The presence probability of mandibular lingla and antilingula.

PURPOSE: The lingula and antilingula are crucial surgical landmarks for mandibular setback surgery. The purpose of study was to investigate the correlation of presence probability between lingual and antilingula. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 180 cone-beam computed tomography sides were collected from 90 patients. The probability of absence of the lingula and antilingula was recorded with respect to the gender, mandible (unilateral and bilateral), and skeletal patterns (Class I, II, III); in addition, the correlations between these variables were analysed. RESULTS: Of the 180 sides, 9 sides showed the absence of the lingula (5%) and 34 sides showed the absence of the antilingula (18.9%). Pearson's test revealed that the presence of the lingula and antilingula differed nonsignificantly with respect to gender and skeletal patterns, respectively. The bilateral presence of the lingula was observed in 16 sides (91.1%), and that of the antilingula was observed in 122 sides (67.8%). Pearson's test verified a significant correlation between the presence of the left and right lingula (P<0.05). By contrast, gender and skeletal patterns were nonsignificantly correlated with the presence of the lingula and antilingula. The presence of the lingula was also nonsignificantly correlated with that of the antilingula. CONCLUSION: Gender and skeletal patterns were nonsignificantly correlated with the presence of the lingula and antilingula, respectively. The presence of the lingula was also nonsignificantly correlated with that of the antilingula. Consequently, lingula and antilingula cannot serve as the absolute standards for mandibular setback surgery.

A meta-analysis and systematic review of prophylactic endoscopic treatments for postpolypectomy bleeding.

PURPOSE: The aim of this meta-analysis and systematic review was to determine whether bleeding prophylaxis benefits patients after colonoscopic polypectomy. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed to find prospective randomized controlled trials of postpolypectomy hemorrhage prophylaxis. Studies were selected according to specific criteria and analyzed to generate pooled data. RESULTS: Eight studies encompassing 2,595 polyps met the criteria for the meta-analysis. The rate of early bleeding was significantly decreased relative to the control when a single prophylactic technique was used [2.58% vs. 8.15%, OR = 0.34 (95% CI, 0.20-0.58), P < 0.0001]. The use of multiple prophylactic techniques resulted in a lower early postpolypectomy hemorrhage rate compared with the use of a single prophylactic technique [0% vs. 8.41%, OR = 0.12 (95% CI, 0.03-0.47), P = 0.002]. The late bleeding rate did not differ significantly between the monotherapy and control groups [0.61% vs. 1.39%, OR = 0.37 (95% CI, 0.11-1.28), P = 0.12], and the use of combined preventative techniques did not significantly decrease the late postpolypectomy bleeding (PPB) rate compared with use of a single prophylactic method [1.43% vs. 2.05%, OR = 0.70 (95% CI, 0.32-1.55), P = 0.38]. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic endoscopic treatments are effective at reducing early PPB after colonoscopic polypectomy. However, patients with late PPB may not benefit from bleeding prophylaxis.

Life events, frontal electroencephalogram laterality, and functional immune status after acute psychological stressors in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Past studies have found that environmental stress affects cellular immune function and that extensive variability exists in the magnitude and direction of stress-induced immune changes. Past research also suggests that individuals with greater right, relative to left, resting frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) activation perceive environmental stress as more aversive and have lower baseline cellular immune function. In this study, we examined environmental stressors, resting frontal EEG laterality, and immune responses to short-term psychological stressors in adolescent boys. METHODS: A sample of twenty-four 14-16 year old right-handed boys underwent a recording of resting EEG and collections of blood taken before and after a laboratory protocol designed to induce psychological stress. Blood samples were used to measure changes in mitogen lymphoproliferative responses, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and T-cell phenotypic subsets. Life events were measured using self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: Life events and frontal laterality showed a first order interaction in predicting changes in lymphocyte proliferation to tetanus toxoid (R2 increment = .26, p < .01) and pokeweed mitogen (R2 increment = .25, p < .02). The interaction also predicted changes in NK activity (R2 increment = .24, p < .02). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in lymphocyte proliferation and NK activity were associated with negative life events only among individuals with greater left frontal cortical activation. Our results suggest that recent psychosocial stress and individual differences in resting frontal cortical activation are together linked to immunologic responses to acute psychological stressors.

[Studies of midazolam, diazepam and thiopentone on respiratory and cardiovascular function during induction anesthesia].

In this study, the effects of midazolam (M), diazepam (D) and thiopentone (T) on respiratory and cardiovascular systems were compared. The patients were randomly divided into 6 groups, besides minute ventilatory volume (MV), onset of induction and cardiovascular changes were also observed. Induction was performed by a bolus injection of one of the following: midazolam (0.3 mg/kg), diazepam (0.3 mg/kg) or thiopentone (5 mg/kg). Five minutes later, 5 micrograms/kg fentanyl and 1.5-2.0 mg/kg succinylcholine were administered. The results showed that: (1) Inhibitory effect on MV was not prominent and similar after use of midazolam and diazepam but was remarkable after thiopental; (2) As for the onset, midazolam was faster than diazepam but slower than thiopentone; (3) Hemodynamic changes of midazolam, diazepam and thiopentone were similar, however during intubation, cardiovascular response was the least in midazolam, diazepam the intermediate and thiopentone the most significant. We conclude that midazolam is a water-soluble, safe and effective inductive anesthetic with its short eliminated half-life period, and much lesser venous irritation, and it is certainly superior to both diazepam and thiopentone.