Lysobacter telluris sp. nov., isolated from Korean rhizosphere soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming light-yellow-coloured rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated YJ15T, was isolated from soil at Bigeum island in Korea. Growth was observed at 10-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6.0-7.5 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the absence of NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain YJ15T was closely related to 'Lysobacter tongrenensis' YS037T (97.8%), Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil193T (96.5%) and Lysobacter daecheongensis Dae08T (95.8%) and phylogenetically grouped together with 'Lysobacter tongrenensis' YS037T, Lysobacter dokdonensis DS-58T and Lysobacter pocheonensis Gsoil 193T. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain YJ15T and 'Lysobacter tongrenensis' KCTC 52206T was 12% and the phylogenomic analysis based on the whole genome sequence demonstrated that strain YJ20T formed a distinct phyletic line with Lysobacterlter dokdonensis DS-58T showing average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of 76.3 and 21.3%, respectively. The predominant ubiquinone was identified as Q-8, and polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified aminolipids. The major fatty acids were iso-C17:1 ω9c, iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and iso-C17:0. The genomic DNA G + C content was 68.2 mol %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic properties and phylogenetic analyses in this study, strain YJ15T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter telluris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YJ15T (= KACC 19552T = NBRC 113197T).

Mycobacterium aquiterrae sp. nov., a rapidly growing bacterium isolated from groundwater.

A strain representing a rapidly growing, Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-sporulating and non-pigmented species of the genus Mycobacterium, designated strain S-I-6T, was isolated from groundwater at Daejeon in Korea. The strain grew at temperatures between 10 and 37 °C (optimal growth at 25 °C), between pH 4.0 and 9.0 (optimal growth at pH 7.0) and at salinities of 0-5 % (w/v) NaCl, growing optimally with 2 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on multilocus sequence analysis of the 16S rRNAgene, hsp65, rpoB and the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer indicated that strain S-I-6T belonged to the rapidly growing mycobacteria, being most closely related to Mycobacterium sphagni. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic analysis, the bacterial strain was distinguished from its phylogenetic neighbours by chemotaxonomic properties and other biochemical characteristics. DNA-DNA relatedness among strain S-I-6T and the closest phylogenetic neighbour strongly support the proposal that this strain represents a novel species within the genus Mycobacterium, for which the name Mycobacterium aquiterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S-I-6T (=KACC 17600T=NBRC 109805T=NCAIM B 02535T).

Aliifodinibius salicampi sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a grey saltern.

Three strains of a Gram-stain-negative, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain KHM44T, KHM29 and HHM4, were isolated from the sediment of a grey saltern located on Sinui island at Shinan, Korea. The isolates were aerobic, non-motile rods and grew at 15-50 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and at salinities of 3-25 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 10 % NaCl). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7), and the major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, iso-C17 : 1ω9c and anteiso-C15 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and glycolipid. The DNA G+C contents were 48.5-48.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains KHM44T, KHM29 and HHM4 belonged to the genus Aliifodinibius in the family Balneolaceae, with sequence similarities of 95.1-97.2 % to members of this genus. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain KHM44T and the type strains of the other species of the genus Aliifodinibius ranged from 35.4 to 48.0 %. On the basis of polyphasic analysis from this study, strains KHM44T, KHM29 and HHM4 are considered to represent a novel species of the genus Aliifodinibius, for which the name Aliifodinibius salicampi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KHM44T (=KACC 19060T=NBRC 112531T).

Rhodanobacter rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from soil of ginseng rhizosphere.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, yellow and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CR164T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a ginseng field at Geumsan in Korea. CR164T grew at between 15 and 37 °C (optimal growth at 28 °C), between pH 6.0 and 9.0 (optimal growth at pH 7.0) and at salinities of 0-1.0 % (w/v) NaCl, growing optimally in the absence of NaCl. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that CR164T represents a member of the genus Rhodanobacter, showing the highest sequence similarity to Rhodanobactercaeni MJ01T (98.5 %), Rhodanobacter ginsenosidimutans Gsoil 3054T (98.4 %), Rhodanobacter thiooxydans LCS2T (98.3 %), Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus RP5557T (98.1 %), Rhodanobacter denitrificans 2APBS1T (98.0 %), Rhodanobacter fulvus Jip2T (97.6 %), Rhodanobacter soli DCY45T (97.3 %) and 'Rhodanobacterxiangquanii' BJQ-6 (97.0 %). The major fatty acids were iso-C17 : 1ω9c (21.8 %), iso-C15 : 0 (12.1 %), iso-C11 : 0 (11.9 %) and iso-C16 : 0 (11.1 %). The predominant ubiquinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.3 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between CR164T and the type strains of eight other species of the genus ranged from 51 to 9 %. On the basis of the polyphasic analysis, CR164T represents a novel species of the genus Rhodanobacter, for which the name Rhodanobacter rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CR164T (=KACC 18699T=NBRC 111845T).

Halomonas sediminicola sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a solar saltern sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain CPS11T, was isolated from the sediment of a solar pond located in Shinan, Korea. Strain CPS11T was a strictly aerobic, motile, straight rod-shaped bacterium that grew at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0), at 10-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and at salinities of 1-20 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 10 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CPS11T belonged to the genus Halomonas, with sequence similarity of 98.5-94.3 % to existing type strains, showing highest sequence similarity to Halomonasfontilapidosi 5CRT (98.5 %), Halomonasventosae Al12T (98.5 %), Halomonascampaniensis 5AGT (98.2 %), Halomonas huangheensis BJGMM-B45T (98.0 %), Halomonas alimentaria YKJ-16T (98.0 %), Halomonas mongoliensis Z-7009T (97.8 %), Halomonas shengliensis SL014B-85T (97.5 %) and Halomonas cupida DSM 4740T (97.5 %). The predominant ubiquinone was Q-9. The major fatty acids were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, C12 : 0 3-OH and C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid, an unknown phospholipid and unknown lipids. The DNA G+C content of this novel isolate was 64.3 mol%. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CPS11T and the type strains of ten other species of the genus ranged from 50 to 21 %. On the basis of the polyphasic analysis conducted in this study, strain CPS11T represents a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas sediminicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CPS11T(=KACC 18262T=NBRC 110636T).

Halobacillus salicampi sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a solar saltern sediment.

A Gram-positive, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain TGS-15(T), was isolated from the sediment of a solar saltern pond located in Shinan, Korea. Strain TGS-15(T) was found to be a strictly aerobic, non-motile rod which can grow at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 9.0), at 20-35 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and at salinities of 1-20 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 9 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain TGS-15(T) belongs to the genus Halobacillus, with sequence similarity of 98.5-96.0 % to known type strains, showing high sequence similarity to Halobacillus locisalis MSS-155(T) (98.5 %), Halobacillus faecis IGA7-4(T) (98.2 %) and Halobacillus alkaliphilus FP5(T) (98.0 %), and less than 98.0 % sequence similarity to other currently recognised type strains of the genus. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified lipid. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to be based on L-Orn-D-Asp, the predominant isoprenoid quinone was identified as menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and the major fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0 and C16:1 ω7c alcohol. The DNA G+C content of this novel isolate was determined to be 45.3 mol %. Levels of DNA:DNA relatedness between strain TGS-15(T) and the type strains of 13 other species of the genus ranged from 52 to 9 %. On the basis of the polyphasic analysis conducted in this study, strain TGS-15(T) is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Halobacillus, for which the name Halobacillus salicampi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TGS-15(T) (=KACC 18264(T) = NBRC 110640(T)).

Halomonas salicampi sp. nov., a halotolerant and alkalitolerant bacterium isolated from a saltern soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, halotolerant and alkalitolerant bacterium, designated strain BH103T, was isolated from saltern soil in Gomso, Korea. Cells of strain BH103T were strictly aerobic, motile, straight rods and grew at pH 7.0-10.8 (optimum, pH 8.5), at 10-55 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and at salinities of 0-23 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 14 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BH103T belongs to the genus Halomonas, showing highest sequence similarity to Halomonas boliviensis LC1T (97.7 %), Halomonas neptunia Eplume1T (97.7 %), Halomonas variabilis IIIT (97.7 %), Halomonas alkaliantarctica CRSST (97.7 %), Halomonas olivaria TYRC17T (97.5 %), Halomonas titanicae BH1T (97.2 %) and Halomonas sulfidaeris Esulfide1T (96.2 %). The predominant ubiquinone was Q-9. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0 and C12 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, aminophospholipid and an unknown phospholipid. The DNA G+C content of this novel isolate was 54.7 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BH103T and H. boliviensis KACC 16615T, H. neptunia KCTC 2888T, H. variabilis KCTC 2889T, H. alkaliantarctica KCTC 22844T, H. olivaria DSM 19074T, H. titanicae JCM 16411T and H. sulfidaeris DSM 15722T was 45, 41, 39, 32, 38, 45 and 35 %, respectively. On the basis of polyphasic analysis from this study, strain BH103T represents a novel species of the genus Halomonas, for which the name Halomonas salicampi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BH103T ( = KACC 17609T = NBRC 109914T = NCAIM B 02528T).

Halobacillus sediminis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a solar saltern sediment.

A Gram-staining-positive, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain NGS-2T, was isolated from sediment of a solar saltern pond located in Shinan, Korea. Strain NGS-2T was a strictly aerobic, non-motile rod that grew at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0), at 10-30 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and in the presence of 1-20 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 10 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NGS-2T belonged to the genus Halobacillus, with sequence similarity of 98.4-95.8 % to existing type strains, showing the highest sequence similarity to Halobacillus dabanensis D-8T (98.4 %), H. litoralis SL-4T (98.4 %), H. trueperi SL-5T (98.2 %), H. faecis IGA7-4T (98.2 %), H. profundi IS-Hb4T (98.1 %) and H. mangrovi MS10T (98.0 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine and an unknown glycolipid. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was based on l-Orn-d-Asp, the predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7) and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15: 0 and anteiso-C17: 0. The DNA G+C content of the novel isolate was 45.0 mol%. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain NGS-2T and the type strains of 12 other species of the genus ranged from 32 to 3 %. On the basis of the polyphasic analysis conducted in this study, strain NGS-2T represents a novel species of the genus Halobacillus, for which the name Halobacillus sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NGS-2T ( = KACC 18263T = NBRC 110639T).

Idiomarina halophila sp. nov., isolated from a solar saltern sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, halophilic bacterium, designated strain BH195(T), was isolated from the sediment of the solar saltern pond located in Gomso, Republic of Korea. Strain BH195(T) was a strictly aerobic, non-motile rod, which grew at pH 3.5-10.5 (optimum, pH 7.5), at 4-55 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and at salinities of 0.5-11% (w/v) NaCl [optimum, 2-3% (w/v) NaCl]. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicated that strain BH195(T) belongs to the genus Idiomarina , showing the highest sequence similarity to Idiomarina salinarum ISL-52(T) (97.4%), Idiomarina homiensis PO-M2(T) (96.8%), Idiomarina aestuarii KYW314(T) (96.7%), and Idiomarina tainanensis PIN1(T) (96.7%). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BH195(T) were iso-C(11 : 0) 3-OH, iso-C(15 : 0) and iso-C(11 : 0). The DNA G+C content was 51.3 mol% and the major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unknown phospholipid. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BH195(T) and I. salinarum KCTC 12971(T) was 33%. On the basis of this polyphasic analysis, strain BH195(T) represents a novel species of the genus Idiomarina for which the name Idiomarina halophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BH195(T) ( = KACC 17610(T) = NCAIM B 02544(T)).

Pontibacillus salicampi sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from saltern soil.

A Gram-stain-positive, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated BH043(T), was isolated from saltern soil of Gomso in Korea. Cells were motile rods, producing ellipsoidal endospores at a terminal position in swollen sporangia. Strain BH043(T) was strictly aerobic, grew at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimal growth at pH 7.5), at 10-55 °C (optimal growth at 30 °C) and at salinities of 1-20 % (w/v) NaCl, growing optimally with 7 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain BH043(T) belongs to the family Bacillaceae and was most closely related to the type strains of the five recognized species of the genus Pontibacillus, showing sequence similarity to Pontibacillus yanchengensis Y32(T) (97.5 % similarity), Pontibacillus marinus BH030004(T) (97.4 %), Pontibacillus chungwhensis BH030062(T) (97.0 %), Pontibacillus litoralis JSM 072002(T) (96.4 %) and Pontibacillus halophilus JSM 076056(T) (96.2 %). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BH043(T) were iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content was 42.5 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7 and meso-diaminopimelic acid was present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan as the diagnostic diamino acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain BH043(T) and the type strains of other species of the genus Pontibacillus, P. yanchengensis CGMCC 1.10680(T) and P. marinus KCTC 3917(T) and P. chungwhensis KCTC 3890(T), was 35, 24 and 18 %, respectively. On the basis of polyphasic analysis from this study, strain BH043(T) represents a novel species of the genus Pontibacillus for which the name Pontibacillus salicampi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BH043(T) ( = KACC 17607(T) = NBRC 109831(T) = NCAIM B.02529(T)).

Sphingobium subterraneum sp. nov., isolated from ground water.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, yellow, rod-shaped bacterium, designated S-II-13(T), was isolated from ground water at Daejeon in Korea. Strain S-II-13(T) grew between 15 and 30 °C (optimal growth at 28 °C), between pH 6.0 and 9.0 (optimal growth at pH 7.5) and at salinities of 0.3-1.5 % (w/v) NaCl, growing optimally with 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain S-II-13(T) was found to belong to the genus Sphingobium, showing closest phylogenetic similarity to Rhizorhapis suberifaciens CA1(T) (97.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Sphingobium sufflavum HL-25(T) (96.9 %) and Sphingobium vulgare HU1-GD12(T) (96.6 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipid. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C14 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The DNA G+C content of strain S-II-13(T) was 63.5 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain S-II-13(T) and Rhizorhapis suberifaciens LMG 17323(T), Sphingobium sufflavum KCTC 23953(T) and Sphingobium vulgare KCTC 22289(T) was 24, 52 and 55 %, respectively. On the basis of evidence from this taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach, strain S-II-13(T) represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobium for which the name Sphingobium subterraneum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S-II-13(T) ( = KACC 17606(T) = NBRC 109814(T)).

Alicyclobacillus tengchongensis sp. nov., a thermo-acidophilic bacterium isolated from hot spring soil.

A thermo-acidophilic bacterium, designated strain ACK006(T), was isolated from the soil of a hot spring at Tengchong in China. Cells were Gram-staining-positive, motile, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, spore-forming rods. The isolate grew aerobically at 30-50°C (optimum at 45°C), pH 2.0-6.0 (optimum pH 3.2) and 0-5.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1% NaCl). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain ACK006(T) belongs to the genus Alicyclobacillus with the sequence similarity of 92.3, 92.4, 92.5, and 92.8% to Alicyclobacillus cycloheptanicus SCH(T), Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans TC-34(T), Alicyclobacillus contaminans 3-A191(T) and Alicyclobacillus disulfidooxidans SD-11(T), respectively. Similarity to other species of the genus Alicyclobacillus was 90.3-92.8% and similarity to species of the genus Tumebacillus was 85.9-87.8%. The genomic DNA G+C content was 53.7 mol%. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. Major fatty acids were ω-cycloheptane C18:0, iso-C17:0 and anteiso-C17:0. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was the A1γ type; containing meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. On the basis of polyphasic analysis from this study, strain ACK006(T) represents a novel species of the genus Alicyclobacillus for which the name Alicyclobacillus tengchongensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ACK006(T) (=KCTC 33022(T) =DSM 25924(T)).

Novosphingobium aquiterrae sp. nov., isolated from ground water.

A Gram-staining-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming, yellow and rod-shaped bacterium, designated E-II-3(T), was isolated from ground water at Daejeon in Korea. Strain E-II-3(T) grew between 4 and 45 °C (optimal growth at 28 °C), between pH 6.0 and 9.0 (optimal growth at pH 7.5) and at salinities of 0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl, growing optimally with 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain E-II-3(T) was shown to belong to the genus Novosphingobium and showed closest phylogenetic similarity to 'Novosphingobium ginsenosidimutans' FW-6 (97.7 %), Novosphingobium aromaticivorans F199(T) (96.9 %) and Novosphingobium subterraneum B0478(T) (96.5 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipid. The predominant ubiquinone and polyamine components were Q-10 and spermidine, respectively. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c (34.0 %), C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH (23.8 %) and C17 : 1ω6c (19.3 %). The DNA G+C content of this novel isolate was 62.7 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain E-II-3(T) and 'N. ginsenosidimutans' KACC 16615, N. aromaticivorans KCTC 2888(T) and N. capsulatum KCTC 22844(T) was 38, 33 and 29 %, respectively. On the basis of polyphasic analysis from this study, strain E-II-3(T) represents a novel species of the genus Novosphingobium for which the name Novosphingobium aquiterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is E-II-3(T) ( = KACC 17599(T) = NBRC 109812(T) = NCAIM B 02537(T)).

Reyranella graminifolii sp. nov., isolated from bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) litter.

A novel strain designated Wo-34(T) was isolated from bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) litter. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, catalase-negative and oxidase-positive rods. The isolate grew aerobically at 15-35 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 4.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-1.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0.1% NaCl). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain Wo-34(T) belonged to the genus Reyranella with the sequence similarities of 97.9% and 97.3% to the other species of the genus Reyranella, Reyranella massiliensis 521(T) and Reyranella soli KIS14-15(T), respectively. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10. Major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 1 2-OH and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. The polar lipids contained phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unknown aminolipid, unidentified phospholipids and unknown lipids. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain Wo-34(T) and R. massiliensis DSM 23428(T) and R. soli KACC 13034(T) were 35% and 29%, respectively. On the basis of polyphasic analysis from this study, strain Wo-34(T) represents a novel species of the genus Reyranella for which the name Reyranella graminifolii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Wo-34(T) ( = KACC 17605(T) = NBRC 109813(T)).

Chitinophaga ginsengihumi sp. nov., isolated from soil of ginseng rhizosphere.

A novel strain designated SR18(T) was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a ginseng in Korea. Cells were Gram-staining-negative, motile by gliding, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, non-spore-forming rods. The isolate grew aerobically at 15-45 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 5.5-7.5 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1.5% NaCl). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SR18(T) belongs to the genus Chitinophaga with sequence similarity of 97.2% and 97.0% to Chitinophaga japonensis 758(T) and Chitinophaga rupis CS5-B1(T), respectively. Similarity to other species of the genus Chitinophaga was 92.8-95.5%. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. Major fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0) and C(16 : 1)ω5c. The polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified phospholipids, unknown aminolipids and unknown lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 45.3 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain SR18(T) and C. japonensis NBRC 16041(T) was 29-32%. On the basis of polyphasic analysis from this study, strain SR18(T) represents a novel species of the genus Chitinophaga, for which the name Chitinophaga ginsengihumi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SR18(T) ( = KACC 17604(T) = NBRC 109832(T)).

Sphingomonas oligoaromativorans sp. nov., an oligotrophic bacterium isolated from a forest soil.

A halo- and organo-sensitive oligotrophic bacterium, designated strain SY-6T, was isolated from humus forest soil at Gyeryong mountain in Korea. Cells of the strain were Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile rods and the strain formed yellow-pigmented colonies on 100-fold-diluted nutrient broth. Strain SY-6T grew at pH 6.0-7.0 (optimal growth at pH 7.0), at 10-37 °C (optimal growth at 28 °C) and at salinities of 0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl, growing optimally at 0.01% (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain SY-6T was shown to belong to the genus Sphingomonas and showed the closest phylogenetic similarity to Sphingomonas polyaromaticivorans B2-7T (96.7%). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipid. The predominant ubiquinone and polyamine were Q-10 and sym-homospermidine, respectively. The major fatty acids were C18:1ω7c and C16:0. The DNA G+C content of the novel isolate was 65.3 mol%. On the basis of the evidence from this polyphasic study, strain SY-6T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas oligoaromativorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SY-6T (=KACC 12948T=NBRC 105508T).

Kocuria indica sp. nov., isolated from a sediment sample.

An actinobacterial strain was isolated from a sediment sample from Chorao Island, in Goa province, India, and subjected to a taxonomic investigation. The isolate, designated NIO-1021(T), was a Gram-stain positive, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid. Strain NIO-1021(T) was identified as a member of the genus Kocuria by a polyphasic approach. Strain NIO-1021(T) could be differentiated from other members of the genus Kocuria on the basis of physiology and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of strain NIO-1021(T) to the most closely related species, Kocuria marina KCTC 9943(T), was 98.6% with 19 nt differences). Furthermore, DNA-DNA hybridization analysis revealed that the novel strain had lower relatedness with the type strains of other members of the genus Kocuria. The strain formed a monophyletic clade with K. marina with 100% bootstrap values. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified lipids. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7(H2). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0 and anteiso-C17:0. The DNA G+C content of strain NIO-1021(T) was 60.5 mol%. Chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties of the strain were consistent with its classification as representing a member of the genus Kocuria. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotypic and molecular characteristics, strain NIO-1021(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Kocuria, for which the name Kocuria indica sp. nov. is proposed, with strain NIO-1021(T) ( = NCIM 5455(T) = DSM 25126(T) = CCTCC AB 2011129(T)) as the type strain.

Terriglobus tenax sp. nov., an exopolysaccharide-producing acidobacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of a medicinal plant.

An exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium, designated strain DRP 35(T), was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a medicinal herb, Angelica sinensis, at Geumsan in Korea. Cells were Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative short rods. The isolate grew aerobically from 15 to 45 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 3.5-7.0 (optimum pH 5.0) and in the presence of 0-1.0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain DRP 35(T) belongs to the genus Terriglobus in the phylum Acidobacteria with a sequence similarity of 97.2% and 97.0% to Terriglobus saanensis SP1PR4(T) and Terriglobus roseus KBS63(T), respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 62.1 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain DRP 35(T) and the type strains of the other species of the genus Terriglobus, T. saanensis SP1PR4(T) and T. roseus KBS63(T), were 24.6 and 17.2%, respectively. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8. Major fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0), C(16 : 1)ω7c and C(16 : 0). The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipid and unknown phospholipids. On the basis of polyphasic analysis from this study, strain DRP 35(T) represents a novel species of the genus Terriglobus for which the name Terriglobus tenax sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DRP 35(T) ( = KACC 16474(T) = NBRC 109677(T)).

Planifilum composti sp. nov., a thermophile isolated from compost.

Two thermophilic bacteria, designated strains P8(T) and P12, were isolated from compost in Korea. The isolates grew aerobically from 50 to 75 °C (optimum at 55 °C) and at pH 4.0-9.0 (optimum pH 6.5). Aerial mycelia were not observed. Single spores were produced along the substrate hypha. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. Major fatty acids were iso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an aminophospholipid and sphingoglycolipid. The DNA G+C contents were 55.9-56.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains P8(T) and P12 belonged to the genus Planifilum in the family Thermoactinomycetaceae with sequence similarities of 96.1-97.2 %. Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain P8(T) and the type strains of recognized species of the genus Planifilum ranged from 28.9 to 38.2 %. On the basis of data from the present polyphasic study, strains P8(T) and P12 are considered to represent a novel species of the genus Planifilum, for which the name Planifilum composti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P8(T) ( = KACC 16581(T) = NBRC 108858(T)).

Gracilibacillus bigeumensis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from solar saltern soil.

A Gram-staining-positive, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain BH097(T), was isolated from solar saltern soil of Bigeum Island in south-west Korea. Cells were motile rods, producing spherical endospores at a terminal position in swollen sporangia. Strain BH097(T) was strictly aerobic, grew at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 8.0), at 10-52 °C (optimum, 37 °C) and at salinities of 1-22% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 7% NaCl). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain BH097(T) was shown to belong to the genus Gracilibacillus within the phylum Firmicutes, and showed closest sequence similarity to Gracilibacillus saliphilus DSM 19802(T) (95.8%), Gracilibacillus thailandensis TP2-8(T) (95.6%), Gracilibacillus boraciitolerans DSM 17256(T) (95.5%), 'Gracilibacillus quinghaiensis' DSM 17858 (95.4%) and Gracilibacillus halophilus DSM 17856(T) (95.2%). The DNA G+C content of this novel isolate was 37.9 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids of strain BH097(T) were anteiso-C(15:0), iso-C(15:0) and C(16:0), and its polar lipid pattern consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol two unknown phospholipids and a glycolipid. The isoprenoid quinone was MK-7, and the peptidoglycan type was A1γ, with meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. On the basis of polyphasic evidence from this study, strain BH097(T) represents a novel species of the genus Gracilibacillus for which the name Gracilibacillus bigeumensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BH097(T) ( = KCTC 13130(T) = DSM 19028(T)).