Molecular interaction between pectin and catechin/procyanidin in simulative juice model: Insights from spectroscopic, morphology, and antioxidant activity.

The interactions between polysaccharides and phenolics in foods affect their physicochemical properties and bioactivity. Pectin and catechin/procyanidin present in plants ubiquitously and attracting more attentions for the potential health benefits. This work investigates the interactions between high methoxyl pectin and catechin/procyanidin in a simulative juice model using multiple microscopic and spectroscopic approaches and their influences on the antioxidant activity of phenolics were evaluated in the Caco-2 cells model. The results showed that pectin with either of phenolic compunds exhibited lower transmittance, zeta potential, viscosity, and larger particle size than it alone. The morphology of pectin complexes with either of phenolics under experimental conditions (pH = 3.5) was observed. The ΔH° (-6.821 kJ mol-1 ) and ΔS° (6.357×10-2  kJ mol-1 ) indicated that pectin interacts with procyanidin via electrostatic interaction, whereas hydrophobic interaction was the dominant drive force between pectin and catechin (ΔH° = 1.422 kJ mol-1 ; ΔS° = 13.048 × 10-2  kJ mol-1 ). The antioxidant activities of catechin/procyanidin decreased while binding with pectin based on indexes of glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The findings of this work indicated that the physicochemical property of pectin and the antioxidant activity of catechin/procyanidin were influenced by the interactions between pectin and catechin/procyanidin in a simulative food system. This study provides insights into the molecular interactions between pectin and phenolics in a simulative food system.

Cyanidin-3-o-glucoside liposome: Preparation via a green method and antioxidant activity in GES-1 cells.

Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) liposomes was used to improve the stability and antioxidant activity of C3G through a green thin-film dispersion method. The characteristics, stability and the effect of C3G liposomes on GES-1 cells were explored. Results showed that the particle size and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of C3G liposomes were 258.9 ±â€¯5.06 nm and 77.5%, respectively. DPPH assay showed that liposomes encapsulation can improve the antioxidant of C3G, while the ABTS assay was opposite. Stability study showed the C3G liposome were unstable under extended storage time. The effects of C3G liposomes on GES-1 cells showed that C3G liposomes can decrease the ROS levels of GES-1 and had negligible effects on cell viability and mitochondrial structure. These findings suggested that liposomes could be used as a carrier system to improve the stability of C3G.

Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Biological Functions of Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides: A Review.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs), as bioactive compounds extracted from L. barbarum L. fruit, have been widely explored for their potential health properties. The extraction and structural characterization methods of LBPs were reviewed to accurately understand the extraction method and structural and biological functions of LBPs. An overview of the biological functions of LBPs, such as antioxidant function, antitumor activity, neuroprotective effects, immune regulating function, and other functions, were summarized. This review provides an overview of LBPs and a theoretical basis for further studying and extending the applications of LBPs in the fields of medicine and food.

Black rice anthocyanins embedded in self-assembled chitosan/chondroitin sulfate nanoparticles enhance apoptosis in HCT-116 cells.

Self-assembled nanoparticles using the biopolymers chitosan (CH) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) were developed to improve the biological activity of anthocyanin (ACN). The 86.32 ±â€¯0.15% (w/w) of ACN was incorporated into ACN/CH/CS nanoparticles, with the particle size of 350.1 ±â€¯0.99 nm in diameter (i.d.) and 42.55 ±â€¯0.54 in zeta potential (mV). Morphological study and thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the ACN/CH/CS nanoparticles exhibited heterogeneous morphology and high thermal stability. Significant increases in apoptosis by 12.1% and 35.1% were observed with 0.05 mg/ml ACN and ACN/CH/CS nanoparticles in the HCT-116 cell line, indicating that the nanoparticle system led to significant increase in apoptosis (p < 0.05). Structural changes in mitochondria caused by ACN/CH/CS nanoparticles indicated that the nanoparticles had negative impacts on mitochondria. These results showed that nanoparticles could potentially be used as a carrier system to improve the efficacy of ACN.

Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities of Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside (C3G) Liposome in Caco-2 Cells Cultivated in 2D and 3D Cell Culture Models.

The aim of this study was to obtain adequate and detailed information about the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of C3G and C3G liposomes in different cell culture models. The Caco-2 cells were cultured in 2D and 3D cell culture models, the H2 O2 was used to construct the cell damage model and then the cells treated with C3G and C3G liposomes. The antioxidant activity and antiproliferative activities of C3G liposomes on Caco-2 cells were investigated. We observed the morphology of cells and measured the cell viability, the activity of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Caco-2 cells treated with H2 O2 , C3G, and C3G liposomes. The results showed that the Caco-2 cells cultured in the 3D culture model formed a 3D structure and tight spheroids and showed the increase of cell activity in 3D cell culture model, compared with the 2D cell culture model. The C3G and C3G liposomes can enhance the activities of GSH, SOD, and T-AOC but decrease the MDA content after H2 O2 treatment, while the changes were different in 2D and 3D cells culture models. This study revealed that the results obtained from the 2D cell model may be inaccurate compared with the results obtained from the 3D cell model. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results of this study showed that the results obtained from the 2D cell model may be inaccurate compared with the results obtained from the 3D cell model. Our work provides a method for evaluating antioxidant activity of C3G liposomes in different cell models and provided certain theoretical basis for the follow-up research.

Optimization of Conditions for Cyanidin-3-OGlucoside (C3G) Nanoliposome Production by Response Surface Methodology and Cellular Uptake Studies in Caco-2 Cells.

We aimed to optimize the formulation of C3G nanoliposomes using response surface methodology. Additionally, we evaluated the stability, particle change, and encapsulation efficiency (EE) of C3G nanoliposomes under different temperatures and storage durations, as well as in simulated gastrointestinal juice (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluid. The morphology of C3G nanoliposomes was observed by transmission electron microscope. The ability of C3G nanoliposomes to affect cancer cell morphology and inhibit cancer cell proliferation was studied with Caco-2 cells. Reverse-phase evaporation method is a simple and efficient method for liposome preparation. The optimal preparation conditions for this method were as follows: C3G concentration of 0.17 mg/mL, phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol ratio of 2.87, and rotary evaporation temperature of 41.41 °C. At optimal conditions, the particle size and EE of the C3G nanoliposomes were 165.78 ± 4.3 nm and 70.43% ± 1.95%, respectively. The C3G nanoliposomes showed an acceptable stability in SGF at 37 °C for 4 h, but were unstable under extended storage durations and high temperatures. Moreover, our results showed that different concentrations of C3G nanoliposomes affected the morphology and inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 cells.