Does the site of anastomosis for esophagectomy affect long-term quality of life?

Long-term survival after esophagectomy is improving, and hence, quality of life (QOL) of these patients has become a priority. There has been extensive debate regarding the optimal site of surgical anastomosis (cervical or intrathoracic). We aimed to evaluate the impact of anastomotic site on long-term QOL postesophagectomy. Quality of life questionnaires (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC] C-30 and OG-25) were sent to patients surviving over 3 years following esophagectomy. The data were analyzed by site of esophagogastric anastomosis: intrathoracic or cervical. EORTC C-30 data were compared against the reference population data. Of the patients, 62 responded (82%) with a median time postsurgery of 6.1 years (range 3-12 years). Patient demographics were comparable. There was no significant difference between cervical or intrathoracic anastomosis groups for functional or symptom scores, focusing on dysphagia (cervical = 8.8 vs. intrathoracic = 17.6, P = 0.24), odynophagia (cervical = 13.4 vs. intrathoracic = 16.1, P = 0.68) and swallowing problems (cervical = 8.1 vs. intrathoracic = 13.4, P = 0.32). There was no difference in overall health score between groups (cervical = 70.5 vs. intrathoracic = 71.6, P = 0.46). Overall general health score was comparable with the reference population (esophagectomy group P = 70.9 ± 22.1 vs. reference population = 71.2 ± 22.4, P = 0.93). There is no difference in long-term QOL after esophagectomy between patients with a cervical or intrathoracic anastomosis. Scores compare favorably with EORTC reference data. Survival after esophagectomy is associated with recovery of QOL in the long term, regardless of site of anastomosis and despite worse gastrointestinal-related symptoms.

Randomized clinical trial of fluid and salt restriction compared with a controlled liberal regimen in elective gastrointestinal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Excessive intravenous fluid prescription may play a causal role in postoperative complications following major gastrointestinal resectional surgery. The aim of this study was to investigate whether fluid and salt restriction would decrease postoperative complications compared with a more modern controlled liberal regimen. METHODS: In this observer-blinded single-site randomized clinical trial consecutive patients undergoing major gastrointestinal resectional surgery were randomized to receive either a liberal control fluid regimen or a restricted fluid and salt regimen. The primary outcome was postoperative complications of grade II and above (moderate to severe). RESULTS: Some 240 patients (194 colorectal resections and 46 oesophagogastric resections) were enrolled in the study; 121 patients were randomized to the restricted regimen and 119 to the control (liberal) regimen. During surgery the control group received a median (interquartile range) fluid volume of 2033 (1576-2500) ml and sodium input of 282 (213-339) mmol, compared with 1000 (690-1500) ml and 142 (93-218) mmol respectively in the restricted group. There was no significant difference in major complication rate between groups (38·0 and 39·0 per cent respectively). Median (range) hospital stay was 8 (3-101) days in the controls and 8 (range 3-76) days among those who received restricted fluids. There were four in-hospital deaths in the control group and two in the restricted group. Substantial differences in weight change, serum sodium, osmolality and urine : serum osmolality ratio were observed between the groups. CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in major complication rates, length of stay and in-hospital deaths when fluid restriction was used compared with a more liberal regimen. REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN39295230 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).

A prospective, randomized, single-blind trial of 5-mm versus 3-mm ports for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: is smaller better?

BACKGROUND: Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) is said to provide improved cosmesis with a reduction in postoperative pain, but SILC involves a change in operative technique. A single-blind, randomized controlled trial compared cosmetic outcomes and postoperative pain between 3- and 5-mm ports used for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS: For this study, 80 patients with symptomatic gallstones were recruited from a single center and randomized to a LC using either a 5-mm port and three 3-mm ports (group A) or a 10-mm port and three 5-mm ports (group B). Operative details; pain scores at 1 h, 6 h, and 1 week; and analgesia required during the first week were collected. Cosmetic outcome was assessed at 6 months using a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: For each group, 40 patients were recruited. The two groups were well matched except for sex. Group A had 11 males, and Group B had 4 males. The mean operative time was 49 ± 12 min (range, 24-120 min) in the 3-mm group versus 46 ± 19 min (range, 21-124 min) in the control group (p = 0.40). The two groups did not differ statistically in the day case rate. The pain scores in Group A were 2.5 ± 2.1 at 1 h, 3.2 ± 2.2 at 6 h, and 0.8 ± 2.2 at 1 week versus 4.2 ± 2.9 at 1 h, 3.3 ± 2.4 at 6 h, and 2.1 ± 2.4 at 1 week in Group B (p = 0.003, 0.63, and 0.002, respectively). No difference in the analgesia consumption was observed during the first postoperative week. The patients in Group A had significantly better cosmetic outcome scores at 6 months. CONCLUSION: The use of 3-mm ports is technically feasible in patients undergoing LC for gallstones. The operating times are comparable with those for conventional LC, whereas the pain scores are reduced, and the cosmetic outcome is better.

Systematic review: potential preventive effects of statins against oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) has risen dramatically in recent decades, and its prognosis remains extremely poor. There is emerging evidence that statins may prevent OAC. AIM: To systematically review both the experimental and epidemiological evidence to determine whether statins reduce the risk of developing OAC. METHODS: Relevant laboratory and epidemiological studies were identified by systematically searching the PUBMED and EMBASE electronic databases for data on statins and oesophageal cancer (OC). The evidence was assessed according to the nine Bradford Hill criteria (BHC) of causality. Pooled effect sizes (ES) were calculated for the risk of OC with prior statin use. RESULTS: Many of the BHC were supported including: 'plausible biological mechanisms', 'coherence', 'strong associations', 'consistency', 'biological gradient', 'analogy' and 'temporality'. Three experimental studies reported that statins inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and may limit metastatic potential in OAC cell lines. Fixed effects meta-analysis of two prospective studies in Barrett's oesophagus cohorts, involving 1382 participants, showed an ES of 0.53 (95% CI = 0.36-0.78, P = 0.001, I(2)  = 0%) for risk of OAC with prior statin use. Meta-analysis of three prospective studies in general population cohorts, involving 35 214 participants, showed an ES of 0.86 (95% CI = 0.78-0.94, P = 0.001, I(2)  = 0%) for risk of OC with prior statin use. The most important criterion, 'experiment', is as yet unfulfilled as to date there are no clinical trials which investigate this hypothesis. CONCLUSION: There is some evidence that statins may protect against the development of OAC, although to be conclusive, data from randomised clinical trials are required.

Poor outcome of oesophageal adenocarcinoma after prior antireflux surgery.

AIMS: Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is an important risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma, but abolishing reflux through surgery has not been shown to reduce this risk. The purpose of this study is to report on adenocarcinomas occurring after previous antireflux surgery and their long-term outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Six hundred and forty three patients underwent surgical resection in our unit for oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma between 2000 and 2009. Nine of these had antireflux surgery a median of 6.9 (mean of 9.3) years previously. Clinical and pathological characteristics and outcome (in terms of survival) are described for this patient group. The patients who had prior antireflux surgery were compared to matched control patients for disease free survival. RESULTS: Disease free survival in our antireflux patients was 25.1% as compared to 72.1% in controls at 3 years. (Log rank test p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have undergone antireflux surgery for chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease can develop adenocarcinoma and need to be monitored closely. The outcome following surgery appears greatly worse for patients with previous antireflux surgery than age/sex/stage/treatment matched controls in this small study.

Volume and outcome for major upper GI surgery in England.

BACKGROUND: The correlation between hospital or surgeon volume and outcome for complex surgical procedures has been the subject of several studies in recent years. In the UK, such studies have been used to strengthen the case for centralization of such procedures. The recent availability of easily accessible and fully independent data on hospital outcomes for surgical services in the UK has provided the opportunity to review any potential associations between volume and outcome in the UK. METHODS: Hospital Episode Statistic (HES) data were collected through Dr Foster for four different upper GI procedures (gastrectomy, esophagectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, and liver resection) for a 6-year period from 1999 to 2005. Data for each procedure were divided into volume-dependant quartiles to assess any differences in mortality outcome. RESULTS: Generally, mortality rates for all four procedures are lower than previously studies have suggested. A significant trend favoring high volume providers was noted for esophagectomy, with mortality rates varying from 7.8% to 4.0% for lowest to highest volume providers (p < 0.001). A similar but less clear-cut trend was noted for pancreaticoduodenectomy. There was no significant difference for gastric and liver resection between low- and high-volume providers. There was a 20% decrease in centers performing esophagectomy and 28% for centers performing pancreaticoduodenectomy. CONCLUSION: There is a volume outcome association for esophagectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy. There is no association for gastrectomy or hepatectomy.

Prospective randomized trial of laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy versus duodenal stenting for malignant gastric outflow obstruction.

BACKGROUND: We prospectively compared laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy with duodenal stenting as a means of palliating malignant gastric outflow obstruction. METHODS: A total of 27 patients with malignant gastric outflow obstruction were randomized to either laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy (LGJ) or duodenal stenting (DS) over a 3-year period. RESULTS: Thirteen patients underwent successful LGJ and 10 had successful DS. Eight patients had complications after LGJ, but none had complications after DS. Patients who underwent LGJ had a significant increase in visual analog pain score at day 1 (p = 0.05), and also had a longer hospital stay compared to those who underwent DS (11.4 vs. 5.2 days, p = 0.02). After DS, patients experienced an improvement in physical health at 1 month as measured using the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire (p < 0.01). There was no change following LGJ. CONCLUSION: Duodenal stenting is a safe means of palliating malignant gastric outflow obstruction. It offers significant advantages for patients compared with minimal-access surgery.

Endoscopy waiting times and impact of the two week wait scheme on diagnosis and outcome of upper gastrointestinal cancer.

The NHS has introduced the two week wait scheme to detect upper gastrointestinal cancers at an early stage and improve survival rates The aim of this study was to assess the impact of this scheme and changes in endoscopy waiting times on tumour stage and resection rates over a four year period. Data were analysed prospectively for all patients diagnosed with oesophagogastric cancer between September 1998 and September 2002 and from those referred under the two week wait scheme since its introduction in 2000. Of those tumours diagnosed by this scheme (15%) only 5% were early disease (stage 1 or 2). Patients with early cancer, mainly diagnosed by routine gastroscopy, do not present with symptoms meeting the two week wait criteria. An increase in the resection rates for early disease will most probably be seen with a reduction in routine endoscopy waiting times.

Laparoscopic resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are neoplasms with low malignant potential. They occur most commonly in the stomach, where they are amenable to laparoscopic resection. METHODS: A case note review of all patients undergoing laparoscopic resection of a presumed gastric GIST at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, United Kingdom, was conducted. RESULTS: Since September 1995, 30 patients have undergone this procedure. The patients had a mean age of 64.2 years (range, 31-87 years) and a mean weight of 74.1 kg (range, 44-104 kg). A presumptive diagnosis of GIST was made in all the cases based on the endoscopic and radiologic appearance of the lesion. Laparoscopic resection was completed successfully in 23 patients with a mean operating time of 73.8 min (range, 26-160 min). Seven procedures were converted to open surgery: three because the tumor was deemed too large for laparoscopic resection, two because the tumor could not be identified, one because of dense peritoneal adhesions, and one because of bleeding. The mean estimated blood loss was 196 ml (range, 0-1,000 ml), and the mean hospital stay was 5 days (ranges, 1-11 days). Pathologic analysis of the resected specimens showed 22 GISTs, 3 inflammatory fibroids, 2 submucosal lipomas, 1 submucosal varix, and 1 nest of heterotopic pancreatic tissue. D: uring a median follow-up period of 18 months (range, 2-101 months) there have been two cases of recurrence. In both cases, the tumor was catagorized as high risk for aggressive behavior after primary resection. CONCLUSION: Stapled laparoscopic resection is a safe and effective treatment option for nonmetastatic primary gastric GIST.

Stapled laparoscopic cystgastrostomy: a series with 15 cases.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to assess the clinical outcome of patients undergoing laparoscopic stapled cystgastrostomy for pancreatic pseudocysts in contact with the posterior wall of the stomach. METHODS: We performed a case note review of all patients who have undergone stapled laparoscopic cystgastrostomy in Norwich, UK. The cystgastrostomy was fashioned through an anterior gastrotomy using a vascular ETS stapling device in all cases. RESULTS: Fifteen patients have undergone stapled laparoscopic cystgastrostomy. The procedure was completed successfully in 12 patients. Three procedures were converted to open surgery for technical reasons. There were no complications due to bleeding from the cystgastrostomy. Early complications included systemic sepsis (one), bleeding gastric ulcer (one) and pseudocyst recurrence due to partial closure of the cystgastrostomy (two). No late recurrences or other complications have been found at a median follow-up of 37 months. CONCLUSION: Stapled laparoscopic cystgastrostomy is a safe and effective procedure for draining pancreatic pseudocysts in contact with the posterior wall of the stomach. The use of a hemostatic stapling device to fashion the cystgastrostomy may reduce the risk of catastrophic hemorrhage from the pseudocyst wall.

Attendance at a pain clinic with severe chronic pain after open and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to compare the frequency of severe chronic pain that required attendance at a pain clinic after open and laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 7999 patients who underwent inguinal hernia repair between January 1994 and December 2001. The definition of severe chronic pain was pain related to inguinal hernia surgery that was bad enough for the patient to seek further medical help and be referred to the specialist pain clinic after exclusion of surgically correctable pathology such as hernia recurrence. RESULTS: During the study there were 7153 open repairs and 846 laparoscopic repairs. Sixty-nine patients (1.0 per cent) were referred to the pain clinic a median of 16.9 (range 5.1-69.4) months after open hernia repair. Three patients (0.4 per cent) were referred a median of 16.5 (range 7.3-21.5) months after laparoscopic hernia repair (P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair was associated with a significantly lower frequency of attendance at the pain clinic with severe chronic pain.