Effects of aging on the effectiveness of smoking cessation medication.

BACKGROUND: Considering the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of different medications, it is plausible that the age of a smoker could affect the half-life of these drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of smoking cessation drugs (nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, and varenicline) used either in isolation or in combination in adults under and over 60 years of age. METHODS: Data were collected from 940 Brazilian patients participating in a smoking cessation program. Participants were prescribed smoking cessation medication to be used for at least 12 weeks and were followed for 52 weeks. RESULTS: Cessation rates were significantly different among younger and older participants who were using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) alone. Being over 60 years of age was significantly associated with increased cessation success among those who used NRT alone (OR 2.34, 95% CI: 1.36 to 4.04, p = 0.002). The effectiveness of varenicline and bupropion were not significantly different according to age groups. CONCLUSION: Using age as a predictor for tailoring smoking cessation drugs might potentially lead to a more individualized prescription of smoking cessation therapy. These results should be tested in randomized controlled trials.

Mild chronic kidney dysfunction and treatment strategies for stable coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the association of chronic kidney dysfunction in patients with multivessel chronic coronary artery disease, preserved left ventricular function, and the possible interaction between received treatment and cardiovascular events. METHODS: The glomerular filtration rate was determined at baseline on 611 patients who were randomized into three treatment groups: medical treatment, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass surgery. Incidence of myocardial infarction, angina requiring a new revascularization procedure, and death were analyzed during 5 years in each group. RESULTS: Of 611 patients, 112 (18%) were classified as having normal renal function, 349 (57%) were classified as having mild dysfunction, and 150 (25%) were classified as having moderate dysfunction. There were significant differences among the cumulative overall mortality curves among the three renal function groups. Death was observed more frequently in the moderate dysfunction group than the other two groups (P < .001). Interestingly, in patients with mild chronic kidney dysfunction, we observed that coronary artery bypass treatment presented a statistically higher percentage of event-free survival and lower percentage of mortality than did percutaneous coronary intervention or medical treatment CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that coronary artery disease accompanied by chronic kidney dysfunction has a worse prognosis, regardless of the therapeutic strategy for coronary artery disease, when renal function is at least mildly impaired. Additionally, our data suggest that the different treatment strategies available for stable coronary artery disease may have differential beneficial effects according to the range of glomerular filtration rate strata.

Projeto MASS: resultados de um projeto temático / MASS project: findings of a themed project

O projeto MASS tem sido um marco na literatura científica em relação à avaliação da eficácia do tratamento efetivo em longo prazo na doença arteriosclerótica coronariana crônica. O impacto dos resultados do MASS tem permitido o desenvolvimento de novos estudos pelo Grupo de Coronariopatia do InCor, envolvendo uma abordagem multidisciplinar.

Impact of number of vessels disease on outcome of patients with stable coronary artery disease: 5-year follow-up of the Medical, Angioplasty, and bypass Surgery study (MASS).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the number of vessels disease has an impact on clinical outcomes as well as on therapeutic results accordingly to medical, percutaneous, or surgery treatment in chronic coronary artery disease. METHODS: We evaluated 825 individuals enrolled in MASS study, a randomized study to compare treatment options for single or multivessel coronary artery disease with preserved left ventricular function, prospectively followed during 5 years. The incidence of overall mortality and the composite end-point of death, myocardial infarction, and refractory angina were compared in three groups: single vessel disease (SVD n=214), two-vessel disease (2VD n=253) and three-vessel disease (3VD n=358). The relationship between baseline variables and the composite end-point was assessed using a Cox proportional hazards survival model. RESULTS: Most baseline characteristics were similar among groups, except age (younger in SVD and older in 3VD, p<0.001), lower incidence of hypertension in SVD (p<0.0001), and lower levels of total and LDL-cholesterol in 3VD (p=0.004 and p=0.005, respectively). There were no statistical differences in composite end-point in 5 years among groups independent of the kind of treatment; however, there was a higher mortality rate in 3VD (p<0.001). When we stratified our analysis for each treatment option, bypass surgery was associated with a lower number of composite end-point in all groups (SVD p<0.001, 2VD p=0.002, 3VD p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, we found higher mortality risk in 3VD comparing to SVD (p=0.005, HR 3.14, 95%CI 1.4-7.0). CONCLUSION: Three-vessel disease was associated with worse prognosis compared to single- or two-vessel disease in patients with stable coronary disease and preserved ventricular function at 5-year follow-up. In addition, event-free survival rates were higher after bypass surgery, independent of the number of vessels diseased in these subsets of patients.

Five-year follow-up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): a randomized controlled clinical trial of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Despite routine use of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), no conclusive evidence exists that either modality is superior to medical therapy (MT) alone for treating multivessel coronary artery disease with stable angina and preserved ventricular function. METHODS AND RESULTS: The primary end points were total mortality, Q-wave myocardial infarction, or refractory angina requiring revascularization. The study comprised 611 patients randomly assigned to undergo CABG (n=203), PCI (n=205), or MT (n=203). At the 5-year follow-up, the primary end points occurred in 21.2% of patients who underwent CABG compared with 32.7% treated with PCI and 36% receiving MT alone (P=0.0026). No statistical differences were observed in overall mortality among the 3 groups. In addition, 9.4% of MT and 11.2% of PCI patients underwent repeat revascularization procedures compared with 3.9% of CABG patients (P=0.021). Moreover, 15.3%, 11.2%, and 8.3% of patients experienced nonfatal myocardial infarction in the MT, PCI, and CABG groups, respectively (P<0.001). The pairwise treatment comparisons of the primary end points showed no difference between PCI and MT (relative risk, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.30) and a significant protective effect of CABG compared with MT (relative risk, 0.53; 95% confidence interval, 0.36 to 0.77). CONCLUSIONS: All 3 treatment regimens yielded comparable, relatively low rates of death. MT was associated with an incidence of long-term events and rate of additional revascularization similar to those for PCI. CABG was superior to MT in terms of the primary end points, reaching a significant 44% reduction in primary end points at the 5-year follow-up of patients with stable multivessel coronary artery disease.

Análise da dispersão do intervalo QT em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio: efeito da reperfusão coronariana / QT interval dispersion analysis in acute myocardial infarction patients: coronary reperfusion effect

OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito da reperfusão precoce da artéria relacionada ao infarto sobre a dispersão do intervalo QT(deltaQT), e seu valor como marcador de reperfusão coronária e de arritmias ventriculares. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 106 pacientes com reperfusão (CR) e 48 pacientes sem reperfusão (SR) que receberam terapia trombolítica na fase aguda do infarto. Foram analisados os eletrocardiogramas realizados na admissão e no 4° dia de evolução. A deltaQT, definido como a diferença entre o maior e o menor intervalo QT, foram medidos no ECG de 12 derivações. RESULTADOS: Na evolução do grupo com reperfusão, houve redução significativa da deltaQT de 89,66±20,47ms para 70,95±21,65ms (p<0,001). Por outro lado, no grupo sem reperfusão, houve aumento significativo da deltaQT de 81,27±20,52ms para 91,85±24,66ms (p<0,001). Análise de regressão logística demonstrou que a magnitude de redução entre a deltaQT pré e pós-trombólise foi o fator independente que identificou mais efetivamente a reperfusão coronária (OR 1,045, p<0,0001; IC 95 por cento). Não houve diferença significativa das medidas de dispersão quando comparados os pacientes que apresentaram arritmias ventriculares nas primeiras 48 h com aqueles sem arritmias. CONCLUSÃO: Esse estudo mostra que a deltaQT reduz significativamente em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos à trombólise com sucesso, aumentando nos pacientes que evoluem com a artéria fechada. A redução deltaQT entre a situação pré e pós-trombólise foi fator preditor de reperfusão coronária nesses pacientes, não apresentando correlação com arritmias ventriculares.

Imagem por ressonância magnética na cardiopatia chagásica crônica. Correlação com biopsia endomiocárdica / Magnetic resonance imaging in chronic chagas' heart disease. Correlation with endomyocardial biopsy findings

PURPOSE: To study the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging of the heart and right ventricle endomyocardial biopsy results in chronic Chagas' heart disease. METHODS: Ten patients with Chagas' disease, mean age 47 +/- 7 years, all males, in congestive heart failure with New York Heart Association class II (2 patients), III (6) and IV (2) were studied. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was at echocardiogram 36 +/- 6. The patients were submitted to right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging of the heart. The results of this group were compared with a control group of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, with mean age of 46 +/- 10 years and left ventricular ejection fraction of 30 +/- 4, in heart failure with functional class II (1 patient), III (5) and IV (1). RESULTS: All patients with Chagas' heart disease presented an increase in magnetic ressonance imaging signal of the heart after gadolinium use. The septal signal intensity changed from 0.87 +/- 0.06 to 1.54 +/- 0.16 (p < 0.001). In the control group the mean septal signal intensity was 0.93 +/- 0.07 before and 0.89 +/- 0.06 after the gadolinium (p = ns). Eight patients of the Chagas' disease group had biopsy proven myocarditis and two had borderline myocarditis. However, only one patient of the control group had diagnosis of borderline myocarditis. CONCLUSION: Myocarditis is frequently found in Chagas' heart disease patients and who unlike controls present a significant increase in myocardial signal intensity after gadolinium infusion. The magnetic resonance imaging of the heart seems a promising alternative method for the diagnosis of an inflammatory process in Chagas' heart disease.

Objetivo - Estudar a correlação entre a imagem por ressonância magnética e a biopsia endomiocárdica do ventrículo direito (VD) na cardiopatia da doença de Chagas. Métodos - Comparação de 10 pacientes com cardiopatia da doença de Chagas, idade média de 47 ± 7 anos, todos do sexo masculino, com insuficiência cardíaca em classe funcional (CF) II NYHA (2 pacientes), III (6) e IV (2); fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) média pelo ecocardiograma 36 ± 6%; e 6 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada idiopática, idade média de 46 ± 10 anos, FEVE média pelo ecocardiograma 30 ± 4% e insuficiência cardíaca CF II (1 paciente), III (5) e IV (1). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a biopsia endomiocárdica do VD e exame do coração através de ressonância magnética (RM) com e sem uso do contraste gadolíneo. Resultados - Todos os pacientes com cardiopatia chagásica apresentaram aumento da intensidade de sinal na imagem pela RM após o uso de gadolíneo. A intensidade média do sinal variou de 0,87 ± 0,06 antes a 1,54 ± 0,16 após o uso do contraste (p < 0,001). No grupo controle, antes do uso do gadolíneo a intensidade média septal foi de 0,93 ± 0,07 e, após, o valor médio foi de 0,89 ± 0,06 (p = ns). Oito pacientes no grupo de cardiopatia chagásica tiveram biopsia provando miocardite e 2 com resultado bordeline, contudo no grupo controle, somente um teve diagnóstico duvidoso para miocardite. Conclusão - A miocardite é freqüentemente encontrada na doença de Chagas, os pacientes com cardiomiopatia chagásica, ao contrário do grupo controle, apresentam aumento significativo da intensidade de sinal de ressonância após o uso do gadolíneo. A imagem por RM parece ser método alternativo e com boa acurácia para diagnóstico de processo inflamatório cardíaco na doença de Chagas

Aneurismas dos seios de Valsava esquerdo e näo-coronário associados à valvopatia reumática mitro-aórtica e à coronariopatia obstrutiva / Aneurysms of Left and Non Coronary Sinus of Valsalva Associated to Rheumatic Valve Incompetence and Coronary Artery Disease

Homem de 30 anos, com diagnóstico de associaçäo de aneurismas múltiplos de seios de Valsalva (esquerdo e näo-coronário), näo rotos, insuficiência aórtica e mitral reumáticas e oclusäo de artéria circunflexa, firmado por ecodopplercardiograma trans-esofágico e estudo hemodinâmico. No ato operatório confirmaram-se os achados e os aneurismas foram corrigidos por fechamento do seu colo com placa de pericárdio bovino e as valvas foram substituídas por biopróteses, tendo o paciente apresentado evoluçäo satisfatória