Doublet-Singlet-Doublet Transition in a Single Organic Molecule Magnet On-Surface Constructed with up to 3 Aluminum Atoms.

Starting from a long aza-starphene neutral and nonmagnetic organic molecule, a single-molecule magnet is on-surface constructed using up to 3 light nonmagnetic aluminum (Al) atoms. Seldom observed in solution with transition-metal atoms and going from 1 to 3 Al coordinated atoms, the doublet-singlet-doublet transition is easily on-surface accessible using the scanning tunneling microscope single-atom and single-molecule manipulations on a gold(111) surface. With 3 coordinated Al atoms, the lateral vibration modes of the Al3-aza-starphene molecule magnet are largely frozen. Using the Kondo states, this opens the observation of the in-phase Al vertical atom vibrations and out-of-phase central phenyl vibrations.

On-Surface Atom-by-Atom-Assembled Aluminum Binuclear Tetrabenzophenazine Organometallic Magnetic Complex.

The Kondo effect results from the interactions of the conduction electrons in a metal bulk with localized magnetic impurities. While adsorbed atop a metallic surface, the on-surface nanoscale version of this effect is observed when a single magnetic atom or a single magnetic molecule (SMM) is interacting with the conduction electrons. SMMs are commonly organometallic complexes incorporating transition-metal atoms in different oxidation states. We demonstrate how a single nonmagnetic neutral tetrabenzo[a,c,j,h]phenazine molecule can be on-surface-coordinated with exactly two aluminum metal atoms (between Al(I) and Al(II) oxidation state on the Au(111) surface) by low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (LT-STM) single-atom manipulation. It results in a Kondo measurable localized molecular magnetic moment. This opens a new way to design SMM complexes without the need for heavy transition-metal atoms and complex ligands to stabilize the molecular coordination sphere.

Economic evaluation of HIV testing for men who have sex with men in community-based organizations - results from six European cities.

The non-decreasing incidence of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) has motivated the emergence of Community Based Voluntary Counselling and Testing (CBVCT) services specifically addressed to MSM. The CBVCT services are characterized by facilitated access and linkage to care, a staff largely constituted by voluntary peers, and private not-for-profit structures outside the formal health system institutions. Encouraging results have been measured about their effectiveness, but these favourable results may have been obtained at high costs, questioning the opportunity to expand the experience. We performed an economic evaluation of HIV testing for MSM at CBVCT services, and compared them across six European cities. We collected retrospective data for six CBVCT services from six cities (Copenhagen, Paris, Lyon, Athens, Lisbon, and Ljubljana), for the year 2014, on the number of HIV tests and HIV reactive tests, and on all expenditures to perform the testing activities. The total costs of CBVCTs varied from 54,390€ per year (Ljubljana) to 245,803€ per year (Athens). The cost per HIV test varied from to 41€ (Athens) to 113€ (Ljubljana). The cost per HIV reactive test varied from 1966€ (Athens) to 9065€ (Ljubljana). Our results show that the benefits of CBVCT services are obtained at an acceptable cost, in comparison with the literature (values, mostly from the USA, range from 1600$ to 16,985$ per HIV reactive test in clinical and non-clinical settings). This result was transversal to several European cities, highlighting that there is a common CBVCT model, the cost of which is comparable regardless of the epidemiological context and prices. The CBVCT services represent an effective and "worth it" experience, to be continued and expanded in future public health strategies towards HIV.

Necesidad de reanimación en prematuros menores de 32 semanas expuestos a sulfato de magnesio para neuroprotección fetal / Need for resuscitation in preterm neonates less than 32 weeks treated with antenatal magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection

Introducción: El empleo de sulfato de magnesio para neuroprotección fetal es un tratamiento cada vez más frecuente. Objetivo: Estudiar la asociación entre sulfato de magnesio administrado a la gestante y la necesidad de reanimación neonatal. Pacientes y método: Estudio prospectivo de un grupo de prematuros menores de 32 semanas expuestos al sulfato de magnesio como neuroprotector y otro grupo retrospectivo inmediatamente anterior al inicio de este tratamiento. En ambos grupos se descartaron los casos que no habían recibido maduración pulmonar con corticoides. Se analizaron y compararon el porcentaje de reanimación y diferentes comorbilidades. Resultados: Se incluyó a 107 prematuros, 56 expuestos al sulfato de magnesio. El porcentaje de reanimación avanzada fue similar en ambos grupos. No se encontraron diferencias en mortalidad, ventilación mecánica invasiva, tiempo de la primera deposición y otras comorbilidades. Conclusiones: El sulfato de magnesio para neuroprotección no aumenta de forma significativa la necesidad de reanimación de los prematuros menores de 32 semanas.

Introduction: Magnesium sulphate administration is recommended for foetal neuroprotection in pregnant women at imminent risk of early preterm birth. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between intrapartum magnesium sulphate for foetal neuroprotection and delivery room resuscitation of preterm infants less 32 weeks. Patients and method: A prospective observational study was conducted on preterm infants less 32 weeks exposed to magnesium sulphate for neuroprotection, and a comparison made with another historic group immediately before starting this treatment. Cases in both groups that had not reached lung maturity with corticosteroids were rejected. The rates of resuscitation, morbidity and mortality for each of the groups were analysed and compared. Results: There was a total of 107 preterm, with 56 exposed to magnesium sulphate. Rate of advanced resuscitation were similar between the two groups. There were no other differences in mortality, invasive mechanical ventilation, time to first stool, and other comorbidities. Conclusions: Intrapartum magnesium sulphate for foetal neuroprotection was not associated with an increased need for intensive delivery room resuscitation and other morbidities in these cohorts of less than 32 weeks preterm infants.

COBA-Cohort: a prospective cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men, attending community-based HIV testing services in five European countries (a study protocol).

INTRODUCTION: Community-based voluntary counselling and testing (CBVCT) services for men who have sex with men (MSM) can reach those most-at-risk and provide an environment for gay men that is likely to be non-stigmatising. Longitudinal data on the behaviour of HIV-negative MSM are scarce in Europe. The aim of this protocol, developed during the Euro HIV Early Diagnosis And Treatment (EDAT) project, is to implement a multicentre community-based cohort of HIV-negative MSM attending 15 CBVCT services in 5 European countries. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: (1) To describe the patterns of CBVCT use, (2) to estimate HIV incidence, and to identify determinants of (3) HIV seroconversion and (4) HIV and/or sexually transmitted infection (STI) test-seeking behaviour. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: All MSM aged 18 years or over and who had a negative HIV test result are invited to participate in the COmmunity-BAsed Cohort (COBA-Cohort). Study enrolment started in February 2015, and is due to continue for at least 12 months at each study site. Follow-up frequency depends on the testing recommendations in each country (at least 1 test per year). Sociodemographic data are collected at baseline; baseline and follow-up questionnaires both gather data on attitudes and perceptions, discrimination, HIV/STI testing history, sexual behaviour, condom use, and pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. Descriptive, exploratory and multivariate analyses will be performed to address the main research objectives of this study, using appropriate statistical tests and models. These analyses will be performed on the whole cohort data and stratified by study site or country. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study was approved by the Public Health authorities of each country where the study is being implemented. Findings from the COBA-Cohort study will be summarised in a report to the European Commission, and in leaflets to be distributed to study participants. Articles and conference abstracts will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals and conferences.

Acceptability of an "on-demand" pre-exposure HIV prophylaxis trial among men who have sex with men living in France.

Although predictors of willingness to take daily, self-administered pre-exposure HIV prophylaxis (PrEP) for men who have sex with men (MSM) have been studied in the context of several PrEP trials internationally, little is known about MSM interested in participating in a trial on the use of PrEP on an "on -demand" basis, i.e., taking a first dose of combined tenofovir/emtricitabine a few hours before possible HIV sexual exposure and a second dose a few hours afterwards. A double-blind placebo randomized PrEP trial will soon begin in France to evaluate the effectiveness of PrEP in terms of reducing HIV infection rates, among MSM self-administering "on-demand" PrEP. To assess potential participants' characteristics associated with willingness to participate in the trial and identify barriers and facilitators to implementation, MSM completed a self-administered questionnaire, distributed via gay venues and community websites. Among the 443 respondents who reported being HIV-negative, 40% reported being interested in participating. Factors independently associated with interest included: reporting lower educational level, more than 20 male sexual partners in the previous year, reporting unprotected anal sex with casual partners and preferring PrEP follow-up visits in a devoted area within a hospital. There is great interest in participating in a future "on-demand" PrEP trial among HIV-negative MSM and particularly in those at potentially high risk of HIV exposure. Providing confidentiality and tailored counseling during PrEP follow-up are important issues.

Cis-dicarbonyl binding at cobalt and iron porphyrins with saddle-shape conformation.

Diatomic molecules attached to complexed iron or cobalt centres are important in many biological processes. In natural systems, metallotetrapyrrole units carry respiratory gases or provide sensing and catalytic functions. Conceiving synthetic model systems strongly helps to determine the pertinent chemical foundations for such processes, with recent work highlighting the importance of the prosthetic groups' conformational flexibility as an intricate variable affecting their functional properties. Here, we present simple model systems to investigate, at the single molecule level, the interaction of carbon monoxide with saddle-shaped iron- and cobalt-porphyrin conformers, which have been stabilized as two-dimensional arrays on well-defined surfaces. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy we identified a novel bonding scheme expressed in tilted monocarbonyl and cis-dicarbonyl configurations at the functional metal-macrocycle unit. Modelling with density functional theory revealed that the weakly bonded diatomic carbonyl adduct can effectively bridge specific pyrrole groups with the metal atom as a result of the pronounced saddle-shape conformation of the porphyrin cage.