Cuproptosis mediates copper-induced testicular spermatogenic cell death.

Cuproptosis, a novel mechanism of programmed cell death, has not been fully explored in the context of spermatogenic cells. This study investigated the potential involvement of cuproptosis in spermatogenic cell death using a mouse model of copper overload. Sixty male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into four groups that received daily oral gavage with sodium chloride (control) or copper sulfate (CuSO4) at 50 mg kg-1, 100 mg kg-1, or 200 mg kg-1, for 42 consecutive days. Mice subjected to copper overload exhibited a disruption in copper homeostasis. Additionally, significant upregulated expression of key cuproptosis factors was accompanied by a significant rise in the rates of testicular tissue cell apoptosis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of ferredoxin 1 (Fdx1) in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and spermatogenic cells at various stages of testicular development, and the Fdx1-positive staining area was significantly increased in copper-overloaded mice. Mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased adenosine triphosphate levels were also observed, further implicating mitochondrial damage under cuproptosis. Further analyses revealed pathological lesions and blood-testis barrier destruction in the testicular tissue, accompanied by decreased sperm concentration and motility, in copper-overloaded mice. In summary, our results indicate that copper-overloaded mice exhibit copper homeostasis disorder in the testicular tissue and that cuproptosis participates in spermatogenic cell death. These findings provide novel insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying spermatogenic cell death and provide initial experimental evidence for the occurrence of cuproptosis in the testis.

The 100 most-cited publications on Peyronie's disease: a bibliometric analysis and visualization study.

This study aimed to summarize the characteristics of the top 100 most-cited publications on Peyronie's disease (PD) research and to analyse past and current research hotspots and trends. The SCI-E database of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) provided us with the top 100 most-cited publications in PD research, from which we took the following information: general trend of publication, year of publication, nation/region, institution, journal, author, and keywords. VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) and Excel (version 2016) were used for information analysis. Through a standardized search, we ultimately found 1019 papers in the field of PD research, from which we extracted the 100 articles that had received the highest citations. The articles were published between 1949 and 2016. The United States is a major contributor to PD research (n = 67). The University of California, Los Angeles, was the institution with the largest number of articles (n = 11). These articles were published in 16 journals, with the largest number appearing in the Journal of Urology (n = 47). The author with the most articles was Levine LA (n = 9). Gelbard MK's articles had the highest citation frequency (n = 1158). Erectile dysfunction (n = 19) was the keyword with the highest frequency, indicating that PD-related erectile dysfunction was the leading focus of research in this field. Most of the keywords that have appeared in the past decade are related to the clinical treatment of PD. Therefore, we believe that improving patients' erectile function to the greatest extent in clinical treatment is the frontier and hot spot of future research.

The traditional Chinese medicine Qiangjing tablet prevents blood-testis barrier injury induced by CdCl2 through the PI3K/Akt/Rictor signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE: Environmental contaminants such as cadmium (Cd) may have a deleterious impact on sperm and reduce male fertility by compromising the blood-testis barrier (BTB). Hence, the effects of the traditional Chinese medicine Qiangjing tablet (QJP) on sperm quality and BTB alterations induced by Cd in mouse testes were examined. METHODS: Adult KM mice challenged with Cd chloride were examined, QJP was administered to mice as an oral drug by gavage, and the experiments lasted 2 weeks. Testicular and epididymal weights, sperm quality, anti-sperm antibodies (AsAb), hormone levels, and histology were evaluated. Changes in the levels of N-cadherin, occludin, ZO-1, claudin-11, F-actin, and ß-tubulin and their mRNAs were evaluated. The effects of QJP on the PI3K/Akt/Rictor pathway were evaluated. RESULTS: CdCl2 decreased reproductive organ weight, sperm quality, and testosterone (T) levels; increased AsAb, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels; induced structural damage in testicles with BTB disruption; increased BTB permeability; and decreased N-cadherin, occludin, ZO-1, claudin-11, F-actin, and ß-tubulin expression. After treatment, QJP blocked the effects of Cd on reproductive organ weight, sperm quality, and T; mitigated germinal epithelium compartment alterations; decreased AsAb, FSH, and LH levels; and preserved BTB ultrastructure and function. In addition, QJP induced increases in N-cadherin, occludin, ZO-1, claudin-11, F-actin, and ß-tubulin levels and the expression of their mRNAs through the PI3K/Akt/Rictor pathway. After the application of JRAB2011, the levels of a specific mTORC2 suppressor, Rictor, and the BTB-protective effect of QJP were greatly reduced. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated the effect of QJP against Cd-induced damage to the BTB, and the results indicate that QJP may play a significant role in opposing the effects of Cd through the PI3K/Akt/Rictor pathway.

[Inhibitory effect of Qiangjing Tablets on the secretion of IL-1ß and TNF-ɑ from mouse Sertoli cells: A study based on the microenvironment of spermatogenesis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Qiangjing Tablets (QJT) on the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and TNF-ɑ from Sertoli cells in infertile mice based on the microenvironment of spermatogenesis. METHODS: We isolated and cultured mouse Sertoli cells, established the model of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection in the cells, and treated the cells with QJT at the concentrations of 2.5%, 5% and 10% in the serum. After modeling, we determined the contents of IL-1ß and TNF-ɑ in the supernatant of the cells by ELISA and examined the effect of QJT on the secretion of the inflammatory factors from the Sertoli cells by analyzing the dose-effect and time-effect relationships of the drug. RESULTS: In comparison with the blank control, the UU-infected Sertoli cells showed significantly increased secretion of IL-1ß and TNF-ɑ (P < 0.05), the former reaching the peak value in 12 hours and the latter in 24 hours, followed by a downward trend. The secretion of IL-1ß was remarkably inhibited in the 5% and 10% QJT groups (P < 0.05) and that of TNF- ɑ in the 10% QJT group compared with those in the UU infection model group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The secretion of IL-1ß and TNF-ɑ is significantly increased in the UU-infected Sertoli cells, and that of IL-1ß negatively correlated with time. QJT-containing serum can inhibit the secretion of IL-1ß and TNF-ɑ from Sertoli cells, and the inhibitory effect of IL-1 ß is most significant at 5% and 10% and that of TNF- ɑ at 10%.

Effects of BAP1, Ki-67 index, and Id-1 in patients with clear cell renal carcinoma and their correlation with clinical features and prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Clear cell renal carcinoma (CCRCC) is a multigene-related tumor. The aim of the present study was to analyze the expression of breast cancer 1-associated protein 1 (BAP1), Ki-67, and inhibitor of differentiation-1 (Id-1) in CCRCC patients and their correlation with clinical features and prognosis. METHODS: A total of 45 CCRCC patients who were diagnosed and treated at our hospital from January 2016 to January 2018 were included in the present study. BAP1, Ki-67, and Id-1 protein expression in the CCRCC tissue group and adjacent mucosa group was compared. The correlation between BAP1, Ki-67, and Id-1 proteins, and the clinical characteristics and the prognosis of CCRCC patients, were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors that affect the prognosis of CCRCC patients. RESULTS: The negative rate of BAP1 in the CCRCC group was higher than that in the adjacent mucosa group. There were more patients with a Ki-67 index >10 and a higher Id-1-positive rate in the CCRCC tissue group. BAP-1, Ki-67 index, and Id-1 protein expression were not correlated with age, sex, surgical method, microscopic necrosis, and degree of sarcomatoid characteristics of CCRCC patients (P>0.05), but were related to tumor diameter, pathological stage, TNM stage, and World Health Organization (WHO)/Internal Society of Urologic Pathology (ISUP) grade. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the average survival time of the BAP1-negative group, Ki-67 index >10 group, and Id-1 protein-positive group was shorter than that of the BAP1-positive group, Ki-67 index ≤10 group, and Id-1 protein-negative group, respectively. Pathological staging, WHO/ISUP classification, negative BAP1, Ki-67 index >10, and positive Id-1 protein were independent risk factors affecting CCRCC patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of BAP1 in CCRCC patients decreased, and the expression of Ki-67 and Id-1 protein increased. Abnormal expression levels of BAP1, Ki-67, and Id-1 proteins were involved in the occurrence and development of CCRCC, and closely related to the prognosis of patients. These can be used as molecular markers for predicting the prognosis of CCRCC patients and as potential targets for tumor treatment.

Efficacy of microsurgical varicocelectomy in the treatment of premature ejaculation: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common type of sexual disorder among men which comprises a great of problems. Varicocele is defined as the dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus draining the testicle. At present, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressants, topical anesthetics, tramadol, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are the common alternative strategy to improve PE. However, these therapeutic measures have several shortcomings and side effects. Recently, the correlation between varicocele and PE has attracted the attention of some researchers. A few studies consider microsurgical varicocelectomy can be a new remedy for PE. But it is still absent enough a great deal of convincing evidence. The study will assess the effectiveness and safety of the microsurgical varicocelectomy treatment in PE patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Electronic databases including English databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) and Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine Database, Wanfang Database, VIP Database) will be searched from their inception to December 2020 to recognize related studies. All the randomized controlled trials of microsurgical varicocelectomy for the management of PE patients will be included. The potential outcome will include intravaginal ejaculation latency time, Chinese index of sexual function for premature ejaculation-5, visual analogue score, premature ejaculation diagnostic tool, success treatment rate, serum testosterone levels. We will conduct this study strictly according to the Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. RESULTS: The current study is a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis without results, and data analysis will be carried out after the protocol. We will share our findings in the February 28, 2021. CONCLUSION: This systematic review will provide more evidence to assess whether microsurgical varicocelectomy is an effective intervention for patients with PE. The results will be published in a public issue journal and offer the urologists and andrologists help to make clinical decisions. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Formal ethical approval is not required in this protocol. We will collect and analyze data based on published studies, and since there are no patients involved in this study, individual privacy will not be under concerns. The results of this review will be disseminated to peer-reviewed journals or submit to related conferences. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER: INPLASY202060058.

Association of 17q24 rs1859962 gene polymorphism with prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Recently, several genome-wide association studies have demonstrated a cumulative association of 17q24 rs1859962 gene variants with prostate cancer (PCa) risk, but conflicting results on this issue have been reported. Hence, we performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the association between 17q24 rs1859962 gene and PCa risk. METHODS: Systematic literature searches were conducted with PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct/Elsevier, CNKI, and the Cochrane Library up to January 2019 for studies focusing on the association of 17q24 rs1859962 gene polymorphism with PCa risk. Meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager and stata software. Combined OR were identified with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) in a random or fixed effects model. RESULTS: Eight studies were identified, including 7863 cases of PCa patients and 17122 normal controls. Our results revealed significant associations between the 17q24 rs1859962 gene polymorphism and PCa in all genetic models (P < 0.05). The combined odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were as follows: Additive model (odds ratios [ORs] 1.44, 95%, confidence interval [CI] [1.32, 1.57]); Codominant model (ORs 1.22, 95% CI [1.08, 1.39]); Dominant model (ORs 1.25, 95%, CI [1.17, 1.34]); recessive model (ORs 1.27, 95% CI [1.18, 1.36]); allele model (ORs 1.32, 95% CI [1.12, 1.55]). CONCLUSION: The present study supports the proposed association between the 17q24 gene rs1859962 and PCa progression. Specifically, this polymorphism is suggested to be a risk factor of PCa. However, studies with larger sample sizes are needed to better illuminate the correlation between 17q24 rs1859962 gene polymorphism and PCa.

Daucosterol induces autophagic-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer via JNK activation.

Plant sterols (phytosterols) have been widely accepted as a natural anti-cancer agent in multiple malignant tumors. This study was designed to investigate the functions of daucosterol in prostate cancer progression and its possible molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that daucosterol inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest. Moreover, daucosterol treatment obviously promoted apoptosis and autophagy. An autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was proved to counteract daucosterol-triggered autophagy, growth inhibition, and apoptosis, indicating that daucosterol-induced apoptotic response was dependent on autophagy. Additionally, treatment with daucosterol resulted in increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Furthermore, pre-treatment with a JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 abated daucosterol-elicited autophagy and apoptotic cell death. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that daucosterol blocked prostate cancer growth at least partly through inducing autophagic-dependent apoptosis via activating JNK signaling, providing a promising candidate for the development of antitumor drugs in prostate cancer treatment.

Early Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients using Strain and Strain Rate Imaging / Avaliação Precoce da Função Ventricular Direita em Pacientes com Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico pelo Strain e Strain Rate

Abstract Background: Right ventricular function is a crucial factor of the prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Objectives: To evaluate the right ventricular function in SLE patients with different degrees of pulmonary hypertension (PH) by strain and strain rate imaging. Methods: A total of 102 SLE patients and 30 healthy volunteers were studied between October 2015 and May 2016. Patients were divided into three groups according to pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) estimated by echocardiography: group control (A); PASP ≤ 30 mmHg (group B, n = 37); PASP 30-50 mmHg (mild PH; group C, n = 34); and PASP ≥ 50 mmHg (moderate-to-severe PH; group D, n = 31). Longitudinal peak systolic strain (ε) and strain rate (SR), including systolic strain rate (SRs), early diastolic strain rate (SRe) and late diastolic strain rate (SRa) were measured in the basal, middle and apical segments of the right ventricular free wall in participants by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) from the apical four-chamber view. A p < 0.05 was set for statistical significance. Results: The parameters of ε, SRs, SRe, and SRa were significantly decreased in groups C and D compared with groups A and B. The ε of each segments was significantly lower in group D than in group C, while there were no differences in SRs, SRe and SRa between groups C and D. Conclusions: Strain and strain rate imaging could early detect the right ventricular dysfunction in SLE patients with PH, and provide important value for clinical therapy and prognosis of these patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Resumo Fundamento: A função ventricular direita é fator crucial do prognóstico do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). Objetivos: Avaliar a função ventricular direita em pacientes com LES e diferentes graus de hipertensão pulmonar (HP) por avaliação do strain e do strain rate. Métodos: Um total de 102 pacientes com LES e 30 voluntários sadios foram estudados entre outubro de 2015 e maio de 2016. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) estimada por ecocardiografia: grupo controle (A); PSAP ≤ 30 mmHg (grupo B, n = 37); PSAP 30-50 mmHg (HP leve; grupo C, n = 34); e PSAP ≥ 50 mmHg (HP moderada a grave; grupo D, n = 31). Foram medidos, nos segmentos basal, medial e apical da parede livre do ventrículo direito, o pico sistólico longitudinal (ε) e o strain rate (SR), incluindo o SR sistólico (SRs), o SR diastólico precoce (SRp) e o SR diastólico tardio (SRt) pela técnica de ecocardiografia bidimensional com rastreamento de "pontos" (two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, 2D-STE) pela visualização apical de quatro câmaras. Um p < 0,05 foi adotado como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Os parâmetros ε, SRs, SRp e SRt foram significativamente menores nos grupos C e D em comparação aos grupos A e B. O ε de cada segmento foi significativamente menor no grupo D que no grupo C, ao passo que não houve diferença no SRs, SRp ou SRt entre os grupos C e D. Conclusões: O strain e o SR obtidos por 2D-STE puderam detectar precocemente disfunção ventricular direita em pacientes com LES e HP, contribuindo para o tratamento clínico e prognóstico desses pacientes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Carotid artery stiffness evaluated early by wave intensity in normal left ventricular function in post-radiotherapy patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: This study aims to assess carotid elasticity early in normal left ventricular function in post-radiotherapy patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by wave intensity. METHODS: Sixty-seven post-radiotherapy patients all with normal left ventricular function were classified into group NPC1 and group NPC2 based on their carotid intima-media thickness. Thirty age- and sex-matched NPC patients without any history of irradiation and chemotherapy were included as a control group. Carotid parameters, including stiffness constant (ß), pressure-strain elastic modulus (Ep), arterial compliance (AC), stiffness constant pulse wave velocity (PWVß), and wave intensity pulse wave velocity (PWVWI) were measured. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in conventional echocardiographic variables among the three groups. In comparison with the control group, ß, Ep, PWVß, and PWVWI were significantly increased, while AC was significantly decreased in the NPC1 and NPC2 groups, and there were differences between the NPC1 group and NPC2 group (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggested that carotid artery stiffness increased with reduced carotid compliance in post-RT with NPC.

Early assessment of the left ventricular function by epirubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in postoperative breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Epirubicin (Epi) is a potent and effective drug for many malignant cancers with serious cardiotoxicity. Therefore, layer-specific two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) was used to evaluate the longitudinal and circumferential systolic function of the left ventricular for the early detection of cardiotoxicity in this retrospective work. METHODS: Overall, 130 female patients with postoperative breast cancer who did not receive radiotherapy were classified into three groups: Group A (control group, n = 40) without any chemotherapy; Group B (n = 44) administered Epi at 180 ~ 240 mg/m2 ; and Group C (n = 46) administered Epi at ≥360 mg/m2 . Peak and global systolic longitudinal strains (GLS) in the total and endocardium, mid-myocardium, and epicardium were measured and calculated from apical four-chamber, apical two-chamber, and left ventricular long-axis views, respectively. Peak and global circumferential strains (GCS) in the total and endocardium, mid-myocardium, and epicardium were measured and calculated from mitral annulus, papillary muscle, and apical levels of the short-axis view, respectively. RESULTS: The total GLS and GLS of the endocardium in every view were significantly reduced in group C compared with both groups A and B (P < .05), but there was no significant difference between groups A and B (P > .05). The GLS of the epicardium and mid-myocardium in groups B and C were not significantly reduced (P > .05). There were no significant differences in the total GCS and layer-specific GCS of endocardium, mid-myocardium, and epicardium among the three groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular longitudinal systolic dysfunction was detected. Moreover, an impaired endocardium was also detected in an early assessment by layer-specific 2DSTE.

Assessment of left ventricular systolic function in patients with iron deficiency anemia by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate left ventricular (LV) systolic function in patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) by 3 dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE). METHODS: Participants were grouped by hemoglobin (Hb) levels in order to study the effect of anemia on cardiac function. Group A included 40 healthy volunteers. Eighty-three patients who were diagnosed with IDA were divided into 2 groups according to the Hb level. Group B (Hb 9 g/dL) included 44 patients, while group C (Hb 6-9 g/dL) included 39 patients. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular endsystolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were calculated by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3D). Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS), global area strain (GAS), global radial strain (GRS), and global circumferential strain (GCS) were obtained by 3DSTE. RESULTS: LVMI, LVEDV and LVESV of group C increased and GCS, GRS, GLS, and GAS of group C decreased compared with those of groups A and B (all p<0.05). GAS and GLS decreased significantly compared with other parameters (both p<0.01). CONCLUSION: LV remodeling and LV systolic dysfunction occurred in patients when the hemoglobin level was in the range of 6-9 g/dL. 3DSTE can evaluate LV systolic function in patients with IDA, and GAS and GLS are more sensitive than other parameters.

[Qilan Capsules plus androgen-deprivation therapy for Qi-deficiency blood-stasis type of prostate cancer after castration].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the synergistic effect of Qilan Capsules in the treatment of the patient with Qi-deficiency blood-stasis type of prostate cancer receiving androgen-deprivation therapy after castration. METHODS: This randomized controlled double-blind study included 246 cases of Qi-deficiency blood-stasis type of prostate cancer after castration, which were randomly divided into an experiment and a control group of equal number to be treated with Qilan Capsules + androgen-deprivation and placebo + androgen-deprivation, respectively. After 6 months of treatment, we compared the International Prostate Symptoms Scores (IPSS), TCM Symptoms Scores (TCMSS), maximal urine flow rate (Qmax), and the level of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) between the two groups of patients. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed between the experiment and control groups in the syndrome classification-based efficacy (87.7% vs 67.9%, P <0.05) and total effectiveness rate (86.0% vs 71.6%, P <0.05). Compared with the baseline, the experiment group showed remarkable improvement after treatment in TCMSS (17.1±5.1 vs 8.3±4.0, P <0.05), IPSS (17.7±7.5 vs 11.4±4.6, P <0.05), and Qmax (ï¼»10.9±4.3ï¼½ ml/s vs ï¼»14.7±3.7ï¼½ ml/s, P <0.05), and so did the control group (16.8±5.2 vs 11.5±5.2, 17.8±6.7 vs 14.6±5.8, and ï¼»11.0±4.3ï¼½ ml/s vs ï¼»12.0±4.1ï¼½ ml/s, P <0.05). The above three parameters were even more markedly improved in the former than in the latter group (P <0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the improvement of the PSA level after treatment (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Qilan Capsules can significantly enhance the effect of androgen-deprivation therapy in the treatment of Qi-deficiency blood-stasis type of prostate cancer after castration though cannot obviously improve the PSA level.

Evaluation of left atrial function in patients with iron-deficiency anemia by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is a global health problem and a common medical condition that can be seen in everyday clinical practice. And two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) has been reported very useful in evaluating left atrial (LA) function, as well as left ventricular (LV) function. The aim of our study is to evaluate the LA function in patients with IDA by 2D-STE. METHODS: 65 patients with IDA were selected. This group of patients was then divided into two groups according to the degree of hemoglobin: group B (Hb > 90 g/L) and group C (Hb60 ~ 90 g/L). Another 30 healthy people were also selected as control group A. Conventional echocardiography parameters, such as left atrial diameter (LAD), peak E and A of mitralis (E, A), E/A, end-diastolic thickness of ventricular septum (IVST d), end-diastolic thickness of LV posterior wall (PWTd) and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVDd) were obtained from these three groups. Left atrial minimum volume (LAVmin), left atrial pre-atrial contraction volume (LAVp) and left atrial maximum volume (LAVmax) were measured by Simpson's rule, whereas left atrial active ejection fraction (LAAEF) and left atrial passive ejection fraction (LAPEF) were obtained from calculation. Two-dimensional images were acquired from apical four-chamber view and two-chamber view to store images for offline analysis. The global peak atrial longitudinal strain and strain rate of systolic LV (GLSs, GLSRs) as well as early and late diastolic LV strain rate (GLSRe, GLSRa) curves of LA were acquired in each LA segment from basal segment to top segment of LA by 2D-STE. RESULTS: Compared with group A, there were no differences between group B and group A (all P > 0.05). The LAAEF and GLSRa were significantly higher in group C compared with those of group A and group B (all P < 0.01). The LAPEF, GLSs, GLSRs and GLSRe were significantly lower in group C compared with those of group A and group B (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: 2D-STE could evaluate the LA function in patients with IDA.