Surgical restabilization reduces the progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis initiated by ACL rupture in mice.

OBJECTIVE: People who sustain joint injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture often develop post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). In human patients, ACL injuries are often treated with ACL reconstruction. However, it is still unclear how effective joint restabilization is for reducing the progression of PTOA. The goal of this study was to determine how surgical restabilization of a mouse knee joint following non-invasive ACL injury affects PTOA progression. DESIGN: In this study, 187 mice were subjected to non-invasive ACL injury or no injury. After injury, mice underwent restabilization surgery, sham surgery, or no surgery. Mice were then euthanized on day 14 or day 49 after injury/surgery. Functional analyses were performed at multiple time points to assess voluntary movement, gait, and pain. Knees were analyzed ex vivo with micro-computed tomography, RT-PCR, and whole-joint histology to assess articular cartilage degeneration, synovitis, and osteophyte formation. RESULTS: Both ACL injury and surgery resulted in loss of epiphyseal trabecular bone (-27-32%) and reduced voluntary movement at early time points. Joint restabilization successfully lowered OA score (-78% relative to injured at day 14, p < 0.0001), and synovitis scores (-37% relative to injured at day 14, p = 0.042), and diminished the formation of chondrophytes/osteophytes (-97% relative to injured at day 14, p < 0.001, -78% at day 49, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that surgical knee restabilization was effective at reducing articular cartilage degeneration and diminishing chondrophyte/osteophyte formation after ACL injury in mice, suggesting that these processes are largely driven by joint instability in this mouse model. However, restabilization was not able to mitigate the early inflammatory response and the loss of epiphyseal trabecular bone, indicating that these processes are independent of joint instability.

Horner Syndrome subsequent to ultrasound-guided cervical lymph node fine-needle aspiration - A case report and literature review.

Horner Syndrome (HS) is characterized by symptoms of ipsilateral miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, and facial anhidrosis, which is caused by the damaged oculosympathetic pathway. HS is rarely reported as postoperative complications of fine-needle aspiration (FNA). We report a case of HS triggered by Ultrasound-guided FNA during thyroid cancer management and conducted the literature review. A 31-year-old male with differentiated thyroid cancer underwent total thyroidectomy and regional lymph node dissection as well as radioactive iodine ablation, presented with persistently elevated tumor marker of thyroglobulin and suspicious left level IV and V cervical lymph nodes by neck ultrasound. Ultrasound-guided left cervical lymph nodes FNA for cellular diagnosis was performed, and typical manifestations of HS appeared immediately after the procedure. Subsequent ultrasound evaluation of the same area demonstrated a subtle strip of the hypo-echogenic area in the superior pole of the suspected level IV structure, suggesting sympathetic ganglia with the visible originating nerve fiber on the superior pole. All of the patient's symptoms of HS were resolved 2 months after the incidence. Cervical sympathetic ganglia can be similar in size, shape, and ultrasound characteristics to a malignant lymph node. Thorough ultrasound examination by directly comparing the potential ganglia with a typical malignant lymph node, and paying attention to any potential root fibers on the target is key to avoiding ganglia injury before the neck invasive procedures.

Development of a PD-L1-Expressing Orthotopic Liver Cancer Model: Implications for Immunotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Anti-programmed cell death-1(anti-PD1) treatment has shown promising antitumor efficacy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study sought to explore the functional significance of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment. METHODS: The mouse liver cancer cell line BNL-MEA was transfected with PD-L1 plasmids and stable clones expressing PD-L1 were selected. An orthotopic HCC model was generated by implanting the cells into the subcapsular space of BALB/c mice. Cell growth features were measured by proliferation assay, colony formation, flow cytometry (in vitro), ultrasonography, and animal survival (in vivo). The changes in T-cell function were examined by cytokine assay, expression of T-cell related genes, and flow cytometry. The efficacy of anti-PD1 therapy was compared between the parental and PD-L1-expressing tumors. RESULTS: PD-L1 expression did not affect growth characteristics of BNL-MEA cells but downregulated the expression of genes related to T-cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. Co-culture of PD-L1-expressing BNL-MEA cells with CD8+ T cells reduced T-cell proliferation and expression of cytokines IFNγ and TNFα. Tumors with PD-L1 expression showed better response to anti-PD1 therapy and depletion of CD8+ T cells abolished the antitumor effect. The difference in treatment response between parental and PD-L1-expressing tumors disappeared when a combination of anti-PD1 and sorafenib was given. CONCLUSIONS: PD-L1 expression in HCC cells may inhibit T-cell function in the liver tumor microenvironment. Anti-PD1 therapy appeared more effective in PD-L1-expressing than nonexpressing tumors, but the difference was diminished by the addition of sorafenib.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Current Targeted Therapies on Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implication for the Future of Immunotherapy.

Multikinase inhibitors with antiangiogenic properties used to be standard therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, several antiangiogenic agents (lenvatinib, cabozantinib, and ramucirumab) have demonstrated antitumor activity for advanced HCC in randomized controlled trials. However, the landscape of drug development for HCC may change dramatically with the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, particularly the anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD1) agents. In addition, early-phase clinical trials of combination of anti-PD-1 and antiangiogenic agents have shown very promising anti-tumor activity in patients with advanced HCC. Therefore, the critical research questions at present are whether this combination strategy will be the next generation of standard therapy and which antiangiogenic agents will be the optimal partner for the combination. All of the 4 multikinase inhibitors for HCC (sorafenib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, and cabozantinib) have been reported to have immune modulatory effects. The authors systematically reviewed the pre-clinical evidence of their immune modulatory effects to explore whether these effects were mediated by angiogenesis inhibition or by other "off-target" effects on the tumor microenvironment. Studies of sorafenib comprised the majority (58 of the 71) of the research articles reviewed. Potentially beneficial effects on anti-tumor immunity may result from increased M1 polarization of macrophages and stimulation of CD8 T cell function. On the other hand, high dosage of the kinase inhibitors in pre-clinical models and hypoxia associated with angiogenesis may contribute to immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Sorafenib and other multikinase inhibitors may promote anti-tumor immunity through modulation of multiple immune cell types as well as the tumor microenvironment. The optimal immune modulatory dosage should be defined to facilitate design of future combination regimens.

Histone deacetylase HDAC4 promotes gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells progression via p21 repression.

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world. The role of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) in specific cell and tissue types has been identified. However, its biological roles in the development of gastric cancer remain largely unexplored. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were used to analyze the expression of HDAC4 in the clinical samples. siRNA and overexpression of HDAC4 and siRNA p21 were used to study functional effects in a proliferation, a colony formation, a adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) assay and reactive oxygen species(ROS) generation, cell cycle, cell apoptosis rates, and autophagy assays. HDAC4 was up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and several gastric cancer cell lines. The proliferation, colony formation ability and ATP level were enhanced in HDAC4 overexpression SGC-7901 cells, but inhibited in HDAC4 knockdown SGC-7901 cells. HDAC4 knockdown led to G0/G1 phase cell arrest and caused apoptosis and ROS increase. Moreover, HDAC4 was found to inhibit p21 expression in gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. p21 knockdown dramatically attenuated cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, cell apoptosis promotion and autophagy up-regulation in HDAC4-siRNA SGC-7901 cells. We demonstrated that HDAC4 promotes gastric cancer cell progression mediated through the repression of p21. Our results provide an experimental basis for understanding the pro-tumor mechanism of HDAC4 as treatment for gastric cancer.