Thematic coverage and readability of online patient information on cochlear implant care.

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of patients with a cochlear implant (CI) is usually an elective, complex and interdisciplinary process. As an important source of information, patients often access the internet prior to treatment. The quality of internet-based information regarding thematic coverage has not yet been analysed in detail. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the information on CI care available on the internet regarding its thematic coverage and readability. MATERIAL METHODS: Eight search phrases related to CI care were defined as part of the study. A checklist for completeness of thematic coverage was then created for each search phrase. The current German CI clinical practice guideline and the white paper on CI care in Germany were used as a basis. As a further parameter, readability was assessed using Flesch Reading Ease Scores. The search phrases were used for an internet search with Google. The first ten results were then analysed with regard to thematic coverage, readability and the provider of the website. RESULTS: A total of 80 websites were identified, which were set up by 54 different providers (16 providers were found in multiple entries) from eight different provider groups. The average completeness of thematic coverage was 41.6 ± 28.2%. Readability according to the Flesch Reading Ease Score was categorised as "hard to read" on average (34.7 ± 14.2 points, range: 0-72). There was a negative statistically significant correlation between the thematic coverage of content and readability (Spearman's rank correlation: r = - 0.413, p = 0.00014). The completeness of thematic coverage of information on CI care available on the internet was highly heterogeneous and had a significant negative correlation with the readability. This result should be taken into account by both the providers of internet information and by patients when using internet-based information on CI care and help to further improve the quality of web-based information.

Checkpoint inhibition enhances cell contacts between CD4+ T cells and Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells of classic Hodgkin lymphoma.

Although checkpoint molecules like CTLA-4 and PD1 have been described several years ago, checkpoint inhibitors such as Nivolumab (an anti-PD-1 antibody) have only recently been used to treat classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). Several studies have shown convincing therapeutic effects of Nivolumab in cHL. However, the mechanism of action of Nivolumab in cHL is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to monitor changes in cell motility and cell contacts after administration of Nivolumab to an in vitro model of cHL as well as to native hyperplastic lymphoid tissue and native human tissue from cHL. In both tissue and in vitro, CD4+, CD8+, CD30+ and CD20+ cell velocities were unchanged after Nivolumab incubation. In contrast, in primary cHL tissue, the duration of cell contacts between CD4+ T cells and HRS cells was significantly increased after 5 h Nivolumab treatment, and the number of contacts with HRS cells was also slightly increased for CD4+ T cells (not significant), suggesting that CD4+ T cells in particular contribute to the cytotoxicity observed as a result of Nivolumab therapy. There was no change in the duration of cell contacts in the hyperplastic lymphoid tissue after Nivolumab incubation. In conclusion, we show here for the first time by imaging of native lymphoma tissue an enhanced interaction of CD4+ T cells and HRS cells in cHL after Nivolumab administration.

[Fluorescence confocal microscopy-complete digitization of pathology]. / Fluoreszenzbasierte Konfokalmikroskopie ­ vollständige Digitalisierung der Pathologie.

BACKGROUND: Fluorescence-based confocal microscopy (FCM) can be used to create virtual H&E sections in real time. So far, FCM has been used in dermato-, uro-, and gynecopathology. FCM allows the creation of a completely digitized frozen section, which could potentially replace conventional frozen sections in the future. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current work is to implement FCM technology as a component of fully digitized processes in the pathological workflow. For this purpose, the current use of FCM in liver transplant pathology will be extended to other disciplines such as urology and otorhinolaryngology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The FCM technique continues to be used prospectively on native tissue samples from potential donor livers. Conventional frozen sections are used comparatively to virtual FCM scans. RESULTS: The data show a nearly perfect agreement for the detection of cholangitis, fibrosis, and malignancy, and a high level of agreement for, e.g., macrovesicular steatosis, inflammation, steatohepatitis, and necrosis between virtual FCM scans and conventional routine diagnostic frozen sections. CONCLUSION: Since the availability of time- and cost-intensive frozen section diagnostics in the context of transplant pathology in continuous operation (24/7) is now only established at very few university centers in Germany due to an increasing shortage of specialists, the use of FCM could be an important building block in the current process leading towards a fully digitized pathology workflow and should thus be extended to various disciplines.

Cochlear implant therapy improves the quality of life and social participation in the elderly: a prospective long-term evaluation.

PURPOSE: In recent years, the number of elderly cochlear implant (CI) candidates is continuously rising. In addition to the audiological improvement, other positive effects of CI treatment can also be observed in clinical routine. The "quality of life" as a parameter of success directly experienced by the patient is increasingly becoming the focus of clinical research. Although there are already clear indications of a rapid and significant improvement in quality of life, there is still a lack of systematic, prospectively collected longitudinal long-term data in patients over the age of 65. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal observational study included 31 patients between the age of 71 and 92 years who had first been treated unilaterally with a CI 6 years ago. In addition to free-field monosyllable recognition, quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale-old (WHOQL-OLD). The results were compared with the data from our previous study, in which we focused on the short- and medium-term effects on quality of life. In both studies, the same patient population was examined. In addition, these study data were compared with an age-matched average population. RESULTS: In speech recognition, there was no significant change from the control 6 months postoperatively compared with the results 6 years postoperatively. No significant changes occurred in the total quality of life score or any of the other six facets of quality of life when comparing the results 6 months postoperatively with the results 6 years postoperatively. In "Social participation", the CI patients even exceed the values of the age-matched average population 6 years after treatment. CONCLUSION: Improvement in the quality of life and especially in social participation appears stable over many years in elderly patients after hearing rehabilitation with a CI.

Prospective study on magnetic resonance imaging in cochlear implant patients.

PURPOSE: Monocentric, prospective study to investigate whether concomitant support of cochlear implant (CI) patients by CI-trained otolaryngologists and application of a standardized head bandage can minimize potential complications during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with 46 CIs underwent MRI with a prophylactic head bandage. All participants and the otolaryngologist at the CI center completed pre- and post-MRI questionnaires documenting body region scanned, duration of MRI and bandage wear, field strength during the scan, and any complications. If pain was experienced, it was assessed using a visual analog scale (1-10). RESULTS: MRI was performed without adverse events in 37.8% of cases. Magnet dislocation requiring surgical revision occurred in 2% of cases. Pain was reported in 86% of cases, often due to the tightness of the dressing. Patients with rotating, MRI-compatible magnets reported significantly less pain than participants with older-generation implants. In 11% of cases, the MRI was discontinued. CONCLUSION: Serious complications during MRI in cochlear implant patients are rare. Pain is the most common adverse event, probably mainly due to the tight bandage required by most implant types. With newer generations of magnets, these patients experience less pain, no dislocation of the magnets, and no need for bandaging. Although magnet dislocation cannot be completely prevented in older generations of implants, it appears to be reduced by good patient management, which recommends examination under the guidance of physicians trained in the use of hearing implants.

The RHOA Mutation G17V Does Not Lead to Increased Migration of Human Malignant T Cells but Is Associated with Matrix Remodelling.

Nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic-type (AITL), is characterized by constitutional symptoms, advanced-stage disease, and generalized lymphadenopathy. A genetic hallmark of this lymphoma is the frequent occurrence of the RHOA mutation G17V in neoplastic cells, which is observed in around 60% of patients. Because RHOA is involved in both T-cell receptor downstream signalling and cell migration, we hypothesized that the characteristic presentation of AITL could be the result of enhanced tumor cell migration. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the impact of the RHOA variant G17V on the migration of neoplastic T cells. We transfected the T-cell lymphoma cell lines HH and HuT78 to stably express the RHOA-G17V variant. RHOA-G17V-expressing T cells did not exhibit enhanced motility compared to empty-vector-transfected cells in microchannels, a 3D collagen gel, or primary human lymphatic tissue. Cells of the HH cell line expressing RHOA-G17V had an increased number of cells with cleaved collagen compared with the empty-vector-transfected cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that the early spread of AITL tumor cells may be related to remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Accordingly, we observed a significant negative correlation between the relative area of collagen in histological sections from 18 primary AITL and the allele frequency of the RHOA-G17V mutation. In conclusion, our results suggest that the characteristic presentation of AITL with early, widespread dissemination of lymphoma cells is not the result of an enhanced migration capacity due to the RHOA-G17V mutation; instead, this feature may rather be related to extracellular matrix remodelling.

Bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantation is a safe method of hearing rehabilitation in adults.

PURPOSE: Bilateral cochlear implantation is an effective treatment for patients with bilateral profound hearing loss. In contrast to children, adults mostly choose a sequential surgery. This study addresses whether simultaneous bilateral CI is associated with higher rates of complications compared to sequential implantation. METHODS: 169 bilateral CI surgeries were analyzed retrospectively. 34 of the patients were implanted simultaneously (group 1), whereas 135 patients were implanted sequentially (group 2). The duration of surgery, the incidence of minor and major complications and the duration of hospitalization of both groups were compared. RESULTS: In group 1, the total operating room time was significantly shorter. The incidences of minor and major surgical complications showed no statistically significant differences. A fatal non-surgical complication in group 1 was particularly extensively reappraised without evidence of a causal relationship to the chosen mode of care. The duration of hospitalization was 0.7 days longer than in unilateral implantation but 2.8 days shorter than the combined two hospital stays in group 2. CONCLUSION: In the synopsis of all considered complications and complication-relevant factors, equivalence of simultaneous and sequential cochlear implantation in adults in terms of safety was found. However, potential side effects related to longer surgical time in simultaneous surgery must be considered individually. Careful patient selection with special consideration to existing comorbidities and preoperative anesthesiologic evaluation is essential.

Long-term effects on the quality of life following cochlear implant treatment in older patients.

PURPOSE: Even in older patients, hearing rehabilitation with a cochlear implant has become an established method for deafened or severely hearing-impaired patients. In addition to the hearing improvement, numerous other effects of CI treatment can be observed in clinical routine. In the literature, there is multiple evidence for a rapid and significant improvement in quality of life with CI treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of hearing rehabilitation using CI on the quality of life in older patients (≥ 65 years). METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study examined 84 patients between the age of 65 and 101 years who received unilateral CI treatment for the first time between one and 10 years ago. The World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale-Old (WHOQL-OLD) was used to determine the quality of life. The study cohort was divided into three groups to compare the quality of life over time: group I (1-3 years after CI treatment), group II (4-6 years after CI treatment), and group III (7-10 years after CI treatment). In addition, the data from this study were compared with the results of our previous study (Issing et al. 2020) in which we focused on the first 6 months after CI treatment. RESULTS: In all three groups, there was a significant improvement in monosyllabic discrimination within 1 year after CI fitting (p > 0.001). No significant differences were found between the three groups. There were no significant differences between the three groups in the WHOQOL-OLD total score (p = 0.487) or any of the other six facets. Moreover, no significant differences were found compared to the study group of our previous study 6 months after CI treatment. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the long-term stability of the improved quality of life following unilateral CI treatment in patients aged 65 years or older.

Suitable Electrode Choice for Robotic-Assisted Cochlear Implant Surgery: A Systematic Literature Review of Manual Electrode Insertion Adverse Events.

Background and Objective: The cochlear implant (CI) electrode insertion process is a key step in CI surgery. One of the aims of advances in robotic-assisted CI surgery (RACIS) is to realize better cochlear structure preservation and to precisely control insertion. The aim of this literature review is to gain insight into electrode selection for RACIS by acquiring a thorough knowledge of electrode insertion and related complications from classic CI surgery involving a manual electrode insertion process. Methods: A systematic electronic search of the literature was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science to find relevant literature on electrode tip fold over (ETFO), electrode scalar deviation (ESD), and electrode migration (EM) from both pre-shaped and straight electrode types. Results: A total of 82 studies that include 8,603 ears implanted with a CI, i.e., pre-shaped (4,869) and straight electrodes (3,734), were evaluated. The rate of ETFO (25 studies, 2,335 ears), ESD (39 studies, 3,073 ears), and EM (18 studies, 3,195 ears) was determined. An incidence rate (±95% CI) of 5.38% (4.4-6.6%) of ETFO, 28.6% (26.6-30.6%) of ESD, and 0.53% (0.2-1.1%) of EM is associated with pre-shaped electrodes, whereas with straight electrodes it was 0.51% (0.1-1.3%), 11% (9.2-13.0%), and 3.2% (2.5-3.95%), respectively. The differences between the pre-shaped and straight electrode types are highly significant (p < 0.001). Laboratory experiments show evidence that robotic insertions of electrodes are less traumatic than manual insertions. The influence of round window (RW) vs. cochleostomy (Coch) was not assessed. Conclusion: Considering the current electrode designs available and the reported incidence of insertion complications, the use of straight electrodes in RACIS and conventional CI surgery (and manual insertion) appears to be less traumatic to intracochlear structures compared with pre-shaped electrodes. However, EM of straight electrodes should be anticipated. RACIS has the potential to reduce these complications.

Landscape of 4D Cell Interaction in Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas.

Profound knowledge exists about the clinical, morphologic, genomic, and transcriptomic characteristics of most lymphoma entities. However, information is currently lacking on the dynamic behavior of malignant lymphomas. This pilot study aimed to gain insight into the motility of malignant lymphomas and bystander cells in 20 human lymph nodes. Generally, B cells were faster under reactive conditions compared with B cells in malignant lymphomas. In contrast, PD1-positive T cells did not show systematic differences in velocity between reactive and neoplastic conditions in general. However, lymphomas could be divided into two groups: one with fast PD1-positive T cells (e.g., Hodgkin lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma; means 8.4 and 7.8 µm/min) and another with slower PD1-positive T cells (e.g., mediastinal grey zone lymphoma; mean 3.5 µm/min). Although the number of contacts between lymphoma cells and PD1-positive T cells was similar in different lymphoma types, important differences were observed in the duration of these contacts. Among the lymphomas with fast PD1-positive T cells, contacts were particularly short in mantle cell lymphoma (mean 54 s), whereas nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma presented prolonged contact times (mean 6.1 min). Short contact times in mantle cell lymphoma were associated with the largest spatial displacement of PD1-positive cells (mean 12.3 µm). Although PD1-positive T cells in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma were fast, they remained in close contact with the lymphoma cells, in line with a dynamic immunological synapse. This pilot study shows for the first time systematic differences in the dynamic behavior of lymphoma and bystander cells between different lymphoma types.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients With Hearing Implants - Follow-up on Prevalence and Complications.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations performed in patients with hearing implants and to quantify side effects or complications related to this procedure. STUDY DESIGN: Questionnaire. SETTING: Tertiary referral center, academic hospital. PATIENTS: One thousand four hundred sixty-onepatients with an implanted hearing system. INTERVENTION: Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire either during a visit to the clinic (304) or by mail contact (1,157) between February 2018 and March 2019. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of examinations by means of MRI per patient and number of side effects or complications. RESULTS: A total of 711 questionnaires were returned. After excluding nonvalid information on the questionnaire, 12.8% of patients were identified who had undergone an MRI after having received their hearing implant. Within this group of 91 patients, the most common precaution undertaken was a head bandage (69%). Side effects were mainly pain (37%), followed by anxiety (15%) and tinnitus (9%). The MRI had to be aborted in 14% and dislocation of the magnet occurred in 7% of examinations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that patients undergoing hearing implant surgery need better information about the limitations and requirements of MRI. The occurrence of side effects is likely as only half of the patients in our study group were completely free of symptoms. Dislocation of the implant magnet was observed in several cases, hence patients and physicians need to be educated about this potential complication.

Typical symptoms of common otorhinolaryngological diseases may mask a SARS-CoV-2 infection.

PURPOSE: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replicates predominantly in the upper respiratory tract and is primarily transmitted by droplets and aerosols. Taking the medical history for typical COVID-19 symptoms and PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 testing have become established as screening procedures. The aim of this work was to describe the clinical appearance of SARS-CoV-2-PCR positive patients and to determine the SARS-CoV-2 contact risk for health care workers (HCW). METHODS: The retrospective study included n = 2283 SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests from n = 1725 patients with otorhinolaryngological (ORL) diseases performed from March to November 2020 prior to inpatient treatment. In addition, demographic data and medical history were assessed. RESULTS: n = 13 PCR tests (0.6%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The positive rate showed a significant increase during the observation period (p < 0.01). None of the patients had clinical symptoms that led to a suspected diagnosis of COVID-19 before PCR testing. The patients were either asymptomatic (n = 4) or had symptoms that were interpreted as symptoms typical of the ORL disease or secondary diagnoses (n = 9). CONCLUSION: The identification of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients is a considerable challenge in clinical practice. Our findings illustrate that taking a medical history alone is of limited value and cannot replace molecular SARS-CoV-2 testing, especially for patients with ORL diseases. Our data also demonstrate that there is a high probability of contact with SARS-CoV-2-positive patients in everyday clinical practice, so that the use of personal protective equipment, even in apparently "routine cases", is highly recommended.

Comparison of bandaging techniques to prevent cochlear implant magnet displacement following MRI.

INTRODUCTION: For cochlear implants (CI) with removable magnets, a pressure bandage usually is recommended during MR imaging to avoid magnet dislocation. Nevertheless, this complication is regularly observed despite applying a pressure bandage. The aim of this study was to compare various bandaging techniques to avoid magnet displacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As an experimental model a force measuring stand was developed and validated, on which the process of magnet dislocation could be simulated on a cochlear implant. In a test series with six combinations of cohesive and elastic bandages with different counter pressure elements (CPE), the forces required to induce magnet dislocation against the resistance of a compression bandage was determined. In addition, the inter- and intraindividual variability of the compression bandages was measured for ten different users. RESULTS: The cohesive bandage had the lowest average holding force of 10.70 N. The elastic bandage developed more than four times the retention force of the cohesive bandage (44.88 N, p < 0.01). By adding a CPE, these values could be increased highly significantly up to factor 3. The optimum combination in terms of fixation force against magnet dislocation was an elastic bandage plus a cylindrical CPE (76.60 N). The data showed a high interindividual variability. CONCLUSION: Even though most CI manufacturers now offer 3T-conditional implants, a pressure bandage will have to be applied to thousands of patients with previous implant generations to prevent magnet dislocation. We examined for the first time force measurements to compare different bandaging techniques by detecting the holding force of the CI magnet. We were able to identify an optimized combination of a bandage and a CPE to immobilize the CI magnet. However, our data also demonstrated a significant scatter amongst different examiners. Although our data provide valuable data for potential clinical application, future development of the dressing technique is required for human use.

In vitro comparison of surgical techniques in times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: electrocautery generates more droplets and aerosol than laser surgery or drilling.

INTRODUCTION: Based on current knowledge, the SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via droplet, aerosols and smear infection. Due to a confirmed high virus load in the upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients, there is a potential risk of infection for health care professionals when performing surgical procedures in this area. The aim of this study was the semi-quantitative comparison of ENT-typical interventions in the head and neck area with regard to particle and aerosol generation. These data can potentially contribute to a better risk assessment of aerogenic SARS-CoV-2-transmission caused by medical procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As a model, a test chamber was created to examine various typical surgical interventions on porcine soft and hard tissues. Simultaneously, particle and aerosol release were recorded and semi-quantitatively evaluated time-dependently. Five typical surgical intervention techniques (mechanical stress with a passive instrument with and without suction, CO2 laser treatment, drilling and bipolar electrocoagulation) were examined and compared regarding resulting particle release. RESULTS: Neither aerosols nor particles could be detected during mechanical manipulation with and without suction. The use of laser technique showed considerable formation of aerosol. During drilling, mainly solid tissue particles were scattered into the environment (18.2 ± 15.7 particles/cm2/min). The strongest particle release was determined during electrocoagulation (77.2 ± 30.4 particles/cm2/min). The difference in particle release between electrocoagulation and drilling was significant (p < 0.05), while particle diameter was comparable. In addition, relevant amounts of aerosol were released during electrocoagulation (79.6% of the maximum flue gas emission during laser treatment). DISCUSSION: Our results demonstrated clear differences comparing surgical model interventions. In contrast to sole mechanical stress with passive instruments, all active instruments (laser, drilling and electrocoagulation) released particles and aerosols. Assuming that particle and aerosol exposure is clinically correlated to the risk of SARS-CoV-2-transmission from the patient to the physician, a potential risk for health care professionals for infection cannot be excluded. Especially electrocautery is frequently used for emergency treatment, e.g., nose bleeding. The use of this technique may, therefore, be considered particularly critical in potentially infectious patients. Alternative methods may be given preference and personal protective equipment should be used consequently.

Aerosol Exposure During Surgical Tracheotomy in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Since December 2019, the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading worldwide. Since the main route of infection with SARS-CoV-2 is probably via contact with virus-containing droplets of the exhaled air, any method of securing the airway is of extremely high risk for the health care professionals involved. We evaluated the aerosol exposure to the interventional team during a tracheotomy in a semiquantitative fashion. In addition, we present novel protective measures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To visualize the air movements occurring during a tracheotomy, we used a breathing simulator filled with artificial fog. Normal breathing and coughing were simulated under surgery. The speed of aerosol propagation and particle density in the direct visual field of the surgeon were evaluated. RESULTS: Laminar air flow (LAF) in the OR reduced significantly the aerosol exposure during tracheostomy. Only 4.8 ±â€Š3.4% of the aerosol was in contact with the surgeon. Without LAF, however, the aerosol density in the inspiratory area of the surgeon is 10 times higher (47.9 ±â€Š10.8%, P < 0.01). Coughing through the opened trachea exposed the surgeon within 400 ms with 76.0 ±â€Š8.0% of the aerosol-independent of the function of the LAF. Only when a blocked tube was inserted into the airway, no aerosol leakage could be detected. DISCUSSION: Coughing and expiration during a surgical tracheotomy expose the surgical team considerably to airway aerosols. This is potentially associated with an increased risk for employees being infected by airborne-transmitted pathogens. Laminar airflow in an operating room leads to a significant reduction in the aerosol exposure of the surgeon and is therefore preferable to a bedside tracheotomy in terms of infection prevention. Ideal protection of medical staff is achieved when the procedure is performed under endotracheal intubation and muscle relaxation.

Cochlear Implantation.

BACKGROUND: Hearing impairment that is too severe to be adequately treated with conventional hearing aids can lead, in children, to severe developmental disturbances of hearing and language, and, in adults, to communicative and social deprivation. Recent advances in medical device technology and in microsurgical techniques have led to an expansion of the indications for cochlear implantation (CI) for adults with progressive hearing loss in older age, and to a restructuring of the process of care for these patients in Germany. METHODS: This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed, as well as on the CI guidelines and CI "white book" of the German Society of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. RESULTS: Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for the successful auditory rehabilitation of high-grade hearing impairment. In children, a key role is played by newborn auditory screening, which is mandatory in Germany and enables the provision of a CI in the first year of life when necessary. 86% of the children receiving a CI achieve linguistic comprehension of fluently spoken sentences. For adults, positive prognostic factors for hearing after the provision of a CI include a highly motivated patient, "postlingual" onset of the hearing impairment (i.e., after the acquisition of language), and a brief duration of deafness. Auditory rehabilitation is associated with significant improvement, not just of hearing and of the comprehension of spoken language, but also of quality of life, particularly in elderly patients. For patients of any age with bilateral hearing loss, CIs should be provided on both sides, if possible. The more common complications of the procedure, with a probability of 2-4% each, are technical implant defects, dizziness, and wound-healing disturbances. CONCLUSION: Cochlear implantation, performed in specialized centers, is a safe and reliable technique and regularly enables the successful rehabilitation of hearing in both children and adults.

Landscape of T Follicular Helper Cell Dynamics in Human Germinal Centers.

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a very important role in mounting a humoral response. Studies conducted in mouse models have revealed with good kinetic and spatial resolution the dynamics of these cells in germinal centers (GC) and their cross-talk with B cells upon an immune response. However, whether a similar migratory behavior is performed by human Tfh cells is unclear, as technology to track them in situ has been lacking. In this study, we combined traditional immunohistochemistry and real-time fluorescent imaging approaches on fresh human adenoid slices to provide static and dynamic information on Tfh cells. Our data indicate that GC light zones are composed of two distinct areas in terms of Tfh cell distribution and migration. In the outer GC light zones, Tfh cells migrate actively and with a high ability to form dynamic clusters showing intense and rapid reorganization. In these outer regions, Tfh cells demonstrate multiple interactions between each other. Conversely, in central regions of GC light zones, Tfh cells are much more static, forming long-lasting conjugates. These findings reveal for the first time, to our knowledge, the dynamic behavior whereby Tfh cells migrate in human GC and highlight the heterogeneity of GC for Tfh cell motility.

Cochlear implant magnet dislocation after MRI: surgical management and outcome.

PURPOSE: An increasing number of cochlear implant (CI) users is examined by magnetic resonance imaging which may cause the displacement of the implant magnet. This complication prevents the usage of the external processor and has to be treated surgically in most cases. The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of the surgical intervention and the consequences for the CI recipients. METHODS: The retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary referral center. From the patient care records between October 2014 and July 2018, 9 cases were reviewed that had undergone MRI after cochlear implantation and had experienced magnet displacement. RESULTS: Nine patients from 9 to 74 years of age were identified with MRI-induced magnet displacement. Implants of different manufacturers were affected (8 × Cochlear®, 1 Advanced Bionics®) but did not include the latest 3 T MR conditional product generation. The patients reported pain, swelling, redness above the implant and/or a noticeably dislocated magnet. One-third of the MRI examination were conducted in external radiological sites without any precautions such as a compression bandage. Surgical magnet repositioning was successful in all but one case with postoperative implant infection and consecutive explantation. In total, the patient was unable to use his CI for 420 days (1.2 years) after the MRI examination. The remaining eight patients averaged 29 days between MRI-related magnet dislocation and CI re-activation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that in the majority of cases a surgical magnet reposition is possible without complications, and thus the time of nonuse of the CI is usually low. Nevertheless, there is a risk that in individual cases significant medical, functional, social and economic consequences for patients may occur. The presented data demonstrate that the indication to perform MRI scans in CI users needs to be further critically considered. An attentive, critical assessment of an MRI indication by both the initiating physician (usually not an ENT specialist) and the performing radiologist is mandatory.

Evaluation of a bone groove geometry for fixation of a cochlear implant electrode.

PURPOSE: Electrode migration is a rare, but relevant complication in cochlear implant (CI) surgery. An effective countermeasure is to create a bone groove in the facial recess to secure the electrode lead. We use this method routinely since 2013, but still experienced sporadic electrode migration events most likely due to an improper surgical execution. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum groove geometry. METHODS: Grooves of defined geometry were created in specimens of fresh porcine femur compacta by use of a CNC milling machine. Electrode dummies were fixed in the groove and then exposed to tensile stress. Force measurements were carried out to examine the effect of groove diameter and opening width on the holding force. The mechanical impact on the electrode cable during insertion into the groove was recorded and the electrode lead was examined under microscopic magnification to assess potential structural damage. RESULTS: Optimum groove geometry (diameter 1.10 mm, opening width 0.90 mm) ensured an average holding force of 830 mN which is equivalent to the established fixation by use of a titanium clip. None of the microscopic inspections revealed any morphological deterioration of the electrode lead. CONCLUSION: The fixation of a CI electrode in a bone groove in the facial recess appears to be effective and safe. Furthermore, this method does not require additional costs or foreign material. The optimum geometry defined in this study helped us to refine our surgical standard produce and to generate more consistent results.

A new adhesive bone conduction hearing system as a treatment option for transient hearing loss after middle ear surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this prospective, single-subject, repeated measures study was to evaluate the audiological benefit and patient satisfaction with an adhesive, pressure-free bone conduction hearing system (ADHEAR; MED-EL, Innsbruck, Austria) in patients who underwent middle ear surgery with transient hearing loss due to auditory canal tamponade. METHODS: Eleven adult subjects suffering from transient conductive hearing loss were enrolled in the study and followed up to 3 weeks after middle ear surgery. Bone and air conduction thresholds were measured pre and postoperatively to evaluate eligibility for enrollment. Postoperative unaided and aided sound-field thresholds, as well as speech tests in quiet and noise were compared to confirm hearing improvement with the hearing system. To determine patient satisfaction, the SSQ12 and a system-specific quality of life questionnaire was administered to all subjects. RESULTS: Speech perception for monosyllables in quiet improved by 46%, with statistical significance for the ADHEAR system compared to the unaided condition after one week. The functional hearing gain improved by 19 dB. Speech perception in noise with the device was - 6.7 dB SNR on average, with a statistically significant improvement of 2.7 dB SNR. The results of the questionnaire showed a high level of patient satisfaction and subjective hearing improvement. No serious skin reactions or other severe complications occurred. CONCLUSION: As long as the auditory canal is blocked due to tamponade, patients benefit from hearing rehabilitation. This adhesive hearing system is a safe and effective device to treat transient conductive hearing loss and may considerably improve treatment for patients even with short-term hearing loss.