Novel Validated Five-point Photonumeric Scales for Assessment of Static and Dynamic Forehead Lines.

Background: The objective of this investigation was to create and validate five-point photonumeric scales which assess static and dynamic forehead lines. Methods: Two different novel five-point photonumeric scales for the assessment of static and dynamic forehead lines were developed. Moreover, a photoguide was created, including subjects from both sexes, all age groups, and different Fitzpatrick skin types. A total of 11 raters from all over the world were involved in the digital validation, whereas four raters performed a live validation. Results: The Croma Static Forehead Lines-Assessment Scale showed almost perfect inter and intra-rater agreement in both the digital and the live setting with inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.86 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82-0.89] in the first digital rating and 0.82 [95% CI: 0.78-0.86] in the second digital rating. The Croma Dynamic Forehead Lines-Assessment Scale showed almost perfect inter and intra-rater agreement in the digital setting with inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.83 [95% CI: 0.79-0.86] in the first digital rating and 0.80 [95% CI: 0.75-0.84] in the second rating and almost substantial agreement in the live setting. Conclusions: The Croma Static Forehead Lines-Assessment Scale and the Croma Dynamic Forehead Lines-Assessment Scale have excellent inter and intra-rater agreements to be justifiably used in the clinical and study setting, both digitally and live across ethnic groups.

Novel, Validated, 5-Point Photonumeric Scales for Assessment of the Perioral Region.

BACKGROUND: The use of validated scales is still considered the gold standard for evaluating the severity of an aesthetic facial condition. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this investigation was to create and validate 5-point photonumeric scales for the assessment of perioral lines and marionette lines. METHODS: A medical team created 2 different novel 5-point photonumeric scales for the assessment of perioral lines and marionette lines. Eleven international raters were involved in the digital validation, and 4 raters performed a live validation. RESULTS: For the Croma Static Perioral Lines-Assessment Scale, the digital interrater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85-0.91) in the first rating and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.83-0.90) in the second rating. The digital intrarater ICCs were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.87-0.92). In the live rating, the interrater ICCs were 0.89 (95% CI, 0.85-0.93) in the first rating and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.87-0.93) in the second rating with an intrarater ICC of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.88-0.95). For the Croma Marionette Lines-Assessment Scale, the digital rating interrater ICCs were 0.85 (95% CI, 0.81-0.89) in the first rating and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.84-0.90) in the second rating with an intrarater ICC of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.88-0.91). In the live rating, the interrater ICCs were 0.73 (95% CI, 0.54-0.83) in the first rating and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65-0.87) in the second rating with an intrarater ICC of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.83-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: The Croma Static Perioral Lines-Assessment Scale and the Croma Marionette Lines-Assessment Scale have exceptional inter- and intrarater agreements that justify their use in clinical and study settings for all ethnic groups.

Cellulite: Current Treatments, New Technology, and Clinical Management.

BACKGROUND: Cellulite is a well-known concern for many women; however, treatment can prove challenging because of the complexities of cellulite etiology, the various factors contributing to its appearance, and the multitude of therapies and procedures available. OBJECTIVE: To discuss current cellulite treatment options and effective clinical management. METHODS: A roundtable meeting was convened to discuss and share views on current cellulite treatment options, new technologies, and clinical management. The participants' views helped guide a narrative review on this topic. RESULTS: Advanced interventions for cellulite treatment-such as physical and acoustic subcision, radiofrequency, and injectable biostimulators-are gradually being established, with accumulating evidence showing efficacy, patient satisfaction, and potentially long-lasting outcomes. Cellulite severity rating scales are necessary for assessing treatment outcomes, but these can be complex to use in clinical practice, and the majority do not include patient or clinician perspectives. CONCLUSION: With the advent of new treatments and technologies, cosmetic surgeons and dermatologists will need to tailor their approach to each patient's needs and manage patient expectations because multimodal methods are likely to be required to address the various factors underlying cellulite appearance.

Aging of the Neck Decoded: New Insights for Minimally Invasive Treatments.

BACKGROUND: Many signs of aging manifest in the neck region, including platysmal bands, excess skin, horizontal neck lines and decreasing contour of the neck. While the clinical signs of an aged neck are well-known, data determining the underlying aging process are limited. OBJECTIVE: To decode aging of the neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study investigated elasticity and firmness of skin, muscle activity and skin displacement upon muscular contraction in the neck in 77 young-, middle- and old-age individuals. Objective outcome measures, including 3-dimensional imaging, cutometry and surface electromyography, were utilized for all assessments. RESULTS: Mean firmness of skin decreased significantly from young to old individuals (0.37 ± 0.13 mm, 0.30 ± 0.12 mm and 0.26 ± 0.12 mm in young, middle and old subjects, respectively; p < 0.001). Gross elasticity decreased significantly from 75.1 ± 13.0% in young subjects, to 64.53 ± 15.7% in middle-aged subjects and 55.79 ± 13.0% in old subjects (p < 0.001). The mean y-axis skin displacement increased from 2.48 ± 4.33 mm in young subjects, to 3.11 ± 4.49 mm in middle-aged subjects and 3.61 ± 5.38 mm in old subjects (p = 0.006). The mean signal-to-noise ratio decreased significantly from 16.74 ± 5.77 µV in young subjects, to 14.41 ± 4.86 µV in middle-aged subjects and to 12.23 ± 5.99 µV in old subjects (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into the interplay between skin elasticity, muscular activity and the reflected movement of the skin of the neck. Appreciation of these age-related changes lays the fundament for aesthetic treatments in this delicate region. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Electrophysiologic Frontalis Muscle Response Following Neuromodulator Injections.

Neuromodulator treatments limit the contractility of the frontalis muscle, resulting in reduced dynamic and static horizontal forehead line formation of the overlying skin. This interventional study investigated the electrophysiologic response (via signal-to-noise [SNR] ratio) and the overlying skin displacement of the frontalis muscle following neuromodulator injections in a total of 11 healthy neuromodulator-naïve volunteers. Relating SNR to the respective skin movement revealed that the higher the SNR, the more vertical the skin displacement is; this remained statistically relevant after gender stratification. These results are novel and will help the aesthetic community to understand neuromodulator effects on the frontalis muscle.

Influence of Age, Sex, and Body Mass Index on the Thickness of the Gluteal Subcutaneous Fat: Implications for Safe Buttock Augmentation Procedures.

BACKGROUND: The deep intramuscular approach during buttock augmentation with fat grafting has been associated with a significantly increased risk for pulmonary fat embolism. This study was designed to provide guidance for injection into the subcutaneous fat. METHODS: The authors investigated 150 Caucasian individuals with an equal distribution of men and women (n = 75 each) and a balanced distribution of age (n = 30 per decade: 20 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 49, 50 to 59, and 60 to 69 years) and body mass index (n = 50 per group: ≤24.9 kg/m, between 25.0 and 29.9kg/m, and ≥30 kg/m). Ultrasound-based measurements were conducted of the thickness of the total, superficial, and deep gluteal fatty layers. RESULTS: An increase in body mass index of 1.0 kg/m corresponded to an increase of 3 mm of the total gluteal subcutaneous fat of men and a 4-mm increase of the total gluteal subcutaneous fat in women. With increasing age, the thickness of the deep fatty layer increased, whereas with increasing body mass index the thickness of the superficial layer primarily increased. Formulas were generated to estimate the total thickness of the gluteal subcutaneous fatty layer for men [total thickness (in millimeters) = -33.56 + (age × 0.078) + (body mass index × 3.042)] and women [total thickness (in millimeters) = -56.997 + (age × 0.1) + (body mass index × 3.86)]. CONCLUSIONS: Knowing the total thickness of the gluteal subcutaneous fat (i.e., the safe space) allows surgeons to estimate their operating range for cannula motion even if no ultrasound machine is available during buttock augmentation with fat grafting. This can increase safety, potentially reducing the number of adverse events.

Use of a controlled subdermal radio frequency thermistor for treating the aging neck: Consensus recommendations.

INTRODUCTION: A new temperature-controlled device has been used as a percutaneous radio frequency probe to treat lax submental and other facial areas. It has significant advantages over other esthetic devices as it provides the dual benefit of fat lipolysis and skin tightening. Our goal here is to present consensus recommendations for treating the aging neck. METHODS: A panel of 11 expert physicians convened in Dallas, Texas, on October 15, 2016 to arrive at a consensus on the best current practice for submental skin tightening and contour improvement. Prior to the meeting, a comprehensive review of the literature was performed and a survey was sent to esthetic dermatologists and plastic surgeons who were queried about various aspects of neck rejuvenation. RESULTS: The literature search revealed 10 different technologies for neck rejuvenation evaluated in double-blind (n = 2) and single-blind (n = 1) clinical trials and other clinical evaluations (n = 21). The survey was sent via an email to 1248 individuals and was completed by 92 respondents. Review of the data and discussion by meeting attendees generated eight consensus recommendations. DISCUSSION: Subdermal monopolar radio frequency represents an effective means for disrupting fat volume and skin tightening of the face, neck, and jawline. For suitable patients, this treatment can be used to achieve significant esthetic improvements.

Photobiomodulation with non-thermal lasers: Mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses in dermatology and aesthetic medicine.

BACKGROUND: Non-thermal laser therapy in dermatology, is a growing field in medical technology by which therapeutic effects are achieved by exposing tissues to specific wavelengths of light. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this review was to gain a better understanding of the science behind non-thermal laser and the evidence supporting its use in dermatology. METHODS: A group of dermatologists and surgeons recently convened to review the evidence supporting the use of non-thermal laser for body sculpting, improving the appearance of cellulite, and treating onychomycosis. RESULTS: The use of non-thermal laser for body sculpting is supported by three randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled studies (N = 161), one prospective open-label study (N = 54), and two retrospective studies (N = 775). Non-thermal laser application for improving the appearance of cellulite is supported by one randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study (N = 38). The use of non-thermal laser for the treatment of onychomycosis is supported by an analysis of three non-randomized, open-label studies demonstrating clinical improvement of nails (N = 292). CONCLUSIONS: Non-thermal laser is steadily moving into mainstream medical practice, such as dermatology. Although present studies have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of non-thermal laser for body sculpting, cellulite reduction and onychomycosis treatment, studies demonstrating the efficacy of non-thermal laser as a stand-alone procedure are still inadequate.