Ketorolac Tromethamine Spray Prevents Postendotracheal-Intubation-Induced Sore Throat after General Anesthesia.

Background. Postoperative sore throat is one of the major complaints of general anesthesia in the postanesthesia care unit. This prospective study investigated the preventive effect of ketorolac tromethamine spray in postendotracheal-intubation-induced sore throat after general anesthesia. Methods. Surgical patients undergoing general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation were recruited from a medical center. Patients were randomly assigned to group K (treated with 5% ketorolac tromethamine spray) or group D (treated with distilled water spray). Before intubation, each endotracheal tube was sprayed with the appropriate solution by physicians over the 20 cm length of the cuff. Each group comprised 95 patients fitting the inclusion and exclusion criteria for whom complete data sets were collected. The intensity of the sore throat was measured at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after surgery, and data were compared. Results. The two groups had similar characteristics. Postoperative sore throat was significantly less frequent in group K than in group D (p < 0.001) and the pain intensity was significantly lower in group K than in group D at each time point (all p < 0.001). Conclusions. This study demonstrated that preanesthesia 5% ketorolac tromethamine spray could effectively decrease postendotracheal-intubation-induced sore throat in patients undergoing general anesthesia.

Accuracy and Trending of Continuous Noninvasive Hemoglobin Monitoring in Patients Undergoing Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Shift in large fluid volumes and massive blood loss during liver transplantation frequently leads to rapid changes in hemoglobin (Hb) concentration; thus, to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation, accurate and rapid determination of Hb concentration is essential in transplant recipients. The Radical-7 Pulse CO-Oximeter provides a noninvasive and continuous way to monitor Hb concentration (SpHb) in real time and is an ideal candidate for use during liver transplantation. In this study, we assessed the relationship between SpHb and total Hb (tHb) obtained from arterial blood samples during surgery. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing liver transplantation were enrolled in this study. tHb and time-matched SpHb were measured at 5 different phases throughout surgery. Paired SpHb and tHb levels were assessed using linear regression, Bland-Altman analysis, and the Critchley polar plot method. RESULTS: A total of 161 paired measurements with sufficient signal quality were analyzed. The correlation between SpHb and tHb was 0.59 (P < .001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed that a bias between SpHb and tHb was 2.28 g/dL, and limits of agreement (LoA) were from -0.78 to 5.34 g/dL. Trending analysis showed that 87% of data were located within the acceptable trending area, indicating that the trending ability was not satisfied. CONCLUSIONS: The Radical-7 Pulse CO-Oximeter was not sufficient to monitor Hb levels and trends during liver transplantation surgery in our cohort. In particular, in critical patients and in those with low Hb levels, invasive Hb measurement should be used for assessment.

Cardiac Output Assessed by the Fourth-Generation Arterial Waveform Analysis System Is Unreliable in Liver Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Liver transplant recipients often have violent hemodynamic fluctuation during surgery that may be related to perioperative and postoperative morbidity. Because there are some considerations for the risk of the pulmonary arterial catheter (PAC), the conventional invasive device for cardiac output (CO) measurement, a reliable and minimally invasive alternative is required. We validated the reliability of CO measurements with the use of a minimally invasive FloTrac system with the latest fourth-generation algorithm in liver transplant recipients. METHODS: Forty liver transplant recipients without atrial fibrillation, valvular pathology, or intracardiac shunt were recruited in this prospective, observational study. CO values measured by use of PAC with continuous thermodilution method (COTh) and FloTrac devices (COFT) were collected simultaneously throughout the operation for reliability validation. RESULTS: Four hundred pairs of CO data points were collected in total. The linear regression analysis showed a high correlation coefficient (73%, P < .001). However, the percent error between COTh and COFT was 42.2%, which is worse than the established interchangeability criterion of 30%. The concordance rates were calculated at 89% and 59% by 4-quadrant plot and polar plot analysis, respectively. Neither met the preset validation criteria (>92% for the 4-quadrant plot and >90% for polar plot analyses). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that the CO measurements in liver transplant recipients by the latest FloTrac system and the PAC do not meet the recognized interchangeability criterion. Although the result showed improvement in linear regression analysis, it failed to display a qualified trending ability.

Are there differences in Hip Biomechanics after hybrid and cementless resurfacing arthroplasty?

There is a paucity of information regarding the clinical performance of the fully cementless metal-on-metal hip resurfacing designs. We compared the biomechanical reconstruction between the two hips of a group of patients treated with a hybrid resurfacing design on one side and a new, fully cementless version of the same resurfacing design on the other side.We retrospectively identified 20 patients with a hybrid hip resurfacing on one side and a fully cementless device on the contralateral side. The cemented femoral components were implanted with a target angle stem to shaft angle of 140° while the cementless femoral components were implanted with the aim to replicate the natural neck to shaft angle.No significant differences were observed post-operatively in femoral offset or leg length despite implantation with a larger metaphyseal stem to femoral shaft angle in the hybrid group. Both hybrid and cementless designs provide similar biomechanical reconstructions.

Ischemic reperfusion injury-induced oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators in liver transplantation recipients.

OBJECTIVE: Liver ischemic reperfusion injury is harmful to transplant recipients, and is associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality. Our study was designed to investigate the oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators in liver transplant recipients. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed 14 recipients who underwent liver transplantation by measuring their blood levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and IL-6, at nine time points perioperatively. We also evaluated the correlations between oxidative stress (MDA levels) and the characteristics of the recipient or the donated graft. RESULTS: These parameters significantly increased from 1 minute before reperfusion, and the values peaked within 3 to 30 minutes after reperfusion. On the time point at 5 minutes after reperfusion, the MDA levels which were the highest in the recipients correlated with the values of preoperative direct/and total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, international normalized ratio (INR), and surgical blood loss. CONCLUSION: The levels of MDA, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 greatly increased with the ischemic reperfusion insult. Recipients with higher values of preoperative direct/and total bilirubin, AST, ALT, MELD score, INR, and surgical blood loss tended to have higher levels of MDA and may suffer more injury from this insult.

Cardiac output derived from arterial pressure waveform analysis: validation of the third-generation software in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The upgraded third-generation software (version 3.02) for the FloTrac/Vigileo system has been developed to particularly improve the accuracy of cardiac output (CO) measurements in hyperdynamic conditions. The aim of our study was to compare the CO values obtained using the FloTrac/Vigileo system during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with those obtained in the same circumstances using a Swan-Ganz catheter (bolus thermodilution method). METHODS: Twenty consecutive recipients scheduled for OLT were studied. Simultaneous CO values measured by both devices were obtained at 10 predefined time points throughout the surgery. A percentage error of not more than 30% was established as the criterion for device interchangeability. RESULTS: A total of 200 paired measurements were obtained. The CO values derived from the FloTrac/Viligeo ranged from 2.8 to 10.9 L/min, with a mean of 5.91±1.81 L/min. The values from bolus thermodilution ranged from 2.2 to 13.2 L/min, with a mean of 6.12±2.07 L/min. The bias was 0.22, and the limits of agreement were -3.13 to 3.56 L/min. The percentage error between the FloTrac/Viligeo and bolus thermodilution measurements was 54.93%. The percentage errors of paired measurements in three surgical phases by subgroup analysis were 43.50% (dissecting phase), 62.9% (anhepatic phase), and 56.05% (reperfusion phase), respectively. CONCLUSION: CO measurements obtained using the less invasive arterial waveform FloTrac/Vigileo system upgraded with the third-generation software had poor intraoperative agreement with pulmonary artery thermodilution CO measurements in patients undergoing OLT.

Molecular characterization of the intercalated cell masses of the amygdala: implications for the relationship with the striatum.

The intercalated cell masses of the amygdala consist of cell clusters located between the basolateral complex of the amygdala and its surrounding structures including the central nucleus of the amygdala and the external capsule. Although recent studies have revealed that the intercalated cell masses may play an important role in emotional learning and memory, there are only a few reports on its molecular characterization. We examined the expression patterns of transcription factors in the intercalated cell masses in late embryonic stage and postnatal rats, and non-human primates. Dlx5, Foxp2, Pbx3 and Meis2 were expressed in all subdivisions of the intercalated cell masses, while Ebf1, Nkx2.1 and Foxp1 were not. In contrast, Pax6 was only expressed in a small population of the main intercalated islands, but not in the medial or lateral cell clusters. In addition, few Pax6-positive neurons co-expressed Foxp2. Thus the intercalated cell masses do not contain a homogeneous population of neurons, in terms of their molecular constituents. Given that Foxp2, Pbx3 and Meis2 are preferentially expressed in distinct cell populations in the developing striatum, and that the intercalated cell masses of the amygdala appear to be a ventrocaudal expansion of the striatum, the intercalated neurons may share a common origin with some types of neurons located in the dorsal striatum.

Regulation of multiple dopamine signal transduction molecules by retinoids in the developing striatum.

Increasing evidence based on pharmacological and genetic studies suggests that retinoid signaling plays an important role in developmental control of striatal neurons. In the present report, we screened for genes that might be regulated by retinoids in the developing striatum. We cultured tissue explants from the lateral ganglionic eminence (striatal primordium), and for regional comparison, its adjacent structures of the cerebral cortex and the medial ganglionic eminence in embryonic day 15 rat telencephalon. Using the ribonuclease protection assay, we found that both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid significantly up-regulated dopamine D1 receptor, heterotrimeric G protein olfactory, adenylyl cyclase type V and dopamine- and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein mRNAs in the lateral ganglionic eminence culture. By contrast, neither all-trans retinoic acid nor 9-cis retinoic acid significantly altered D1 receptor, heterotrimeric G protein olfactory, adenylyl cyclase type V and dopamine- and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein mRNAs in the cortical and the medial ganglionic eminence cultures except that D1 receptor mRNA was dramatically induced in the medial ganglionic eminence by retinoic acid treatments. To test whether the induction of multiple dopamine signaling molecules in the lateral ganglionic eminence was due to a general enhancement of neuronal differentiation by retinoic acid, we assayed the effects of retinoic acid on other differentiation markers, including glutamate decarboxylase 65, NR1 subunit of glutamate NMDA receptor and microtubule-associated protein-2. None of these genes were significantly altered by retinoic acid treatments in the lateral ganglionic eminence culture, indicating the specificity of gene regulation by retinoic acid signaling. As D1 receptor, heterotrimeric G protein olfactory, adenylyl cyclase type V and dopamine- and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein are important molecules involved in propagation of striatal dopamine neurotransmission, our study raises the hypothesis that retinoid signaling may coordinately activate the transcriptional program that is associated with the dopamine signaling pathway in developing striatal neurons. Such coordinate regulation by retinoids may be part of the mechanisms by which the complex yet highly organized neurochemical constituents of the striatum are established during development.

Hemodynamic changes caused by venous gas embolism in dogs: comparisons among air, carbon dioxide and oxygen.

BACKGROUND: The volume of a bulky venous air emboli (VAE) can be estimated based on the calibration curve generated by injections of minute amount of air into the right atrium (RA) of dogs. We speculated that in patients similar VAE calibration curves could be generated using CO2 injections. As part of pre-clinical evaluation of the usefulness of CO2 injection, the present study was designed to determine whether injection of CO2 into the RA would cause less hemodynamic changes in dogs as compared with that of air or O2. METHODS: Twenty-one anesthetized mongrel dogs were divided into 3 groups, i.e., groups air, CO2 and O2 (n = 7 each). Animals were injected a bolus of gas (air, CO2 or O2) in increasing volumes (from 0.25 to 4.0 mL/kg) into the RA via a central venous catheter at 10-min intervals. We measured the maximal changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), central venous pressure (CVP), end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), heart rate (HR), and mixed venous O2 saturation (SvO2). RESULTS: After venous injections, dogs receiving O2 or air showed greater decreases in MAP and ETCO2 as compared with those receiving CO2 (volume > 2.5 mL/kg; P < 0.05). The increases in PAP and CVP bore direct relation to O2 and air volume. In the CO2 group, the maximal changes in PAP and CVP were subtle as compared with the baseline (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in HR and SvO2 among three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Injections of CO2 in increasing volumes into the RA of dogs caused less hemodynamic changes in comparison with that of air and O2.

Developmental restriction of the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Islet-1 expression to cholinergic neurons in the rat striatum.

LIM homeodomain transcription factors play crucial roles in determining diverse aspects of neuronal development both in vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, we studied the expression pattern of Islet-1 (Isl-1), a member of the LIM homeodomain protein family, in the rat striatum during development. The developmental expression of Isl-1 in the striatum is highly dynamic and complex in terms of spatial and temporal regulation. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and ribonuclease protection assays demonstrated that Isl-1 messenger RNA was expressed in the developing striatum. The immunocytochemical study of Isl-1 protein expression showed that there were prominent mediolateral and caudorostral Isl-1 gradients in the developing striatum. Numerous Isl-1-positive cells appeared in the medial mantle zone of the developing striatal proper, and they co-expressed the postmitotic neuronal marker, microtubule-associated protein 2. The numbers of Isl-1-positive cells were decreased from the medial to the lateral regions, so that there were only a few Isl-1-positive cells scattered in the lateral striatum. These scattered Isl-1-positive cells were doubly labeled with tyrosine kinase receptor A and choline acetyltransferase, which indicated that they were cholinergic neurons. The Isl-1 gradients were most prominent in the embryonic day 18 and 20 striatum. With increases of time, the Isl-1 gradients were gradually reduced, and the gradients disappeared by postnatal day 7. Despite the general down-regulation of striatal Isl-1, a few Isl-1-positive cells were sustained into the adult striatum in which Isl-1 was nearly exclusively expressed by all cholinergic neurons and vice versa. Our study suggests that Isl-1 is likely to be initially expressed by postmitotic cholinergic precursors and some, if not all, non-cholinergic precursors in the developing striatum. During the progression of striatal differentiation, Isl-1 is down-regulated in non-cholinergic cells, but is sustained in cholinergic cells. The developmental restriction of Isl-1 to cholinergic neurons in the striatum may represent a novel mechanism by which LIM homeodomain proteins specify specific cell types in the striatum during development.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of CREB phosphorylation: transient versus sustained phosphorylation in the developing striatum.

The cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a plasticity-associated transcription factor that can potentially integrate cAMP and calcium signals at the gene activation level. We tested for convergent Ser-133 phosphorylation of CREB via dopamine D1/D5 receptors and L-type calcium channels in organotypic cultures of neonatal striatum. We found such convergence only transiently. Sustained CREB phosphorylation by D1/D5 receptor and L-type channel agonists was targeted to opposite (striosome and matrix) cellular phenotypes. Subsequent expression of the CRE-containing gene, c-fos, matched the divergent patterns of sustained CREB phosphorylation, and both divergent patterns could be switched by inhibition of phosphatases, including calcineurin. Control of the duration of CREB phosphorylation may be a critical regulator of CRE-mediated gene expression by dopamine and calcium.

Hypertonic saline resuscitation restores hemorrhage-induced immunosuppression by decreasing prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-4 production.

It was previously shown that hypertonic saline (HTS) enhances in vivo and in vitro cellular immune function of normal mice and reverses in vitro prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced immunosuppression of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Hemorrhage induces immunosuppression despite adequate isotonic fluid resuscitation. The effects of HTS resuscitation on immunosuppression following hemorrhage were studied. A mouse model of hemorrhagic shock was used. Bleeding was performed through a catheter placed in the femoral artery. Phytohemagglutinin-induced splenocyte proliferation and interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2,IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor beta, and PGE2 plasma levels were measured 2 and 24 hr following hemorrhage and resuscitation with lactated Ringer's and HTS. In vivo cellular immune function was measured using a contact hypersensitivity test. Suppression of splenocyte proliferation (40%) 24 hr following hemorrhage occurred after lactated Ringer's resuscitation. HTS prevented immunosuppression. In vivo cell-mediated immune function 24 hr after hemorrhage was improved by HTS. HTS-resuscitated animals showed significantly lower levels of IL-4 and PGE2, and slightly elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, and IL-6). HTS reverses hemorrhage-induced T-cell suppression by reducing the production and/or release of IL-4 and PGE2.

Dopaminergic regulation of transcription factor expression in organotypic cultures of developing striatum.

Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in neural systems innervating the striatum, and dopamine receptors are expressed during early pattern formation in the developing striatum. To test for the functional responsiveness of developing striatal neurons to dopaminergic stimulation, we established an organotypic slice culture of newborn rat striatum. We analyzed the effects of dopamine receptor agonists and of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase activation on striatal neurons by measuring the induction of Fos-like and Fra-like proteins in the cultured striatum. Fos-like and Fra-like proteins were induced in striatal neurons by activation of D1-like dopamine receptors but not by activation of D2-like receptors. The induction of Fos-like protein was mainly in striosomes and a medial compartment next to the ventricular zone, whereas Fra-like protein was induced in the striatal matrix as well. cAMP analogs and forskolin induced widespread expression of both Fos-like and Fra-like proteins. Our findings thus suggest that neurons of developing striosome and matrix compartments not only have different functional coupling of D1-like receptors to adenylate cyclase, but also have distinct maturational programs for dopaminergic regulation of individual transcription factors. Finally, despite evidence that protein kinase was involved in the induction of Fos-like protein, experiments with kinase inhibitors suggested that the induction of Fos-like protein had unusual pharmacological characteristics and raised the possibility that a novel protein kinase A-like molecule may have been involved in the induction. The cultured striatal slice preparation should provide a valuable tool for analyzing the molecular determinants of striatal development and function.

Tumor necrosis factor antibody treatment of septic baboons reduces the production of sustained T-cell suppressive factors.

Post-traumatic septic complications result from impaired cell-mediated immune function, which is caused in part by circulating T-cell suppressive factors (TSFs). We examined whether tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) antibody treatment in a baboon sepsis model influences the production of TSFs, including interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Sepsis was induced in anesthetized baboons by Escherichia coli infusion, and caused an increase in plasma levels of TNF, TSF activity, IL-10, and active TGF-beta, as well as a decrease in latent TGF-beta. TNF antibody pretreatment reduced TNF levels by 98%. Transient TSF activity (0-4 h) was only marginally influenced, while sustained TSF activity (8-24 h) was markedly reduced. TSF activity at 24 h correlated with peak TNF levels. IL-10 levels, coinciding with early TSF activity, remained unchanged by anti-TNF treatment. Levels of active TGF-beta and the drop in latent TGF-beta were decreased. We conclude that anti-TNF treatment reduces sustained TSF activity and may partially restore impaired cell-mediated immune function.

Hypertonic saline enhances cellular immune function.

Hypertonic saline (HTS) resuscitation improves outcome after trauma. We studied the effect of HTS on immune function. In vitro T-cell proliferation of human and rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was doubled at 25 mM increased extracellular Na+ concentrations. Further increased hypertonicity (more than 40 mM with human cells, and 80 mM with rabbit cells) caused progressive suppression of proliferation. Human and rabbit monocyte functions (tumor necrosis factor production) were augmented by 300% at 30 mM hypertonicity, indicating that HTS-enhanced accessory cell function of monocytes may cause increased T-cell proliferation. Substitution of HTS with KCl also enhanced T-cell proliferation, suggesting an involvement of osmotic effects. HTS (up to 30 mM) increased Ca2+i of nonstimulated human PBMC. HTS injection in rabbits increased cell-mediated immune function (delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction). Our findings suggest that increased plasma osmolality may up-regulate cellular immune function. HTS resuscitation of trauma patients may thus reverse posttraumatic immunosuppression and reduce the risk of sepsis.

Influence of mesostriatal afferents on the development and transmitter regulation of intrastriatal grafts derived from embryonic striatal primordia.

Embryonic striatal grafts develop a modular organization in which patches of tissue enriched in many transmitter substances characteristic of striatum (P regions) are embedded in surrounds (NP regions) expressing only low levels of these substances. Catecholaminergic fibers from the host brain, identified by their expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), grow into such grafts and selectively terminate in the striatum-like P regions. This terminal pattern suggests that cell-cell affinities between neurons of the substantia nigra and striatum may play a role either in the aggregation of the striatal cells into P regions, or in the targeting of the TH-positive fibers to the cell clusters. In the present study, we tested the first of these possibilities. Striatal grafts derived from embryonic day 15 striatal primordia were implanted into the ibotenate-damaged host striatum of rats previously treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to destroy TH-containing dopaminergic nigrostriatal afferents. The 6-OHDA lesions that eliminated nearly all TH-like immunostaining in the host striatum also resulted in disappearance of nearly all TH-positive fibers in the grafts. In this dopamine-depleted environment, the grafts nevertheless developed a clear modular organization. They contained striatum-like patches with neurons expressing many of the neurochemicals characteristic of striatum (ACh, ChAT, calbindin-D28KD, met-enkephalin, and dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein-32,000 or DARPP-32), and these patches were surrounded by graft tissue expressing few of these striatal markers. These observations suggest that the ingrowth of TH-positive fibers from the host is not obligatory for the sorting out of striatal from nonstriatal cells during the formation of P regions in embryonic striatal grafts. Despite the fact that dopaminergic denervation of the host striatum did not disrupt either the aggregation of grafted cells into P regions or the acquisition of striatal neurochemical phenotypes by cells in the P regions, there were clear differences between the staining patterns of these grafts and grafts placed into dopamine-innervated striatum. Most striking was a sharp increase of met-enkephalin-like immunostaining in the P zones of the denervated grafts. Upregulation of met-enkephalin is known to occur in the dopamine-depleted mature striatum, and was observed in the parts of host striatum surrounding the grafts on the side ipsilateral to the 6-OHDA lesions. This result suggests that functional interactions between dopaminergic and enkephalinergic systems can occur in the striatal circuits reconstructed by embryonic striatal grafting. More generally, our results suggest that TH-containing afferents from the host striatum, though not required for induction and maintenance of striatal phenotypy in striatal grafts, can chronically regulate neurotransmitter/neuromodulator expression in neurons of the striatum-like P zones in a manner similar to that found for the normal striatum.

Intrastriatal grafts derived from fetal striatal primordia. III. Induction of modular patterns of fos-like immunoreactivity by cocaine.

Cocaine, a catecholamine agonist, has been shown to produce a transient induction of the immediate-early gene c-fos and its protein product Fos in the striatum of normal rats. In the present study we report that the expression of Fos can be induced by cocaine challenge in intrastriatal grafts derived from cell suspensions of embryonic striatal primordia. Fos-like immunoreactivity in the nuclei of grafted neurons was detected 2 hr after the injection of 50 mg/kg cocaine into the host rats. Neurons with Fos-immunoreactive nuclei tended to form clusters in the striatal grafts. The Fos-rich clusters were aligned with acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-rich and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-rich patches demonstrated in adjoining sections. Previous studies have shown that presynaptic and postsynaptic cellular markers of the dopaminergic system in the striatum, including immunostaining for TH and dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP-32), and binding for high affinity dopamine uptake sites and for dopamine D1 and D2 receptor sites, are all concentrated in the AChE-rich patch regions (P regions) of such embryonic striatal grafts. The preferential expression of Fos in neurons of the P regions of the grafts thus implies that the induction of Fos was cell-type specific in being concentrated in the parts of the grafts that express striatal phenotype and that are innervated by catecholamine-containing fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Laser resistant stainless steel endotracheal tube: experimental and clinical evaluation.

A fire due to endotracheal tube (ET) ignition is a catastrophic event that may occur during laser surgery of the upper airway, regardless of the wavelength utilized. Although methods exist that permit laser surgery without an ET, this is frequently not feasible. The current investigation was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a double-cuffed stainless steel ET, first in the laboratory and subsequently in a clinical setting. Bench testing was performed using CO2 (both standard and milliwatt) and KTP/532 lasers. Only the distal polyvinyl chloride cuffed end of the tube was potentially ignitable, however, the appropriate use of saline to fill the cuffs allowed only for cuff perforation without ignition. Canine testing was performed in 10 animals: 4 dogs were intubated from 3 to 4.5 hours with the laser resistant stainless steel endotracheal tube (LRSS-ET) (Laser-Flex Tracheal Tube; Mallinckrodt Anesthesia Products, St. Louis, MO) and 2 with an aluminum tape wrapped red rubber ET. Visual and histological examination were performed in both groups at 3 and 7 days. Four dogs underwent CO2 laser laryngeal surgery with visual and histological examination performed at 7 days postoperatively. No untoward effects could be demonstrated due to the LRSS-ET. A clinical study was then performed in 24 patients who underwent laser surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract with either a CO2 or KTP/532 laser. In all cases ventilation was adequate, the shaft of the LRSS-ET proved impervious to the laser, and the distal end of the tube protected the tracheobronchial tree safely.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)