First report of citrus leaf blotch virus infecting Forsythia viridissima in China.

Green-stem forsythia (Forsythia viridissima), also known as golden bell, is cultivated widely in China as an early spring flowering shrub. In July 2020, yellow or white vein clearing symptoms on leaves were observed in approximate 15% golden bell plants along a landscape river in Ningbo city, Zhejiang province, China. Symptomatic leaves from six different plants were collected and pooled. Total RNA was extracted from about 200 mg pooled sample using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) and used for high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The cDNA library was constructed using a TruSeq RNA Sample Preparation Kit (Illumina) and an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform was utilized to yield 150 nt paired-end reads. CLC Genomic Workbench 11 (QIAGEN) with default parameters were used for data analysis. A total of 41,604,174 paired-end reads were obtained, and 156,853 contigs (16 - 26,665 nt) were generated de novo and compared with sequences in the NCBI nt and nr database using BLASTn and BLASTx, respectively. A total of 197,277 reads were mapped to the citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV; genus Citrivirus, family Betaflexiviridae) genome with an average coverage of 3191×. A contig of 8783 nt (excluding the poly(A) tail) was aligned to CLBV isolate Vib (accession No. OP751940) by BLASTn with the highest nt sequence identity of 99.7% and 99% query coverage, suggesting that the samples were infected with CLBV (Myung-Hwi Kim et al. 2023). No other virus was detected by this analysis. Subsequently, leaves of the six plants collected above, three plants with mild chlorotic symptoms and three plants without obvious symptoms were tested separately by RT-PCR and all were positive for CLBV. Sap from multiple symptomatic F. viridissima leaves was mechanically inoculated to Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum and Datura stramonium in sextuplicate, but after two months, none of the inoculated plants had obvious symptoms and all of them tested negative for CLBV using RT-PCR. To determine the genome sequence of CLBV present in F. viridissima, a single sample from one plant was selected for genome validtion. The contig sequence was confirmed by Sanger sequencing of RT-PCR products amplified using CLBV-specific primers, and the 5' terminal sequence of the virus was determined using a commercial SUPERSWITCH RACE cDNA Synthesis Kit (Tiosbio, Beijing, China). The complete genomic sequence of CLBV isolated from F. viridissima was 8787 nts long, excluding the poly(A) tail, has the expected three predicted ORFs and was deposited in the GenBank database (accession no. OR766026). Phylogenetic analysis of different CLBV genome sequences from fruit trees and other hosts in GenBank using MEGA11 showed that the golden bell isolate was most closely related to isolate Vib (OP751940) from Viburnum lentago in South Korea, with which it was almost identical (99.7% complete nt sequence identity and >99% aa sequence identity in each of the three ORFs). Ten viruses have been previously reported from Forsythia spp. (Kaminska, M. 1985; Lee et al. 1997), but this is the first report of CLBV in this host. CLBV mainly infects citrus, kiwifruit and apple causing mosaic, chlorosis or yellow vein clearing symptoms, however, bud union disorder was observed in 'Nagami' kumquat infected by CLBV, which caused serious production losses (Cao et al. 2017; Li et al. 2018; Liu et al. 2019; Galipienso et al. 2001). Therefore, further investigation is needed to assess if F. viridissima can be an intermediate host to transfer CLBV to other crops.

Adoption of the 2A Ribosomal Skip Principle to Track Assembled Virions of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus in Nicotiana benthamiana.

The coat protein (CP) is an important structural protein that plays many functional roles during the viral cycle. In this study, the CP of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was genetically fused to GFP using the foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide 2A linker peptide and the construct (PMMoV-GFP2A) was shown to be infectious. The systemic spread of the virus was monitored by its fluorescence in infected plants. Electron microscopy and immunocolloidal gold labelling confirmed that PMMoV-GFP2A forms rod-shaped particles on which GFP is displayed. Studies of tissue ultrastructure and virion self-assembly confirmed that PMMoV-GFP2A could be used to monitor the real-time dynamic changes of CP location during virus infection. Aggregations of GFP-tagged virions appeared as fluorescent plaques in confocal laser microscopy. Altogether, PMMoV-GFP2A is a useful tool for studying the spatial and temporal changes of PMMoV CP during viral infection.

The nanovirus U2 protein suppresses RNA silencing via three conserved cysteine residues.

Nanoviruses have multipartite, circular, single-stranded DNA genomes and cause huge production losses in legumes and other crops. No viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) has yet been reported from a member of the genus Nanovirus. Here, we demonstrate that the nanovirus U2 protein is a VSR. The U2 protein of milk vetch dwarf virus (MDV) suppressed the silencing of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene induced by single-stranded and double-stranded RNA, and the systemic spread of the GFP silencing signal. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the U2 protein was able to bind double-stranded 21-nucleotide small interfering RNA (siRNA). The cysteine residues at positions 43, 79 and 82 in the MDV U2 protein are critical to its nuclear localization, self-interaction and siRNA-binding ability, and were essential for its VSR activity. In addition, expression of the U2 protein via a potato virus X vector induced more severe necrosis symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The U2 proteins of other nanoviruses also acted as VSRs, and the three conserved cysteine residues were indispensable for their VSR activity.

Horizontally Transferred Salivary Protein Promotes Insect Feeding by Suppressing Ferredoxin-Mediated Plant Defenses.

Herbivorous insects such as whiteflies, planthoppers, and aphids secrete abundant orphan proteins to facilitate feeding. Yet, how these genes are recruited and evolve to mediate plant-insect interaction remains unknown. In this study, we report a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event from fungi to an ancestor of Aleyrodidae insects approximately 42 to 190 million years ago. BtFTSP1 is a salivary protein that is secreted into host plants during Bemisia tabaci feeding. It targets a defensive ferredoxin 1 in Nicotiana tabacum (NtFD1) and disrupts the NtFD1-NtFD1 interaction in plant cytosol, leading to the degradation of NtFD1 in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. Silencing BtFTSP1 has negative effects on B. tabaci feeding while overexpressing BtFTSP1 in N. tabacum benefits insects and rescues the adverse effect caused by NtFD1 overexpression. The association between BtFTSP1 and NtFD1 is newly evolved after HGT, with the homologous FTSP in its fungal donor failing to interact and destabilize NtFD1. Our study illustrates the important roles of horizontally transferred genes in plant-insect interactions and suggests the potential origin of orphan salivary genes.

Pepper mild mottle virus can infect and traffick within Nicotiana benthamiana plants in non-virion forms.

Virions are responsible for the long-distance transport of many viruses, such as Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). Emerging evidence indicates viral traffic in the form of ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP), yet comprehensive analysis is scarce. In this study, we inoculated plants with PMMoV-GFP, both with and without the coding sequence for the coat protein (CP). PMMoV-GFP was detected in systemic leaves, even in the absence of the CP, despite the presence of much smaller infection areas. Moreover, using leaf extracts from PMMoV-infected plants to perform a root-irrigation experiment, we confirmed that PMMoV can infect plants through root transmission. Diluting the leaf extracts significantly diminished infectivity, and attempts to compensate for the dilution of other components by adding virions above the original level proved ineffective. Our findings strongly indicate that PMMoV can infect and traffick within plants in non-virion forms. Future studies should aim to identify the specific forms involved.

The Additional 15 nt of 5' UTR in a Novel Recombinant Isolate of Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus in Solanum nigrum L. Is Crucial for Infection.

An isolate of chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV; genus Potyvirus) of Solanum nigrum L. from southwest China (ChiVMV-YunN/Yuxi) was identified and sequenced (GenBank: OP404087). Comparison with other ChiVMV isolates and recombination analyses suggested a recombinant origin. The most significant recombination event among all 21 complete ChiVMV isolates was an ending breakpoint at 1408-1488 for ChiVMV-YunN/Yuxi with ChiVMV-TaiW and ChiVMV-YunN/Ca operating as the respective major and minor parents. Interestingly, the 5' UTR of ChiVMV-YunN/Yuxi is 15 nucleotides ('AAAAATAAAACAACC') longer than other reported isolates. A full-length clone of ChiVMV-YunN/Yuxi was constructed and was shown to be infectious in Nicotiana benthamiana. The additional 15 nt of 5' UTR in ChiVMV-YunN/Yuxi was stable when transmitted through three generations. Experiments with modified clones showed that the additional 15 nt are essential for infection by this isolate.

Iatrogenic Pneumothorax during Acupuncture: Case Report.

Acupuncture treatment in local areas is commonly used to treat pain or soreness; however, acupuncture around the neck or shoulder may be a risk factor for pneumothorax. Herein, we report two cases of iatrogenic pneumothorax after acupuncture. These points indicate that physicians should be aware of these risk factors through history-taking before acupuncture. Chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, tuberculosis, lung cancer, pneumonia, and thoracic surgery, may be associated with a higher risk of iatrogenic pneumothorax after acupuncture. Even if the incidence of pneumothorax should be low under caution and fully evaluated, it is still recommended to arrange further imaging examinations to rule out the possibility of iatrogenic pneumothorax.

Programing Cell Assembly via Ink-Free, Label-Free Magneto-Archimedes Based Strategy.

Tissue engineering raised a high requirement to control cell distribution in defined materials and structures. In "ink"-based bioprintings, such as 3D printing and photolithography, cells were associated with inks for spatial orientation; the conditions suitable for one ink are hard to apply on other inks, which increases the obstacle in their universalization. The Magneto-Archimedes effect based (Mag-Arch) strategy can modulate cell locomotion directly without impelling inks. In a paramagnetic medium, cells were repelled from high magnetic strength zones due to their innate diamagnetism, which is independent of substrate properties. However, Mag-Arch has not been developed into a powerful bioprinting strategy as its precision, complexity, and throughput are limited by magnetic field distribution. By controlling the paramagnetic reagent concentration in the medium and the gaps between magnets, which decide the cell repelling scope of magnets, we created simultaneously more than a hundred micrometer scale identical assemblies into designed patterns (such as alphabets) with single/multiple cell types. Cell patterning models for cell migration and immune cell adhesion studies were conveniently created by Mag-Arch. As a proof of concept, we patterned a tumor/endothelial coculture model within a covered microfluidic channel to mimic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) under shear stress in a cancer pathological environment, which gave a potential solution to pattern multiple cell types in a confined space without any premodification. Overall, our Mag-Arch patterning presents an alternative strategy for the biofabrication and biohybrid assembly of cells with biomaterials featured in controlled distribution and organization, which can be broadly employed in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cell biology research.

Pepper mild mottle virus coat protein interacts with pepper chloroplast outer envelope membrane protein OMP24 to inhibit antiviral immunity in plants.

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a devastating viral pathogen of pepper (Capsicum annuum) but it is unclear whether and how peppers protect against PMMoV infection. The expression of the chloroplast outer membrane protein 24 (OMP24) of C. annuum was upregulated under PMMoV infection and it interacted with PMMoV coat protein (CP). Silencing of OMP24 in either C. annuum or Nicotiana benthamiana facilitated PMMoV infection, whereas overexpression of N. benthamiana OMP24 in transgenic plants inhibited PMMoV infection. Both C. annuum OMP24 (CaOMP24) and N. benthamiana OMP24 (NbOMP24) localized to the chloroplast and have a moderately hydrophobic transmembrane domain that is necessary for their localization. Overexpression of CaOMP24 induced stromules, perinuclear chloroplast clustering, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the typical defense responses of chloroplasts transferring the retrograde signaling to the nucleus to regulate resistance genes. The expression of PR1 and PR2 was also upregulated significantly in plants overexpressing OMP24. Self-interaction of OMP24 was demonstrated and was required for OMP24-mediated plant defense. Interaction with PMMoV CP interfered with the self-interaction of OMP24 and impaired OMP24-induced stromules, perinuclear chloroplast clustering and ROS accumulation. The results demonstrate the defense function of OMP24 in pepper during viral infection and suggest a possible mechanism by which PMMoV CP modulates the plant defense to facilitate viral infection.

Complete nucleotide sequence of hackberry virus A, a tentative member of the genus Waikavirus.

The complete genomic sequence of a waikavirus from Chinese hackberry in Zhejiang province, China, named "hackberry virus A" (HVA), was determined using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) combined with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The bicistronic genomic RNA of HVA was found to consist of 12,691 nucleotides (nt), excluding the 3'-terminal poly(A) tail, and to encode a large polyprotein of 3783 amino acids (aa) and an additional 10.3-kDa protein. The aa sequences of the Pro-Pol and the CP regions of this virus share 39.8-44.2% and 25.5-36.4% identity, respectively, with currently known waikaviruses. These values are significantly below the current species demarcation threshold (< 75% and < 80% aa identity for the CP and Pro-Pol region, respectively) for the family Secoviridae, indicating that HVA represents a new species in the genus Waikavirus. This is the first report of a virus infecting Chinese hackberry.

Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for RT-qPCR Analysis of Gene Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana upon Single Infections by 11 Positive-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Viruses from Four Genera.

Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is a widely used method for studying alterations in gene expression upon infections caused by diverse pathogens such as viruses. Positive-sense single-stranded (ss(+)) RNA viruses form a major part of all known plant viruses, and some of them are damaging pathogens of agriculturally important crops. Analysis of gene expression following infection by ss(+) RNA viruses is crucial for the identification of potential anti-viral factors. However, viral infections are known to globally affect gene expression and therefore selection and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR is particularly important. In this study, the expression of commonly used reference genes for RT-qPCR was studied in Nicotiana benthamiana following single infection by 11 ss(+) RNA viruses, including five tobamoviruses, four potyviruses, one potexvirus and one polerovirus. Stability of gene expression was analyzed in parallel by four commonly used algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Delta CT, and RefFinder was finally used to summarize all the data. The most stably expressed reference genes differed significantly among the viruses, even when those viruses were from the same genus. Our study highlights the importance of the selection and validation of reference genes upon different viral infections.

The Application of Color Doppler Ultrasound in the Evaluation of the Efficacy of 595-nm Pulsed Dye Laser Combined with 755-nm Long-Pulse Alexandrite Laser in the Treatment of Hybrid Infantile Hemangiomas.

Purpose: We used color Doppler ultrasound to conduct an objective evaluation of the 595-nm Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL) combined with 755-nm long-pulse alexandrite sequential laser treatment for hybrid IH. Patients and Methods: A total of 116 cases of hybrid IH were selected for this study. The interval between laser treatments was around 4 weeks, and 6 laser treatments or complete removal of the tumor was the end point. All children underwent color Doppler ultrasonography at the 0th, 1st, 6th months of treatment. Children were grouped by gender, age (<6 months, ≥6 months), thickness (<8 mm, ≥8 mm), and location (face and neck, trunk, and extremities). Calculate the volume of IHs according to color Doppler ultrasound. The volume ratio before and after treatment was defined as the A-value. Treatment outcomes were defined as effective when the A-value <75%. Results: In total, 74 cases (63.79%) had effective outcomes. Overall, the samples showed a statistically significant difference in the reduction of IH volume after 6 months of laser treatment (P < 0.001). The treatment of <6 months group had better efficacy than the ≥6 months group (P < 0.001), the treatment of thickness <8 mm group had better efficacy than the thickness ≥8 mm group (P < 0.001) and there was no significant difference in efficacy between the three different location groups (P > 0.05). Greater reduction in blood flow in the group with the effective outcome than in the group with the ineffective outcome (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Color Doppler ultrasound can be applied to the diagnosis of hybrid IH and to the evaluation of treatment time and outcomes, and it can help clinicians recognize hybrid IH with greater accuracy. The earlier intervention for hybrid IH we perform, the better outcomes will be.

Complete genome sequence of iris potyvirus B infecting Lilium lancifolium in China.

The complete genome sequence of a virus from lily (Lilium lancifolium Thunb.) growing in Huoshan County, Anhui Province, China, was determined. The whole genome consists of 9558 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tail, and encodes a 3061-amino-acid polyprotein (GenBank number ON365558) typical of potyviruses. This is the first complete genome sequence of iris potyvirus B (IPB), for which only a partial sequence from Iris domestica was reported previously. Comparative analysis of this genome sequence with those of closely related potyviruses identified nine cleavage sites and the conserved motifs typical of potyviruses. The complete polyprotein ORF shares 73.6% nucleotide and 81.6% amino acid sequence identity with that of iris potyvirus A (IPA, GenBank number MH898493). Phylogenetic analysis showed that IPB is related to IPA and clusters in a group with lily yellow mosaic virus (LYMV). This is the first report of IPB infecting lily plants.

Construction of an infectious full-length and eGFP-tagged cDNA clone of a chilli ringspot virus isolate from Yunnan province, China.

Chilli ringspot virus (ChiRSV; genus Potyvirus) was one of several viruses previously detected in pepper samples with severe yellowing and curling symptoms growing in Wenshan, Yunan province, China. We now report the full-length sequence of ChiRSV-YN/Wenshan (MZ269480), which has 88.5-98.9% nucleotide sequence identity to other published ChiRSV isolates. A full-length cDNA infectious clone was constructed. This cDNA and an eGFP-tagged clone were infectious, leading to systemic symptoms in both Nicotiana benthamiana and Capsicum spp. Recombinant clones containing the P1 protein coding region of other ChiRSV isolates differed in their pathogenicity. Single infection by ChiRSV caused mild mosaic or leaf crinkling in Capsicum frutescens L. and Capsicum annuum L.

Acidic dileucine motifs in the cylindrical inclusion protein of turnip mosaic virus are crucial for endosomal targeting and viral replication.

Previously we reported that the multifunctional cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is targeted to endosomes through the interaction with the medium subunit of adaptor protein complex 2 (AP2ß), which is essential for viral infection. Although several functionally important regions in the CI have been identified, little is known about the determinant(s) for endosomal trafficking. The CI protein contains seven conserved acidic dileucine motifs [(D/E)XXXL(L/I)] typical of endocytic sorting signals recognized by AP2ß. Here, we selected five motifs for further study and identified that they all were located in the regions of CI interacting with AP2ß. Coimmunoprecipitation assays revealed that alanine substitutions in the each of these acidic dileucine motifs decreased binding with AP2ß. Moreover, these CI mutants also showed decreased accumulation of punctate bodies, which enter endocytic-tracking styryl-stained endosomes. The mutations were then introduced into a full-length infectious clone of TuMV, and each mutant had reduced viral replication and systemic infection. The data suggest that the acidic dileucine motifs in CI are indispensable for interacting with AP2ß for efficient viral replication. This study provides new insights into the role of endocytic sorting motifs in the intracellular movement of viral proteins for replication.

Urinary Exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers of bladder Cancer and experimental verification of mechanism of miR-93-5p in bladder Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies globally. Early diagnosis of it can significantly improve patients' survival and quality of life. Urinary exosomes (UEs)-derived miRNAs might be a promising biomarker for BC detection. METHOD: A total of 12 patients with BC and 4 non-cancerous participants (as healthy control) were recruited from a single center between March 2018 and December 2019 as the discovery set. Midstream urine samples from each participants were collected and high-throughput sequencing and differentially expression analysis were conducted. Combined with miRNA expression profile of BC tissue from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), miRNAs biomarkers for BC were determined. Candidate miRNAs as biomarkers were selected followed by verification with a quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in an independent validation cohort consisting of 53 BC patients and 51 healthy controls. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was established to evaluate the diagnostic performance of UE-derived miRNAs. The possible mechanism of miRNAs were revealed by bioinformatic analysis and explored in vitro experiments. RESULTS: We identified that miR-93-5p, miR-516a-5p were simultaneously significantly increased both in UEs from BC compared with healthy control and BC tissue compared with normal tissue, which were verified by RT-qPCR in the validation cohort. Subsequently, the performance to discover BC of the miR-93-5p, miR-516a-5p was further verified with an area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.838 and 0.790, respectively, which was significantly higher than that of urine cytology (AUC = 0.630). Moreover, miR-93-5p was significantly increased in muscle-invasive BC compared with non-muscle-invasive BC with an AUC of 0.769. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that B-cell translocation gene 2(BTG2) gene may be the hub target gene of miR-93-5p. In vitro experiments verified that miR-93-5p suppressed BTG2 expression and promoted BC cells proliferation, invasion and migration. CONCLUSION: Urine derived exosomes have a distinct miRNA profile in BC patients, and urinary exosomal miRNAs could be used as a promising non-invasive tool to detect BC. In vitro experiments suggested that miR-93-5p overexpression may contribute to BC progression via suppressing BTG2 expression.

Turnip mosaic virus P1 suppresses JA biosynthesis by degrading cpSRP54 that delivers AOCs onto the thylakoid membrane to facilitate viral infection.

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a crucial hormone in plant antiviral immunity. Increasing evidence shows that viruses counter this host immune response by interfering with JA biosynthesis and signaling. However, the mechanism by which viruses affect JA biosynthesis is still largely unexplored. Here, we show that a highly conserved chloroplast protein cpSRP54 was downregulated in Nicotiana benthamiana infected by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Its silencing facilitated TuMV infection. Furthermore, cpSRP54 interacted with allene oxide cyclases (AOCs), key JA biosynthesis enzymes, and was responsible for delivering AOCs onto the thylakoid membrane (TM). Interestingly, TuMV P1 protein interacted with cpSRP54 and mediated its degradation via the 26S proteosome and autophagy pathways. The results suggest that TuMV has evolved a strategy, through the inhibition of cpSRP54 and its delivery of AOCs to the TM, to suppress JA biosynthesis and enhance viral infection. Interaction between cpSRP54 and AOCs was shown to be conserved in Arabidopsis and rice, while cpSRP54 also interacted with, and was degraded by, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) 126 kDa protein and potato virus X (PVX) p25 protein, indicating that suppression of cpSRP54 may be a common mechanism used by viruses to counter the antiviral JA pathway.

The Ameliorative Effects of Saikosaponin in Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Injury and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice.

Liver disorders are a major health concern. Saikosaponin-d (SSd) is an effective active ingredient extracted from Bupleurum falcatum, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, its hepatoprotective properties and underlying mechanisms are unknown. We investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of SSd treatment for thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury and high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in male C57BL/6 mice. The SSd group showed significantly higher food intake, body weight, and hepatic antioxidative enzymes (catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) and lower hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), interleukin (IL)-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) compared with controls, as well as reduced expression of inflammation-related genes (nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) messenger RNA (mRNA). In NAFLD mice, SSd reduced serum ALT, AST, triglycerides, fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) mRNA, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-related proteins (phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α subunit (p-eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). SSd has a hepatoprotective effect in liver injury by suppressing inflammatory responses and acting as an antioxidant.

A needle tip CCEA microfluidic device based on enhanced Dean flow for cell washing.

Particle/cell washing is an essential technique in biological and clinical manipulations. Herein, we propose a novel circular contraction-expansion array (CCEA) microdevice. It can be directly connected to a needle tip without connection tubes. Its small size and centrosymmetric structure are beneficial to low sample consumption, high connection stability, and a wide application range. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results show that the CCEA structure can produce a stronger Dean flow and lead to faster particle/cell focusing than the circle structure and CEA structure with the same length. Experimentally, an optimal flow rate ratio of 1:3 and an optimal total flow rate of 120 µL/min were found to ensure a stable fluid distribution. Under these conditions, rapid focusing of 10-20 µm particles with high efficiencies was achieved. Compared with a normal CEA device using tubes, the particle loss rate could be reduced from 64 to 7% when washing 500 µL of a rare sample. Cell suspensions with concentrations from 3 × 105/mL to 1 × 103/mL were tested. The high cell collection efficiency (>85% for three cell lines) and stable waste removal efficiency (>80%) reflected the universality of the CCEA microfluidic device. After the washing, the cell activities of H1299 cells and MCF-7 cells were calculated to be 93.8 and 97.5%, respectively. This needle-tip CCEA microfluidic device showed potential in basic medical research and clinical diagnosis.

Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Pepper Mild Mottle Virus-Based Nanotubes for Targeted Delivery and Controlled Release of Paclitaxel.

Plant virus nanoparticles (PVNPs) have been widely used for drug delivery, antibody development and medical imaging because of their good biodegradation and biocompatibility. Particles of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) are elongated and may be useful as drug carriers because their shape favours long circulation, preferential distribution and increased cellular uptake. Moreover, its effective degradation in an acidic microenvironment enables a pH-responsive release of the encapsulated drug. In this study, genetic engineering techniques were used to form rod-shaped structures of nanoparticles (PMMoV) and folated-modified PMMoV nanotubes were prepared by polyethylene glycol (PEG) to provide targeted delivery of paclitaxel (PTX). FA@PMMoV@PTX nanotubes were designed to selectively target tumor cells and to release the encapsulated PTX in response to pH. Efficient cell uptake of FA@PMMoV@PTX nanotubes was observed when incubated with tumor cells, and FA@PMMoV@PTX nanotubes had superior cytotoxicity to free PTX, as reflected by cell survival and apoptosis. This system is a strong candidate for use in developing improved strategies for targeted treatment of tumors.