Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Pouchitis: Clinical, Endoscopic, Histologic, and Microbiota Results from a Pilot Study.

AIMS: This pilot study assessed the efficacy, safety, and microbiome dynamics of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for patients with chronic pouchitis. METHODS: A prospective open-label pilot study was performed at an academic center among pouchitis patients undergoing FMT. Patients received a minimum of a single FMT by pouchoscopy from healthy, screened donors. The primary outcome was clinical improvement in pouchitis assessed by patient survey at week 4. Secondary outcomes included decrease in total Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (PDAI) Score ≥ 3 at week 4, bowel movement frequency, ESR, CRP, fecal calprotectin, abdominal pain, and PDAI subscores including endoscopic and histologic changes. Stool samples were collected at baseline and 4 weeks post-FMT to assess bacterial microbiota using V4 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were enrolled; however, 1 patient was lost to follow-up. No patients had a major adverse event or escalation of therapy related to FMT. Total PDAI scores, endoscopic scores, and histologic scores did not decrease significantly post-FMT. However, there was a statistically significant improvement in bowel movement (BM) frequency (9.25-7.25 BM/day, p = 0.03) and trend for improvement in abdominal pain to improve post-FMT (p = 0.05). Bacterial microbiota profiling revealed no distinct community-level changes post-FMT, though a small number of specific bacterial taxa significantly differed in relative abundance. CONCLUSIONS: A single FMT has a tolerable short-term safety profile and may be associated with a decrease in bowel movements in patients with chronic pouchitis; however, no robust endoscopic or histologic changes were observed.

Safety of dual biological therapy in Crohn's disease: a case series of vedolizumab in combination with other biologics.

Uncertainty exists regarding safety and efficacy of dual biological therapy (DBT) in inflammatory bowel disease. We present four cases of DBT in Crohn's disease. Three patients had refractory disease non-responsive to biological monotherapy or combination therapy with immunomodulators. One patient had concomitant ankylosing spondylitis. DBT was implemented by combining vedolizumab with an anti tumour necrosis antibody or with ustekinumab. DBT was well-tolerated, though two patients did experience self-limited infections. The efficacy of DBT remains unproven but it appears promising as three of the four patients achieved clinical remission. Our case series contributes insight into the safety of DBT that incorporates vedolizumab for future efficacy studies.

Liver transplantation recipients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis have lower risk hepatocellular carcinoma.

Liver transplantation (LT) is a well-established treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in carefully selected patients. Risk factors for tumors with poor prognostic features on explant have not been well described in a national cohort. We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult LT recipients with HCC transplanted from April 8, 2012 (when explant pathology in United Network for Organ Sharing [UNOS] became available) until September 30, 2014. We evaluated the association between listing diagnosis and other demographic factors with tumor features on explant using logistic regression. High-risk tumor features included the following: > 3 tumors, largest tumor > 5 cm, presence of vascular invasion, presence of metastases, and poor differentiation of tumor. In total, 3733 LT recipients with HCC who had complete explant data in UNOS were included. The median age was 60 years; 78% were male; and 68% were white. Of the primary non-HCC listing diagnoses, 2608 (70%) had hepatitis C virus (HCV); 271 (7%) had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); 246 (7%) had alcoholic cirrhosis; and 189 (5%) had hepatitis B virus. Also, 1140 (31%) had evidence of ≥ 1 high-risk explant feature(s). The presence of ≥ 1 high-risk explant feature(s) was associated with HCC recurrence after transplant (odds ratio [OR], 5.00; P < 0.001). Compared with HCV-associated HCC transplant recipients, individuals with NASH had lower likelihood of high-risk explant features (OR, 0.71; P = 0.02) after adjusting for covariables. Women were more likely to have high-risk explant features (OR, 1.23; P = 0.04). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was not associated with high-risk explant features. In conclusion, LT recipients with NASH-associated HCC had fewer high-risk tumor features on explant compared with HCV-associated HCC, despite having higher rates of DM and other potential risk factors for the development of HCC. Women had a higher likelihood of high-risk tumor features. Further study is warranted whether these differences are due to disease-specific or sex-specific influences on tumor biology or due to selection criteria for transplant. Liver Transplantation 23 1015-1022 2017 AASLD.

Enfermedades priónicas en el ser humano en Uruguay: registro de los últimos 25 años / Prion diseases in humans in Uruguay: a study of the last 25 years

Introducción: las enfermedades priónicas son enfermedades de carácter degenerativo del sistema nervioso central de curso progresivo y desenlace fatal que presentan largos períodos deincubación antes de manifestarse clínicamente siendo hoy de gran interés científico dado que responden a un modelo autorreplicante proteico sin intervención de ácidos nucleicos. Asimismo tienen un carácter simultáneo de aparición esporádico, hereditario e infectante. La aparición de la encefalopatía bovina espongiforme y su consecuencia en el ser humano, la variante de la enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jacob, subrayan la necesidadde un control epidemiológico estricto en la materia.Objetivo: describir la realidad de estas enfermedades en Uruguay en el período que media entre 1984 y 2009 inclusive.Material y método: se realizó una revisión descriptiva y retrospectivade casos clínicos de enfermedades priónicas diagnosticadas en nuestro país.Resultados: se lograron identificar 42 casos de enfermedad de Creutzfeldt-Jakob en Uruguay (8 formas hereditarias y 34 formas esporádicas). La tasa de incidencia estimada globalfue de 0,7 casos por millón de habitantes por año, considerandolas formas probables y definitivas.Conclusiones: en este trabajo se han detectado exclusivamente casos esporádicos y familiares de Creutzfeldt-Jacob, no se han detectado casos vinculados a la variante relacionadacon la encefalopatía espongiforme bovina, ni a otros tipos de enfermedades priónicas que afectan a los seres humanos. Dadas las características de la enfermedad y la distribución de neurólogos en todo el país, es posible realizar un relevamiento y una vigilancia epidemiológica bastante estricta deestas enfermedades en nuestro medio.

Introduction: prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerativedisorders that may result in death and are distinguished by long incubation periods before presenting a clinical manifestation. Today they are scientifically interesting since they follow a protein auto-replicant modelwithout the participation of nucleic acids.These diseases appear sporadically, they are hereditary and infectious as well. The appearance of bovinespongiform encephalopathy and its consequences on human beings and Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease variationsreinforce the need for a strict epidemiological control in the field.Objective: to describe the reality of these diseases in Uruguay from 1984 through 2009.Method: we conducted a retrospective, descriptive review of clinical cases of prion diseases diagnosed in our country.Results: we managed to identify 43 cases of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in Uruguay (8 hereditary forms and34 sporadic forms). Global incidence estimated rate was 0.7 cases per million inhabitants, considering both probableand definitive forms.Conclusions: we have exclusively identified sporadic and hereditary cases of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, we have not identified variations in connection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy or other kinds of prion diseases affecting human beings. Given the characteristics of the disease and the distribution of neurologists in the country enable a rather strict survey and epidemiological surveillance of thesediseases in our country.

Introdução: as doenças priônicas são enfermidades de caráter degenerativo do sistema nervoso central decurso progressivo y desenlace fatal que apresentam longos períodos de incubação antes de manifestar-seclinicamente sendo hoje de grande interesse científico, pois respondem a um modelo autorreplicante proteicosem intervenção de ácidos nucleicos. Têm ademais um caráter simultâneo de aparição esporádica, hereditária e infectante. O aparecimento da encefalopatia bovina espongiforme, a variante da doença de Creutzfeldt-Jacob e suas consequências nos seres humanos, destacam a necessidade de um controle epidemiológico estrito.Objetivo: descrever a realidade destas doenças no Uruguai no período 1984-2009 inclusive.Material e método: realizou-se uma revisão descritiva y retrospectiva de casos clínicos das doenças priônicasdiagnosticadas no nosso pais.Resultados: identificaram-se 42 casos de doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob no Uruguai (8 formas hereditárias e34 formas esporádicas).Ataxa de incidência global estimada foi de 0,7 casos por milhão de habitantes por ano,considerando as formas prováveis e definitivas.Conclusões: neste trabalho detectaram-se exclusivamente os casos esporádicos e familiares de Creutzfeldt-Jacob; não se identificaram casos vinculados à variante relacionada com a encefalopatia espongiforme bovina, nem a outros tipos de doenças priônicas que afetam a los seres humanos.Considerando as características desta patologia e a distribuição de neurologistas no país, é possível realizarum relevamento e uma vigilância epidemiológica bastante estrita de estas doenças no nosso meio.

Las encefalitis herpéticas: encefalitis producidas por la familia herpes / Herpetic encephalitis: encephalitis produced by the herpes family

La familia herpesviridae presenta seis virus neurotropos (herpes virus simpletipo 1 y 2, el varicela-zóster, citomegalovirus, herpes virus humano tipo 6 yel Epstein-Barr) que son conocidos por su capacidad de producir encefalitisen niños y adultos. La encefalitis producida por el herpes virus simple tipo 1es la mejor conocida, el resto guarda una serie de incógnitas relativas a susmanifestaciones clínicas, diagnósticas y terapéuticas no bien dilucidadashasta el momento. La aplicación de técnicas de biología molecular aplicadasal LCR han permitido una expansión del conocimiento en la materia. La actualrevisión pretende una puesta al día en la materia desde la literatura consultaday el pequeño aporte de nuestra experiencia, resaltando las similitudes ydiferencias entre estas encefalitis.

Meningitis y encefalitis víricas en Uruguay. Relevamiento mediante técnicas de reacción en cadena de polimerasa aplicadas al líquido cefalorraquídeo de los grupos herpes, enterovirus y arbovirus como principalesagentes etiológicos: a propósito de 59 casos / Meningitis and viral encephalitis in Uruguay. Survey through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on cerebrospinal fluid for herpesvirus, enterovirus and arbovirus as main etiological agents: 59 cases studied

Introducción: en nuestro país no existen trabajos sistemáticos relativos a la incidencia de virus que provoquen encefalitis y meningitis. Sí existen trabajos realizados en las décadas de1960 y 1970 sobre seroprevalencia de arbovirus y poliovirus. Mediante la técnica de reacción en cadena de polimerasa (PCR) aplicada al líquidocefalorraquídeo (LCR) hoy es posible realizar en un breve lapso de tiempo un diagnóstico de certeza sobre diversos agentes virales responsables de estas neurovirosis. Material y métodos: se exploró la incidencia de virus de la familia herpes, enterovirus y grupoarbovirus mediante técnicas de PCR aplicadas al LCR en pacientes VIH negativos. Resultados: este trabajo presenta a 59 pacientes VIH negativos que padecieron encefalitis ymeningitis de presumible etiología viral. Estos agentes son los responsables de la mayor cantidad de meningitis y encefalitis que suceden en nuestro continente. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico virológico final es posible realizarlo en más de la mitad de los casos presentados, predominando virus de la familia herpes tanto en niños como en adultos, no siendo despreciable la incidencia de enterovirus. No se detectó en este trabajo la presencia de arbovirus.

Introduction: in our country there are no systematic studies on the incidence of virus as a cause of encephalitis and meningitis. However, some studies on the seroprevalence of arbovirus and poliovirus were carried out in the sixties and seventies. Today, the polymerasechain reaction (PCR) applied to cerebrospinal fluid technique allows us to obtain accurate diagnosis within a short time, on the different viral agents that cause these neuroviroses.Method: we explored the incidence of virus from the herpesvirus, enterovirus and arbovirus group through PCRtechniques applied to HIV negative patients. Results: this study included 59 HIV negative patients who suffered from encephalitis and meningitis of viral etiology. These agents are responsible for most of the cases of meningitis and encephalitis in our continent.Conclusions: the final viral diagnosis may be obtained in over half of the cases presented. The herpesvirus is themost frequent both in children and in adults, being it significant the incidence of enterovirus. No arbovirus wereidentified in this study.

Introdução: no nosso país não existem estudos sistemáticos relativos à incidência de vírus que provoquemencefalites e meningites. Existem trabalhos realizados nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 sobre a soroprevalência dearbovírus e de poliovirus. Utilizando a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) é possível realizar, em pouco tempo, um diagnóstico de certeza sobre diversosagentes virais responsáveis por estas neuroviroses. Material e métodos: buscou-se determinar a incidênciade vírus das famílias herpes, enterovírus e grupo arbovírus pelas técnicas de PCR no LCR de pacientes VIH negativos.Resultados: este trabalho apresenta 59 pacientes VIH negativos que tiveram encefalite ou meningite com provável etiologia viral. Estes agentes são responsáveis pelo maior número de casos de meningite e encefalite nonosso continente. Conclusões: em mais da metade dos casos apresentadosfoi possível realizar o diagnóstico virológico final; registrou-se uma predominância dos vírus da família herpes tanto em crianças como em adultos sendo que a incidência de enterovírus não era desprezível. Não se detectou a presença de arbovirus.