Final results of a randomized phase III trial of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in patients with stage IVA and IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma-Taiwan Cooperative Oncology Group (TCOG) 1303 Study.

Background: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is superior to radiotherapy alone for treating locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Whether adding induction chemotherapy (IC) further improves the outcome warrants investigation. Patients and methods: This open-label multicenter phase III trial was conducted at 11 institutions in Taiwan. Patients with stage IVA or IVB NPC were randomized to receive IC followed by CCRT (I-CCRT) or CCRT alone. Patients in the I-CCRT arm received three cycles of mitomycin C, epirubicin, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (MEPFL). All patients received 30 mg/m2 cisplatin weekly during radiotherapy, which was delivered as 1.8-2.2 Gy per fraction with five daily fractions per week, to a total dose of 70 Gy or greater to the primary tumor and 66-70 Gy to the involved neck. The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS). Results: In this study, 240 and 239 patients were randomized to CCRT and I-CCRT arm, respectively. The most prominent toxicities of induction were leukopenia (grade 3 and 4: 47% and 12%) and thrombocytopenia (grade 3 and 4: 24% and 3%). During radiotherapy, severe mucositis was the major side-effect in both arms; an increased number of patients in the I-CCRT arm had myelosuppression; hence, discontinuation of weekly cisplatin was more common. After a median follow-up of 72.0 months, the I-CCRT arm had significantly higher DFS than that of the CCRT arm [5-year rate 61% versus 50%; hazard ratio=0.739, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.565-0.965; P = 0.0264], after stratified for N3b and LDH, and adjusted for T stage. Conclusion: Induction with MEPFL before CCRT was tolerable and significantly improved the DFS of patients with stage IVA and IVB NPC though overall survival not improved. Clinical trial information: NCT00201396.

GATA3 interacts with and stabilizes HIF-1α to enhance cancer cell invasiveness.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.8.

GATA3 interacts with and stabilizes HIF-1α to enhance cancer cell invasiveness.

GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) is indispensable in development of human organs. However, the role of GATA3 in cancers remains elusive. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 plays an important role in pathogenesis of human cancers. Regulation of HIF-1α degradation is orchestrated through collaboration of its interacting proteins. In this study, we discover that GATA3 is upregulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and is an independent predictor for poor disease-free survival. GATA3 promotes invasive behaviours of HNSCC and melanoma cells in vitro and in immunodeficient mice. Mechanistically, GATA3 physically associates with HIF-1α under hypoxia to inhibit ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α, which is independent of HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that the GATA3/HIF-1α complex binds to and regulates HIF-1 target genes, which is also supported by the microarray analysis. Notably, the GATA3-mediated invasiveness can be significantly reversed by HIF-1α knockdown, suggesting a critical role of HIF-1α in the underlying mechanism of GATA3-mediated effects. Our findings suggest that GATA3 stabilizes HIF-1α to enhance cancer invasiveness under hypoxia and support the GATA3/HIF-1α axis as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Trismus, xerostomia and nutrition status in nasopharyngeal carcinoma survivors treated with radiation.

The aims of the study were to: (1) examine levels of trismus, xerostomia and nutritional status; (2) compare levels of trismus, xerostomia and nutritional status in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) receiving different types of radiation modalities; and (3) identify factors related to NPC survivors' risk status for malnutrition and existing malnutrition. A cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling was conducted. NPC survivors were recruited from otolaryngology/oncology outpatient clinics in a medical centre in Northern Taiwan. Study measures included (1) Mandibular Function Impairment Questionnaire, (2) Xerostomia Questionnaire, (3) Mini Nutrition Assessment, (4) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Depression subscale, and (5) Symptom Severity Scale. A total of 110 subjects were recruited. Those receiving intensity-modulated radiation therapy had less trismus and xerostomia than patients receiving two-dimensional radiation therapy. Patients with female gender, advanced stage, completion of treatments within 1 year, higher levels of depression, more severe trismus and higher symptom severity tended to have malnutrition or were at risk of malnutrition. Trismus and xerostomia are long-term problems in some NPC survivors and may contribute to malnutrition. To better manage a patient's trismus and xerostomia and to enhance nutritional status, clinicians should develop a patient-specific care programme based on careful assessment and targeted measures to improve oral function and insure adequate nutritional intake.

Molecular characterization of photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy by gene expression profiling.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel cancer treatment based on the tumor-specific accumulation of a photosensitizer followed by irradiation with visible light, which induces selective tumor cell death via production of reactive oxygen species. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, microarray analysis was used to analyze the changes in gene expression patterns during PDT induced by various photosensitizers. Cancer cells were subjected to four different photosensitizer-mediated PDT and the resulting gene expression profiles were compared. We identified many differentially expressed genes reported previously as well as new genes for which the functionfunctions in PDT are still unclear. Our current results not only advance the general understanding of PDT but also suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms are involved in different photosensitizer-mediated PDT. Elucidating the signaling mechanisms in PDT will provide information to modulate the antitumor effectiveness of PDT using various photosensitizers.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for T4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Treatment results and locoregional recurrence.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to examine outcomes in patients with T4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 2007 and 2010, 154 patients with nonmetastatic T4 NPC were treated with IMRT to a total dose of 70 Gy in 33-35 fractions. In addition, 97% of patients received concurrent platinum-based chemotherapy. The median follow-up time was 52.8 months. RESULTS: The rates of 5-year actuarial locoregional control, distant metastasis-free survival, progression free-survival, and overall survival (OS) were 81.2, 72.2, 61.9, and 78.1%, respectively. A total of 27 patients had locoregional recurrence: 85.2% in-field failures, 11.1% marginal failures, and 3.7% out-of-field failures. Fourteen patients with locoregional recurrence received aggressive treatments, including nasopharyngectomy, neck dissection, or re-irradiation, and the 5-year OS rate tended to be better (61.9%) compared to those receiving conservative treatment (32.0%, p=0.051). In patients treated with 1 course of radiotherapy, grade ≥3 toxicities of ototoxicity, neck fibrosis, xerostomia, epistaxis, and radiographic temporal lobe necrosis occurred in 18.2, 9.8, 6.3, 2.1, and 5.6% of patients, respectively. Increased ototoxicity, osteonecrosis, severe nasal bleeding, and temporal necrosis were observed in patients treated by re-irradiation. CONCLUSION: IMRT offers good locoregional control in patients with T4 NPC. For patients with locoregional recurrence after definitive radiotherapy, aggressive local treatment may be considered for a better outcome.

Consensus recommendations for management of head and neck cancer in Asian countries: a review of international guidelines.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a disease of the upper aerodigestive tract and is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. A high rate of cancers involving the head and neck are reported across the Asian region, with notable variations between countries. Disease prognosis is largely dependent on tumor stage and site. Patients with early stage disease have a 60-95% chance of cure with local therapy. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important to increase the likelihood of cure and survival. However, the majority of patients present with locally advanced disease and require multimodality treatment. This necessitates, a multidisciplinary approach which is essential to make appropriate treatment decisions, particularly with regards to tolerability, costs, available infrastructure and quality of life issues. Unfortunately, majority of the studies that dictate current practice have been developed in the west where diseases biology, patient population and available infrastructure are very different from those in the Asian continent. With this in mind an expert panel of Head and Neck Oncologists was convened in May 2012 to review the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) clinical practice guidelines and develop practical recommendations on the applicability of these guidelines on the management of head and neck cancer for Asian patients. The objective of this review and consensus meeting was to suggest revisions, to account for potential differences in demographics and resources, to the NCCN and ESMO guidelines, to better reflect current clinical management of head and neck cancer within the Asian region for health care providers. These recommendations, which reflect best clinical practice within Asia, are expected to benefit practitioners when making decisions regarding optimal treatment strategies for their patients.

Correlates of anti-EBV EBNA1 IgA positivity among unaffected relatives from nasopharyngeal carcinoma multiplex families.

BACKGROUND: To determine whether non-viral nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) risk factors might be associated with (and mediated through) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serological responses linked to NPC risk, we evaluated predictors of risk of anti-EBNA1 IgA seropositivity and other markers among unaffected relatives from a large NPC family study in Taiwan. METHODS: Multivariate logistic regression conditioned on family was used to examine the associations between sociodemographic, dietary, lifestyle, and occupational variables and risk of anti-EBV EBNA1 IgA positivity, anti-VCA IgA, and anti-DNase positivity. RESULTS: Among 2393 unaffected relatives from 319 multiplex families, 1180 (49.3%) were anti-EBV EBNA1 IgA seropositive. None of the associations with anti-EBNA1 IgA were statistically significant, except for being 31-50 years of age (vs <30, adjusted ORs 0.51-0.57). For one or more EBV serological markers, there were suggestive associations for older age, GuangDong firm salted fish, betel use, current alcohol use, and male gender. CONCLUSION: Overall, we found little evidence to suggest that non-viral NPC risk factors significantly alter EBV serological patterns, suggesting that non-viral NPC risk factors act through pathways independent of EBV serological responses.

Role of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in assessing the impalpable cervical node with increased 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography scanning: preliminary communication.

OBJECTIVES: 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography can detect cervical metastases before they are palpable. However, false positive results are not uncommon. This paper reports the use of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration to determine the nature of impalpable cervical nodes that are positive on positron emission tomography scanning. METHODS: Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration was performed in 10 cancer patients with suspicious cervical nodes revealed by positron emission tomography scan. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The underlying cancers included lung cancer (three patients), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (two), oesophageal cancer (two), buccal cancer (one), bladder cancer (one) and Langerhan's histiocytosis (one). The lymph nodes were located in the supraclavicular region in four patients, the level II region in four, the level IV region in one and the accessory chain in one. Cytological examination was positive for malignant cells in eight patients, all of whom received salvage treatment. Two of these patients died of distant metastases. Cytological examination revealed a benign or reactive lesion in two patients, who at the time of writing were alive and well, 19 and 36 months after examination. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration is a minimally invasive procedure which enables cytological examination of suspicious cervical lymph nodes detected by positron emission tomography scanning, allowing further treatment to be planned.

The effects of power on-off durations of pulsed ultrasound on the destruction of cancer cells.

PURPOSE: Low-intensity ultrasound irradiation is a potential method for suppressing cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis and delivering specific cytotoxic genes or drugs into tumors topographically in future cancer therapies. However, ultrasound attenuates rapidly in tissue and produces heat. Pulsed ultrasound is frequently used to minimize pain and possible thermal damage to the surrounding normal tissue during therapy, since it results in smaller temperature increases. This study compared three pulsed-ultrasound strategies for destroying cancer cells, measuring their induced temperature increases to determine the optimal pulsing parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed three types of experiment, involving ultrasound with (1) a fixed duty cycle of 50% with variable on- and off-times, (2) a fixed off-time with variable on-times, and (3) a fixed on-time with variable off-times. RESULTS: The results show that for different types of cultured cells (HeLa, HT-29, Ca9-22 and fibroblast) exposed to ultrasound of the same frequency (1 MHz) and energy, long pulses combined with off-times that are 5-10 times longer (on-/-off-times pairs of 5/25, 25/250, or 250/2500 ms/ms) cause significant cell destruction whilst avoiding temperature increases of more than 1.5 degrees C. Furthermore, the correlation between the temperature increase and the percentage of surviving cells is low. CONCLUSIONS: Pulsed ultrasound with a long on-time and an even longer off-time exerts a high cytotoxic effect but a smaller temperature increase compared with non-pulsed ultrasound. This indicates that the cytotoxic effects observed in the current study were not purely due to the thermal effects of the ultrasound.

Interstitial photodynamic therapy as salvage treatment for recurrent head and neck cancer.

Interstitial photodynamic therapy (IPDT) is a technique for applying photodynamic therapy (PDT) to internal tumours using light delivered via fibres inserted percutaneously. This phase I-II study assessed the safety and efficacy of IPDT for patients with persistent or recurrent head and neck cancer unsuitable for further treatment with surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, recruited for 'last hope' salvage treatment. Patients were sensitised with 0.15 mg kg(-1) mTHPC (meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin) 4 days prior to light delivery from fibres inserted directly into the target tumour (20 J per site at 652 nm) under image guidance. In all, 45 patients were treated. Nine achieved a complete response. Five are alive and free of disease 10-60 months later. Symptomatic relief (mainly for bleeding, pain or tumour debulking) was achieved in a further 24. The median survival (Kaplan-Meier) was 16 months for the 33 responders, but only 2 months for the 12 nonresponders. The only serious complication was a carotid blow out 2 weeks after PDT. No loss of function was detected in nerves encased by treated tumours. Interstitial photodynamic therapy provides worthwhile palliation with few complications and occasional long-term survivors for otherwise untreatable advanced head and neck cancers. It is a treatment option worth adding to those available to integrated head and neck oncology teams.

Induction chemotherapy with mitomycin, epirubicin, cisplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin followed by radiotherapy in the treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Survival in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is compromised by distant metastasis. Because mitomycin is active against hypoxic and G0 cells, which may help to eradicate micrometastasis, we investigated the effect of mitomycin-containing cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Recruited for this study were American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 1992 staging system stage IV NPC patients with the following adverse features: obvious intracranial invasion, supraclavicular or bilateral neck lymph node metastasis, large neck node (> 6 cm), or elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level. Patients were given three cycles of chemotherapy before radiotherapy. The chemotherapy comprised a 3-week cycle of mitomycin, epirubicin, and cisplatin on day 1 and fluorouracil and leucovorin on day 8 (MEPFL). RESULTS: From January 1994 to December 1997, 111 patients were recruited. The median follow-up period was 43 months. The actuarial 5-year overall survival rate was 70% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60% to 80%; n = 111). For patients having completed radiotherapy (n = 100), the 5-year locoregional control rate was 70% (95% CI, 55% to 84%) and the distant metastasis-free rate was 81% (95% CI, 73% to 89%). The 5-year distant metastasis-free rate of N3a and N3b disease of AJCC 1997 staging system were 79% (95% CI, 62% to 95%) and 74% (95% CI, 60% to 89%), respectively. By Cox multivariate analysis, high pretreatment serum LDH level (P = .04) and neck nodal enlargement before radiotherapy (P = .001) were adverse prognostic factors of survival. CONCLUSION: The good 5-year survival of N3 disease supports the effectiveness of induction MEPFL in the primary treatment of advanced NPC. Further investigation to incorporate concurrent chemoradiotherapy is warranted.

Multicentricity of intraparotid facial nerve schwannomas.

Facial nerve schwannomas are uncommon neoplasms. Multiple schwannomas of the facial nerve in the parotid region are rare. Research regarding the pathogenesis of multiple facial nerve schwannomas is incomplete. Both the neoplastic bridging of tumor cells and tumor multicentricity have been hypothesized. We present a case of multiple intraparotid facial nerve schwannomas. In this case, the histologic features of the tumors support the multicentric hypothesis.

Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma with regional lymph node metastasis.

Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma (PCACC) is a particularly rare variant of sweat gland carcinoma with characteristics of indolent and progressive course and high incidence of perineural invasion and local recurrence. However, regional lymph node metastasis in PCACC is exceedingly rare and its prognostic implication is unknown. Only two previous cases of recurrent scalp PCACC were reported to be associated with cervical lymph node metastases at 42 months and 20 years, respectively, after the initial treatment. We present a case of PCACC occurring in the left parotid region with regional neck lymph node metastasis in a 64-year-old man. Because the occurrence of lymph node metastasis seems to be associated with recurrent PCACC, we suggest that neck dissection may be included in the treatment for recurrent PCACC patients.

Factors affecting the overall survival after salvage surgery in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the primary site: experience with 60 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors affecting overall survival after salvage surgery in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the primary site after a full course of radiotherapy. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 60 consecutive patients treated by surgical resection of the recurrent tumors, with a mean follow-up of 43.1 months (range, 19-96 months). SETTING: Academic tertiary referral center. RESULTS: The overall survival and locoregional relapse-free survival were 56% and 60% at 2 years, respectively, and 30% and 40% at 5 years. Twenty-nine (81%) of 36 patients died with uncontrolled local disease. The T stage of the recurrent tumors appeared to be an important prognostic factor. Age, sex, pathologic findings, and disease-free interval (time between previous radiotherapy and local recurrence) were not significant prognosis-affecting factors by the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with recurrent tumors of undifferentiated carcinoma, sarcoma, or small cell carcinoma had unfavorable prognoses. Uncontrolled local disease and the emergence of distant metastasis predicted grave results as well. Postoperative irradiation showed some benefit to patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The T stage of the recurrence was the prominent prognosis-affecting factor in patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma who received salvage surgery. Patients with local recurrence should be carefully selected for the salvage surgery. We recommend this surgery for patients with rT1, rT2, or limited rT3 lesions. The results of surgical resection in terms of local control and overall survival were slightly better than those of high-dose reirradiation, with fewer late complications.

Intracranial relapse of nasopharyngeal carcinoma manifested as sudden deafness.

OBJECTIVE: To differentiate tumor relapse from postirradiation sudden deafness (PISD) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study from December 1991 to November 1999. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-five irradiated NPC patients with sudden deafness were investigated. All patients received local examination of ears, nose, nasopharynx, and throat fields, as well as a battery of audiologic and neurotologic tests. RESULTS: Three patients with sudden deafness within 3 years after irradiation received a diagnosis of tumor relapse. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed cerebellopontine angle metastasis in one and intracranial invasion in two. Comparison of the remaining 22 NPC patients who had PISD showed that the mean interval between the completion of irradiation to the onset of sudden deafness was 10+/-5 years. CONCLUSION: Magnetic resonance imaging should be performed to exclude intracranial relapse if sudden deafness develops in a patient with NPC within 5 years after irradiation.

Taxol reduces cytosolic E-cadherin and beta-catenin levels in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line TW-039: cross-talk between the microtubule- and actin-based cytoskeletons.

Taxol affects microtubule dynamics by promoting microtubule assembly. To obtain a better insight into possible cross-talk between the microtubule- and actin-based cytoskeletons, we studied the short-term effects of Taxol treatment on the expression of actin and the E-cadherin/catenin complex in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line TW-039 using immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting methods. Morphologic changes in actin filaments, including ventral actin clumps and perijunctional actin blebs, were seen at Taxol concentrations > or =1 microM. Levels of detergent-soluble E-cadherin fell to 53% or 58% compared to controls in cells treated, respectively, with 1 or 5 microM Taxol, while levels of detergent-soluble beta-catenin fell to 76% or 74%. Levels of the detergent-soluble pool of alpha- and gamma-catenin and the detergent-insoluble pool of the E-cadherin/catenin complex were unchanged by Taxol treatment and no significant difference was seen in the levels of adenomatous polyposis coli or glycogen synthase-3beta or tyrosine phosphorylation patterns. These results suggest that modulation of microtubule dynamics by Taxol may have effects on the expression of actin and the cytosolic E-cadherin and beta-catenin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through pathways not involving the phosphorylation of beta-catenin.

Actinomycosis imitating nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

The incidence of nasopharyngeal actinomycosis is exceedingly rare. To our knowledge, only 1 case has been reported previously. This article presents 4 cases of actinomycosis involving the nasopharynx that imitated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Acidic gas exposure and farming of aquatic products are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal actinomycosis. Patients in the case studies completely recovered after 4 weeks of oral antibiotic treatment. We recommend including actinomycosis in the differential diagnosis of nasopharyngeal neoplasms.