RESUMO
Objetivo: analisar a cobertura vacinal contra COVID-19 em Instituições de Longa Permanência para idosos. Método: estudo transversal com dados agregados fornecidos pela Comissão Intersetorial de Acompanhamento das Instituições de Longa Permanência da Bahia. Foram incluídas as instituições identificadas em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, com pelo menos um residente idoso (60 ou mais anos) que responderam ao inquérito de vacinação realizado entre maio a julho de 2021. Resultados: a amostra foi composta por 83 estabelecimentos, com predomínio de instituições privadas (50,1%) e filantrópicas (32,5%). A cobertura vacinal da COVID-19 atingiu 94,7% dos idosos residentes e 75,2% dos trabalhadores. Conclusão: o estudo mostra alta cobertura vacinal em idosos residentes nestas instituições, porém, menor cobertura entre os trabalhadores. A maximização da cobertura vacinal entre os cuidadores e residentes é fundamental, devido à extrema vulnerabilidade da população idosa institucionalizada à COVID-19.
Objetivo: analizar la cobertura vacunal contra COVID-19 en Instituciones de Larga Permanencia para ancianos. Método: estudio transversal con datos agregados proporcionados por la Comisión Intersectorial de Seguimiento de las Instituciones de Larga Permanencia de Bahía. Se incluyeron las instituciones identificadas en Salvador, Bahía, Brasil, con al menos un residente de edad avanzada (60 o más años) que respondieron a la encuesta de vacunación realizada entre mayo y julio de 2021. Resultados: la muestra fue compuesta por 83 establecimientos, con predominio de instituciones privadas (50,1%) y filantrópicas (32,5%). La cobertura vacunal de COVID-19 alcanzó el 94,7% de los ancianos residentes y el 75,2% de los trabajadores. Conclusión: el estudio muestra alta cobertura vacunal en ancianos residentes en estas instituciones, sin embargo, menor cobertura entre los trabajadores. La maximización de la cobertura vacunal entre cuidadores y residentes es fundamental debido a la extrema vulnerabilidad de la población de edad avanzada institucionalizada a COVID-19.
Objective to analyze vaccination coverage against COVID-19 in long-term care institutions for the elderly. Method: cross-sectional study with aggregated data provided by the Intersectoral Monitoring Commission of Long-Term Institutions of Bahia. We included the institutions identified in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, with at least one elderly resident (60 years or older) who responded to the vaccination survey conducted between May and July 2021. Results: the sample consisted of 83 establishments, with a predominance of private (50.1%) and philanthropic (32.5%) institutions. Vaccination coverage for COVID-19 reached 94.7% of elderly residents and 75.2% of workers. Conclusion: the study shows high vaccination coverage in elderly residents of these institutions, but lower coverage among workers. Maximizing vaccination coverage among caregivers and residents is essential, due to the extreme vulnerability of the elderly population institutionalized to COVID-19.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Idoso , Cobertura Vacinal/estatística & dados numéricos , COVID-19/enfermagem , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos/organização & administração , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
The objective of this study was to analyze changes in access to health interventions during the pandemic among Brazilian older adults and to investigate the factors associated with social and health inequalities. We conducted an online survey with Brazilian adults aged 60 + years between May and June 2020. A multidimensional questionnaire was used to investigate access to health interventions during the pandemic and associated factors. Of 1482 participants, 56.5% reported health care before the pandemic, and 36.4% discontinued it during the pandemic. The discontinuation rate was 64.4% (95% CI 61.1-67.6). Participants with higher educational level (nine or more years of education: OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.17-0.70) and higher income (eight or more times the minimum wage: OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.36-0.81) were associated with less probability of discontinuation. Presenting multimorbidity (OR: 1.42; 95% CI 1.06-1.90) and polypharmacy (OR: 0.61; 95% CI 0.46-0.81) were associated with discontinuity in health interventions. Our study showed that structural health inequities in access to health care shaped the rates of discontinuation in health care interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategic actions should be set up to actively monitor socially vulnerable older adults and strengthen community-based services to mitigate the discontinuation of health care interventions.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2 , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe health care strategies for older people living in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in Bahia state, Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological study involving LTCFs identified in Bahia state, which were invited to participate in a survey conducted between April and June 2021. The variables of interest were LTCF characteristics, health care strategies, visits received from national public health system (SUS, in Portuguese) teams, and health care actions taken by SUS. A comparative analysis was performed between LTCFs located in the East macro-region and other parts of the state, in general and also stratified by funding type (private and non-private). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 177 LTCFs, more than half of them were located in the East macro-region, seat of the state capital. Most facilities declared themselves as non-private (68%). Less than one-third of the LTCFs had their own health teams. Although 67% of LTCFs reported some health care provided by SUS, only 49% reported clinical consultations, with even lower percentages for other SUS actions, except for vaccination (91%). The East macro-region had a lower percentage of LTCFs accompanied by a SUS team, and the highest percentage of LTCFs with supplementary health insurance. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the limited access of LTCF residents to essential health services, due to a general neglect of this population by public health care providers. The inadequacy of public policies to support LTCFs has important consequences for the quality of care offered to residents.
OBJETIVO: Descrever as estratégias de atenção à saúde dos idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPI) na Bahia. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que envolveu as ILPI identificadas na Bahia, as quais foram convidadas a participar de uma pesquisa realizada entre abril e junho de 2021. As variáveis de interesse foram: características das ILPI, estratégias de atenção à saúde, visitas recebidas das equipes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e ações assistenciais fornecidas pelo SUS. Foi realizada análise comparativa geral entre as ILPI localizadas na macrorregião Leste e as demais partes do estado, bem como análise estratificada por tipo de financiamento (privado e não privado). RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta de 177 ILPI, mais da metade localizada na macrorregião Leste, sede da capital do estado. A maioria das instalações declarou-se não privada (68%). Menos de 1/3 das ILPI possui equipe de saúde própria. Embora 67% das ILPI tenham referido algum atendimento de saúde prestado pelo SUS, apenas 49% referiram consultas clínicas, com percentuais ainda menores para outras ações do SUS, exceto vacinação (91%). A macrorregião Leste apresentou menor percentual de ILPI acompanhadas por equipe do SUS e maior percentual de ILPI com plano de saúde suplementar. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo mostra a limitação de acesso dos residentes de ILPI aos serviços essenciais de saúde, em razão de negligência por parte dos prestadores de serviços públicos de saúde. A inadequação das políticas públicas de apoio às ILPI tem consequências importantes para a qualidade da assistência oferecida aos residentes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Estratégias de Saúde , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos/organização & administração , BrasilRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) morbidity and mortality in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in the state of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: This is an ecological study involving identified and active LTCFs in Bahia, monitored by the Intersectoral Monitoring Commission of LTCFs. Data analysis included COVID-19 incidence among older residents and workers and COVID-19 hospitalization, fatality, and mortality rates among older residents. In addition to a global analysis of data from Bahia, a stratified analysis compared (i) the East macroregion with the rest of Bahia, and (ii) private LTCFs with philanthropic ones. RESULTS: Our sample consisted of 175 LTCFs, more than half located in the East macroregion (n = 99). Most facilities declared themselves as philanthropic (n = 94) or private (n = 59). From April/2020 to June/2021, COVID-19 incidence was 30.71% among residents and 19.86% among LTCF workers. Considering older residents, mortality was 3.57% and fatality was 11.63%. Incidence was lower in the East macroregion, for older residents (relative risk [RR] = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.680.87) and LTCF workers (RR = 0.70; 95%CI 0.590.83). The hospitalization rate due to COVID-19 was 19.97%, being higher in private LTCFs (RR = 1.61; 95%CI 1.302.00). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in LTCFs in Bahia were consistent with the wide ranges described in the literature, although case fatality was lower than expected. This demonstrates the importance of strategies to coordinate, identify, assess, and target support for LTCFs, highlighting the need for stronger public policies.
OBJETIVO: Descrever a morbimortalidade da COVID-19 em instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPI) no estado da Bahia, Brasil. METODOLOGIA: Este é um estudo ecológico que envolve ILPI identificadas e ativas na Bahia, monitoradas pela Comissão Intersetorial de Monitoramento das ILPI. A análise dos dados incluiu a incidência de COVID-19 entre residentes e trabalhadores e as taxas de hospitalização, letalidade e mortalidade decorrentes de COVID-19 entre residentes. Além da análise global dos dados do estado, uma análise estratificada comparou (i) a macrorregião Leste com o restante da Bahia e (ii) ILPI privadas com filantrópicas. RESULTADOS: Nossa amostra incluiu 175 ILPI, mais da metade localizada na macrorregião Leste (n = 99). A maioria declarou-se como filantrópica (n = 94) ou privada (n = 59). De abril de 2020 a junho de 2021, a incidência de COVID-19 foi de 30,71% entre residentes e de 19,86% entre trabalhadores. A mortalidade entre idosos residentes foi de 3,57% e a letalidade foi de 11,63%. A incidência foi menor na macrorregião Leste, para idosos residentes (risco relativo RR = 0,77; intervalo de confiança IC95% 0,680,87) e trabalhadores (RR = 0,70; IC95% 0,590,83). A taxa de hospitalização por COVID-19 foi de 19,97%, sendo maior em ILPI privadas (RR = 1,61; IC95% 1,302,00). CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo revela que a morbimortalidade da COVID-19 em ILPI da Bahia foi consistente com as amplas faixas descritas pela literatura, ainda que a letalidade tenha sido menor que o esperado. Isso demonstra a importância de estratégias para coordenar, identificar, avaliar e direcionar o suporte a ILPI, ressaltando-se a necessidade de políticas públicas mais fortes para esse setor.
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , COVID-19/mortalidade , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos , Brasil/epidemiologia , MorbidadeRESUMO
This paper presents a novel policy framework to support government responses to COVID-19 in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) in low and middle-income countries. It focuses on issues that are of specific relevance to Brazilian policy-settings, including examples of its local implementation. The CIAT Framework combines and summarizes broad elements for an emergency strategy to address the potential effects of COVID-19. The 4 steps of the Framework entail policies to coordinate, identify, assess, and target support. Those policies can be applied immediately to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTCFs. It is, however, essential to situate these responses within a more comprehensive and permanent strategy. Intersectoral collaboration must evolve into a fully institutionalized system.
Este artigo apresenta uma nova estrutura de política para dar apoio às respostas do governo à COVID-19 em instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPIs) em países de baixa e média renda. Se concentra em questões que são de relevância específica às organizações que decidem sobre as políticas brasileiras, incluindo exemplos de sua implementação local. A Matriz CIAT combina e resume amplos elementos de uma estratégia de emergência para abordar os potenciais efeitos da COVID19. As 4 etapas da Matriz envolvem políticas para a coordenação, identificação, avaliação e direcionamento do apoio. Essas políticas podem ser aplicadas imediatamente para atenuar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nas ILPIs. É, no entanto, essencial situar essas respostas dentro de uma estratégia mais abrangente e permanente. A colaboração intersetorial deve evoluir para um sistema totalmente institucionalizado.
Assuntos
Humanos , Idoso , Estratégias de Saúde Nacionais , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos , BrasilRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Increasing numbers of older people in sub-Saharan Africa are gaining access to pension benefits and it is often claimed that these benefits promote healthy forms of consumption, which contribute to significant improvements in their health status. However, evidence to support these claims is limited. METHODS: The paper uses data for 2701 people aged 60 or over who participated in a population-based study in rural north-eastern South Africa. It analyses effects of receiving a pension on reported food scarcity, body mass index and patterns of consumption. RESULTS: The paper finds that living in a pension household is associated with a reduced risk of reported food scarcity and with higher levels of consumption of food and drink. The paper does not find that living in a pension household is associated with a higher prevalence of current smoking nor current alcohol consumption. However, the paper still finds that tobacco and alcohol make up over 40% of reported food and drink consumption, and that the correlation between reported food scarcity and body mass index status is imperfect. CONCLUSIONS: The paper does not show significant associations between pension receipt and the selected risk factors. However, the context of prevalent obesity and high shares of household spending allocated to tobacco and alcohol call into question widely-made claims that pensions enhance healthy consumption among older people in low and middle-income countries.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Consumidor/economia , Características da Família , Nível de Saúde , Pensões , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/economia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Ingestão de Alimentos , Feminino , Insegurança Alimentar/economia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , População Rural , África do Sul/epidemiologia , Fumar Tabaco/economiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The reduction by a third of premature non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality by 2030 is the ambitious target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.4. However, the indicator is narrowly defined, including only four major NCDs (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases) and only for people aged 30-70 years. This study focuses on premature avertable mortality from NCDs-premature deaths caused by NCDs that could be prevented through effective public policies and health interventions or amenable to high-quality health care-to assess trends at global, regional, and national levels using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017. METHODS: We reviewed existing lists of NCD causes of death that are either preventable through public health policies and interventions or amenable to health care to create a list of avertable NCD causes of death, which was mapped to the GBD cause list. We estimated age-standardised years of life lost (YLL) per 100â000 population due to premature avertable mortality from NCDs, avertable NCD cause clusters, and non-avertable NCD causes by sex, location, and year and reported their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We examined trends in age-standardised YLL due to avertable and non-avertable NCDs, assessed the progress of premature avertable mortality from NCDs in achieving SDG 3.4, and explored specific avertable NCD cause clusters that could make a substantial contribution to overall trends in premature mortality. FINDINGS: Globally, premature avertable mortality from NCDs for both sexes combined declined -1·3% (95% UI -1·4 to -1·2) per year, from 12â855 years (11â809 to 14â051) in 1990 to 9008 years (8329 to 9756) in 2017. However, the absolute number of avertable NCD deaths increased 49·3% (95% UI 47·3 to 52·2) from 23·1 million (22·0-24·1) deaths in 1990 to 34·5 million (33·4 to 35·6) in 2017. Premature avertable mortality from NCDs reduced in every WHO region and in most countries and territories between 1990 and 2017. Despite these reductions, only the Western Pacific and European regions and 25 countries (most of which are high-income countries) are on track to achieve SDG target 3.4. Since 2017, there has been a global slowdown in the reduction of premature avertable mortality from NCDs. In 2017, high premature avertable mortality from NCDs was clustered in low-income and middle-income countries, mainly in the South-East Asia region, Eastern Mediterranean region, and African region. Most countries with large annual reductions in such mortality between 1990 and 2017 had achieved low levels of premature avertable mortality from NCDs by 2017. Some countries, the most populous examples being Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, Uzbekistan, Haiti, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, Ukraine, Laos, and Egypt, reported both an upward trend and high levels of premature avertable mortality from NCDs. Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases have been the main drivers of the global and regional reduction in premature avertable mortality from NCDs, whereas premature mortality from substance use disorders, chronic kidney disease and acute glomerulonephritis, and diabetes have been increasing. INTERPRETATION: Worldwide, there has been a substantial reduction in premature avertable mortality from NCDs, but progress has been uneven across populations. Countries vary substantially in current levels and trends and, hence, the extent to which they are on track to achieve SDG 3.4. By accounting for premature avertable mortality while avoiding arbitrary age cutoffs, premature avertable mortality from NCDs is a robust, comprehensive, and actionable indicator for quantifying and monitoring global and national progress towards NCD prevention and control. FUNDING: None.
Assuntos
Saúde Global/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Prematura/tendências , Doenças não Transmissíveis/mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Desenvolvimento Sustentável , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Abstract: The increasing numbers of people at very old ages pose specific policy challenges for health and social care and highlight the need to rethink established models of service provision. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of "avoidable displacement from home" (ADH). The study argues that ADH builds on and adds value to existing concepts, offering a holistic, person-centered framework for integrated health and social care provision for older people. It also demonstrates that this framework can be applied across different levels, ranging from macro policymaking to organizational and individual decision-making. The paper pays attention to the Brazilian context but argues that ADH is a universally applicable concept.
Resumo: O número crescente de indivíduos muito idosos cria desafios específicos para as políticas de assistência social e de saúde. Os desafios incluem a necessidade de repensar os modelos assistenciais atuais. O artigo tem como objetivo principal introduzir o conceito de "deslocamento residencial evitável" (DRE). Argumentamos que o conceito de DRE elabora e contribui para os conceitos existentes, oferecendo um arcabouço holístico e centrado na pessoa para a assistência de saúde e social para os idosos. Demonstramos que esse arcabouço pode ser aplicado em diversos níveis, desde a formulação de políticas macro até as decisões organizacionais e individuais. O artigo aborda particularmente o contexto, mas sustenta que o DRE é um conceito universalmente aplicável.
Resumen: Un número creciente de personas con edad muy avanzada plantea desafíos específicos para las políticas de salud y atención social. Esto implica la necesidad de repensar los modelos establecidos de provisión de servicios. El objetivo principal de este artículo es introducir el concepto de "desplazamiento evitable del hogar" (DEH). Nosotros planteamos que el DEH se basa y añade valor a conceptos existentes, ofreciendo un marco de trabajo holístico, centrado en la persona para la provisión integrada de salud y atención social a personas mayores. Demostramos que este marco de trabajo se puede aplicar a través de diferentes niveles, que van desde la elaboración de políticas macro a la adopción de decisiones por parte de organizaciones e individuos. Este trabajo fija su atención en particular sobre el contexto brasileño, pero plantea que el DEH es un concepto aplicable universalmente.
Assuntos
Formulação de Políticas , Política de Saúde , Brasil , Envelhecimento SaudávelRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In low or middle income countries chronic diseases are rapidly becoming the main cause of disease burden. However, the main focus of health policymakers has been on preventing death from cancer and heart disease, with very little attention to the growing problem of long-term needs for care (dependence). Numbers of dependent older people are set to quadruple by 2050. The economic impact of providing long-term care is likely to be substantial. METHODS/DESIGN: The study uses mixed methods and draws on and extends the population-based surveys conducted by the 10/66 Dementia Research Group. We focus on two countries in Latin America (Peru and Mexico), China and Nigeria. The surveys comprised baseline surveys of health, socioeconomic circumstances and care arrangements, repeated three to four years later. We are going back to these households to make a detailed assessment of the overall economic status and the use of health services by all family members. We will compare households where: a) an older resident became dependent between baseline and follow-up (incident care), b) one or more older people were dependent at both time points (chronic care), b) c) no older residents had needs for care (control households) for household income, consumption, healthcare expenditure and economic strain. In each of the four countries we are carrying out six detailed household 'case studies' to explore in more depth the economic impacts of dependence, and the social relations between household members and others in their network. DISCUSSION: The INDEP study will provide a detailed examination of the economic and social effects of care dependence in low and middle income settings. As the proportion of older people with needs for care rises rapidly in these countries, this neglected policy area is likely to become increasingly salient for families, communities and policymakers alike. Our detailed multilevel plans for dissemination will ensure that the study helps to put this important issue on the agenda for the international and national media, the public and researchers.
RESUMO
In November 2002 the World Bank published a report on the Argentine health sector. The report accurately portrays the complexity and severity of the problems facing the health care system. It stresses that these problems are not purely a product of the country's economic collapse, noting that the system has suffered from long-standing structural problems and inefficiencies. Curiously, the report makes no mention of the leading role played by the World Bank in health reform efforts during the 1990s. This paper demonstrates that these reforms did much to worsen pre-existing weaknesses of the sector. The paper criticises the content of the reform agenda and the manner in which it was produced, arguing that these were reforms in which considerations of public health were less significant than conformity to the wider model of neo-liberal social and economic development prevailing at the time. It also highlights problems of implementing the reform agenda, which reduced the coherency of the reforms. The paper goes on to examine the impact of the crisis, noting links with the preceding reforms. It identifies a number of insights and lessons of potential value to other countries which are pursuing similar policies.