Introducing Foundations of Arthroscopy Techniques.

Arthroscopy Techniques is home to technical notes with video on all methods and procedures arthroscopic or related at https://www.arthroscopytechniques.org and https://www.youtube.com/@ArthroscopyTechniques. ATech publications run the gamut from classic to innovative, but where to start if one is a trainee, new in practice, or wishing to expand the breadth of one's practice? To fill this "gap," we introduce the Foundations of Arthroscopy Techniques Collection (https://www.arthroscopytechniques.org/foundations-of-arthroscopy-techniques-collection) featuring technical notes with video detailing the essential fundamentals required to perform arthroscopy of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and foot & ankle.

Editor's Reply: Meta-analysis of Nonrandomized Controlled Trials is Rarely Justified: Systematic Reviews Must Avoid Improper Pooling.

Systematic reviews of the literature, as compared with original scientific articles, are the easiest types of studies to perform, and using contemporary meta-analysis software, a press of a button yields a "pooled, weighted mean" (averaging the outcomes of the included articles and adjusting for sample size). The results seem conclusive. However, if included studies are not homogeneous and/or of lower quality (high risk of bias), which is typical of nonrandomized trials, combination in a meta-analysis is not recommended, and quantitative pooling of nonrandomized studies is improper. In addition, by exploring heterogeneity (clinical and methodological differences) between studies included in a systematic review, we discover and reveal reasons for the differences in outcomes among studies. This allows us to more accurately inform individual patient care and future research.

The Fragility Index Is Typically Misinterpreted and of Low Value: Clinical Trials Are Designed to Be Fragile.

The Fragility Index (FI) is defined as the number of patients whose outcome would need to change to reverse a statistically significant finding to a nonsignificant finding. The FI is nothing more than a repackaging of statistical significance based on the P value, perpetuating (1) ignoring of results that are "not" statistically significant; (2) treating results that are statistically significant as certain; and (3) distracting from evaluation of clinical significance. A well-designed trial includes a sample size calculation to determine the minimum number of patients required to observe a difference between study groups (if a difference exists). By including this minimum number, clinical trials are designed to be fragile, yet subsequently criticized as such, leading readers to the incorrect conclusion that the studies are flawed. It's time to move past systematic reviews focused on the FI.

Patient Acceptable Symptomatic State and Substantial Clinical Benefit Matter Most to Patients and Must Be Reported Correctly.

Despite a push for a focus on clinical rather than "statistical" significance and an emphasis on reporting of outcome thresholds such as the patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) and substantial clinical benefit (SCB), the PASS and SCB are rarely reported and, when reported, are often reported incorrectly. Yet, patients require satisfaction (PASS) as a result of our treatments, and patients desire to improve substantially (SCB). Determining whether patients are satisfied and/or substantially improved is simple . . . just ask them. The questions are known as anchor questions. Obviously, different patients have different PASS and SCB thresholds, and reliance on previously published literature for values of these thresholds can result in error-thus, the anchor questions. And, each patient must be assessed individually. Outcome thresholds are not group-level metrics, and they must be reported as the percentage of individuals who achieve the clinically significant outcome. Certain patients, such as athletes, have high baseline function and may demand maximum outcome improvement. In contrast, the minimal clinically important difference is a less-than-ideal measure; patients do not desire "minimal" improvement. Journals must do a better job of publishing patient-reported outcome measures that matter most to patients: satisfaction and substantial benefit.

Disaggregation of Medical Research Data Reveals Outcome Differences in Demographic Groups and Presents Opportunity to Improve Patient Care.

Disaggregation, in the medical literature, means separation into demographic groups. This results in an opportunity to discover differences in outcomes by group, which could improve future treatments and provide outcome data, by group, that could be included in future systematic reviews. In research, the term disaggregation is most often used in reference to addressing inequities. We support the Sex and Gender Equity Research (SAGER) guidelines and encourage authors to examine how sex and gender are taken into account in their study and ensure adequate representation by sex and gender. (We respect that not all studies can or are designed to capture data by sex and gender, and that gender is "complex" and "fluid.") Disaggregation is encouraged, when possible, for other demographic variables allowing evaluation of all marginalized (as well as nonmarginalized) populations, so that we can better care for patients.

AANA24 Delivers Knowledge and a Sense of Purpose.

The 2024 Annual Meeting of the Arthroscopy Association of North America in Boston was our largest ever. The program was innovative, and attendees departed with a sense of purpose and new knowledge. Besides intellectual exchange, the meeting fostered connections that will shape arthroscopy in years to come. We look forward to AANA25 in Washington, DC.

The Purpose of Journal Peer Review Is to Make Articles Better.

Authors may have the misconception that the purpose of peer review is to serve as an arbiter or referee, or in other words, to make a binary, Accept After Revision versus Reject, decision whether an article will be published in our journal. In truth, although making that difficult decision is part of the process, it is only a part. The principal goal of peer review is to make articles better.

Recommended Requirements and Essential Elements for Proper Reporting of the Use of Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Tools in Biomedical Research and Scientific Publications.

Essential elements required for proper use of artificial intelligence machine learning tools in biomedical research and scientific publications include (1) explanation justifying why a machine learning approach contributes to the purpose of the study; (2) description of the adequacy of the data (input) to produce the desired results (output); (3) details of the algorithmic (i.e., computational) approach including methods for organizing the data (preprocessing); the machine learning computational algorithm(s) assessed; on what data the models were trained; the presence of bias and efforts to mitigate these effects; and the methods for quantifying the variables (features) most influential in determining the results (e.g., Shapley values); (4) description of methods, and reporting of results, quantitating performance in terms of both model accuracy and model calibration (level of confidence in the model's predictions); (5) availability of the programming code (including a link to the code when available-ideally, the code should be available); (6) discussion of model internal validation (results applicable and sensitive to the population investigated and data on which the model was trained) and external validation (were the results investigated as to whether they are generalizable to different populations? If not, consideration of this limitation and discussion of plans for external validation, i.e., next steps). As biomedical research submissions using artificial intelligence technology increase, these requirements could facilitate purposeful use and comprehensive methodological reporting.

The Second Annual Musculoskeletal Biologics Special Issue Highlights Evidence-Based Therapies.

Orthopaedic biologics continues to hold great promise. The editors of Arthroscopy; Arthroscopy Techniques; and Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation once again Call for Papers and invite authors to submit clinical musculoskeletal biologics original scientific research and technical notes with video. Our top articles are awarded inclusion in the Annual Musculoskeletal Biologics Special Issue.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning May Resolve Health Care Information Overload.

Biomedical information doubles almost every 2 months, and this very rate is expected to double by 2025. The result is information overload for clinicians and researchers. Today, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) research contribute to the deluge of information. In addition, AI large language models, although capable of automating scientific writing, are flawed. They hallucinate (make things up), are trained primarily on non-peer-reviewed content, raise ethical and legal issues, and lack human empathy. Still, when it comes to AI including ML, we are optimistic. The technology is improving rapidly. In the future, AI will help us manage unwieldy information by processing data, determining diagnoses, recommending treatments, and predicting outcomes. In research, AI and ML similarly promise efficient data analysis and literature review and will create new content in response to our instructions. Human touch will be required, and we will disclose use of AI proactively, including rationale for its use, our data input, our level of confidence in the output, and the patients or populations to whom the output may be applied. In addition, we will ensure data quality is high and bias is minimized. Most of all, we will provide essential reasoning, clinical and research guidance, and diligent oversight. Humans will remain accountable.

Guidelines for the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools for Biomedical Journal Authors and Reviewers.

Authors are permitted to use generative artificial intelligence (AI) large language models (LLM) to improve the readability of their own writing. However, authors must review and edit the output resulting from generative AI and are accountable for the accuracy of their publications. AI may not be listed, or cited, as an author. Authors who use AI in the scientific writing process must disclose the use of AI LLM in their manuscript including a description of the tool and reason for use. Authors are not permitted to use AI to create or alter images or videos, (unless this is part of the research design in which case a statement is required explaining what was created or altered, with what tools, how, and for what reason). Finally, AI use by reviewers and editors is not permitted and violates confidentiality and proprietary rights and may breach data privacy rights. In conclusion, scientific writing and peer review is the responsibility of humans.

The Ultimate Goal of Medical Publishing is Practice-Changing Innovation.

New Year brings a new catchline: Practice-Changing Innovation. Publishing groundbreaking research and inventive techniques that translate to improvements in patient care is an ultimate goal.

Arthroscopy Journal: Reflections on 2023 and Auld Lang Syne.

Auld lang syne; times long past. We were unsuspecting of the coming pandemic. Things changed. COVID-19 impacted each of us, our families, our patients, our medical practices, and our daily lives. The year 2020 was one of cancellation and loss; 2021 and 2022 were years of adaptation, caution, and continued loss. Finally, 2023 began a time of recovery; while COVID-19 is still with us, the pandemic has been declared ended, and we emerge with gratitude. We slowly removed our masks and rediscovered the vitality of meeting face-to-face. And throughout, Arthroscopy has continued to develop, including new journals; special issues on rehabilitation, biologics, and diversity as they relate to musculoskeletal care; collaboration with the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery, Maintenance of Certification, Web-Based Longitudinal Assessment Pathway; Arthroscopy Techniques; Infographics; Visual Abstracts; and Podcasts. At year end, we extend special thanks to editors whose terms have expired, our team and leaders, our reviewers, our authors and readers, and our patients who offer us their trust and an opportunity to serve.

Strategies to Mitigate Against Least-Publishable Units in Medical and Scientific Research Publications.

Least-publishable units, aka minimal publishable units, smallest publishable units, fractions of scholarly effort, and "salami slicing" divide a single research publication into a number of papers with small amounts of information in each paper. This results in quantity rather than quality; is ethically inappropriate; creates extra work for readers, future authors, reviewers, and editors; and can result in redundancy, self-plagiarism, publication overlap, and duplicate reporting of patient data that can result in inaccurate conclusions in systematic reviews. Increased awareness and actionable intervention can help to reverse this growing trend.

AANA23 Confirms There is Still a Place for Face-To-Face Meetings.

AANA23, or the AANA Annual Meeting, set a high-water mark for our society and its members. Congratulations to all who planned and executed an exceptional educational meeting. Demonstrating that diversity continues to be front of mind, one of the first events of the meeting was the Diversity Session. Recognizing the topic's importance, next month in Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation (ASMAR), Arthroscopy's companion online journal, we will publish our second annual special issue devoted to rehabilitation and return to sport, also with a focus on diversity as it relates to sports medicine. The Biologic Association held a comprehensive and clinically relevant 2-day meeting in conjunction with and following AANA23. AANA23 set the stage for a greatly anticipated AANA24 to be held in Boston from May 9 to 11, 2024.

Psychological Readiness to Return to Sport: Fear of Reinjury Is the Leading Reason for Failure to Return to Competitive Sport and Is Modifiable.

Many of our patients are athletes, and an ultimate goal is to help these athletes return to their preinjury level of activity or sport. Generally, we focus on patients' injuries and treatments, but there are modifiable factors that can improve patient outcomes independent of surgical technique. A factor frequently ignored is psychological readiness to return to sport. In patients including athletes, particularly teenagers, chronic, clinical depression is a prevalent and pathologic condition. In addition, in nondepressed patients (or in patients who are situationally depressed because of injury), the ability to deal with stressors may still govern clinical outcomes. Specific psychological traits of significance have been identified and defined, including self-efficacy; locus of control; resilience; catastrophizing; kinesiophobia; and fear of reinjury. (Fear of reinjury is the leading reason for failure to return to competitive sport, reduced activity levels after sports injury, and greater reinjury rates.) The traits may overlap and may be modifiable. Thus, like strength and functional testing, we should evaluate for signs or symptoms of depression, and we should measure psychological readiness to return to sport. With awareness, we can intervene or refer as indicated. Psychological readiness to return to sport represents an underexamined domain in which we can help our patients achieve best outcomes.

Biomedical Research Infographics and Visual Abstracts Increase Social Media Attention and Article Citation.

Biomedical research Infographics, a short-form neologism for "information graphics," illustrate medical educational information in an engaging manner by enhancing concise text with figures, tables, and data visualizations in the form of charts and graphs. Visual Abstracts present a graphic summary of the information contained in a medical research abstract. In addition to improving retention, both Infographics and Visual Abstracts allow for dissemination of medical information on social media and increase the breadth of medical journal readership. In addition, these new methods of scientific communication increase citation rates, as well as social media attention as determined by Altmetrics (alternative metrics).

Search Methods for Systematic Reviews and Bibliographic Articles Can Improve: Responsibilities of Authorship Are Vast.

Certain types of scientific articles, including bibliographic articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, require systematic search of electronic databases. Literature must be searched using clearly specified search terms, dates, and algorithms; article inclusion and exclusion criteria; and explicitly named databases. Search methods must be described in detail to allow reproducibility. In addition, responsibilities of all authors include contributing to study conception, design, data acquisition, analysis or interpretation; drafting or critically revising the work; approving the final version to be published; being accountable for the accuracy and integrity; being available to respond to queries including after publication; being able to identify which co-authors are responsible for which parts; and maintaining primary data and underpinning analysis for at least 10 years. The responsibilities of authorship are vast.

Arthroscopy and Musculoskeletal Biologics.

Orthopaedic biologics holds great promise. Absent peer-reviewed clinical musculoskeletal research, orthobiologics indications and treatment recommendations will remain opaque. In a Call for Papers, Arthroscopy; Arthroscopy Techniques; and Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation editors invite authors to submit clinical musculoskeletal biologics original scientific research, and technical notes with video. Each year, the top articles will be awarded inclusion in an annual Biologics Special Issue. Future investigators and current readers could follow the science while being mindful of the regulatory environment.