%versus 9%, respectively (p = 0.004). At multivariate analysis, epithelioid histology, P/D, and completeness of resection were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, P/D, hyperthermic pleural lavage with povidone-iodine, and adjuvant chemotherapy were superior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, EPP, and adjuvant radiotherapy.
Assuntos
Mesotelioma/terapia , Neoplasias Pleurais/terapia , Pneumonectomia/métodos , Idoso , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mesotelioma/mortalidade , Mesotelioma/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Pleurais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pleurais/patologia , Estudos ProspectivosAssuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Terapia Combinada , Humanos , Infusões Intravenosas , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Período Pré-Operatório , Radioterapia AdjuvanteRESUMO
The optimal treatment for Masaoka stage IVA thymoma remains controversial. Whilst extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) has been proposed, we sought to examine the results of our institutional preference for induction chemotherapy, cytoreductive surgery and intraoperative hyperthermic pleural irrigation. We undertook a retrospective study of patients undergoing surgery for Masaoka stage IVA thymoma following induction chemotherapy over a three-year period at our institution. Between February 2007 and February 2010, 42 patients underwent surgery for thymoma. Six patients underwent surgery with intent to perform cytoreductive surgery and intraoperative hyperthermic pleural irrigation. Complete cytoreductive surgery was not feasible in one patient and thymectomy only was performed. One patient had re-operation for recurrent disease 24 months after the first operation and there were therefore seven procedures undertaken in six patients during the study period. There were no in-hospital deaths. Median follow-up was 18.8 months (range 1.5-31.9 months). One patient died 14 months postoperatively from an acute cardiovascular event. The four remaining patients are alive and well with no evidence of disease recurrence. Multimodality therapy consisting of induction chemotherapy and cytoreductive surgery is a safe, feasible treatment for stage IVA thymoma. Our experience suggest that full pleurectomy is an alternative to EPP.