Early-onset pancreatic cancer and associated metabolic risk factors in the Middle East and North Africa: A 20-year analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Early-onset pancreatic cancer (EOPC) is associated with poor prognosis and high disease burden. Metabolic risk factors such as diabetes and obesity are considered risk factors of EOPC. Recently, there has been an increasing number of EOPCs worldwide. However, the analysis of EOPC, including its metabolic risk factors, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has not been fully addressed. METHODS: Data from the Global Burden of Disease Study between 2000 and 2019 was used to analyze the prevalence, incidence, deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with EOPC and its metabolic risk factors. The analysis further categorized the data based on countries, income status and sex and examined the annual percentage change (APC). RESULTS: Approximately 2800 cases, 2400 deaths and 114,000 DALYs were attributable to EOPC in the MENA region. The incidence (APC + 3.42%), death (APC + 0.73%) and DALYs (APC + 3.23%) rates of EOPC increased. In addition, the death and DALY rates of EOPC attributable to obesity and diabetes increased. High and upper-middle-income countries exhibited a higher burden of EOPC than lower-income countries. CONCLUSION: Over the past two decades, the burden of EOPC and its associated metabolic risk factors has increased. There is an urgent need for region-wide policy development, including screening methods and risk factor reduction, to mitigate the high and rising burden of EOPC in the MENA region.

Perioperative management of mastocytosis.

PURPOSE: Patients with mastocytosis have an increased risk of anaphylaxis during surgical procedures with general anesthesia. Therefore, we reviewed the anesthesia course of a large cohort of patients with mastocytosis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed adult and pediatric patients with mastocytosis who underwent surgical procedures with general anesthesia at Mayo Clinic from January 1, 2000, through June 30, 2021. We also included any procedures with general anesthesia that occurred during the 3-year period preceding mastocytosis diagnosis and designated the patients who underwent these procedures as having an unknown diagnosis at the time of their surgical procedure. We analyzed whether patients received chronic antimediator treatment for mastocytosis and/or prophylactic medications before the procedures. We also determined whether medications indicative of mastocytosis-related adverse events were intraoperatively administered. RESULTS: We identified 113 patients who underwent 219 procedures during the study period; 25 procedures were performed before mastocytosis diagnosis. Of 194 procedures in patients with known mastocytosis, patients received chronic antimediator therapy and/or perioperative prophylactic medications for 178 (91.8%) procedures. Among these procedures, 10 were potentially complicated by mast cell activation, which was inferred from administration of inhaled albuterol (n = 3) or intravenous diphenhydramine (n = 8). In addition, there was only one case of intraoperative anaphylaxis which occurred in a patient who underwent anesthesia before mastocytosis diagnosis and therefore did not receive prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative anaphylaxis can be the first presenting sign of mastocytosis. Patients with mastocytosis who received chronic antimediator therapy and/or preoperative prophylactic medications had an uneventful surgical course.