Tesaglitazar, a PPARalpha/gamma agonist, induces interstitial mesenchymal cell DNA synthesis and fibrosarcomas in subcutaneous tissues in rats.

The development of the dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha/gamma agonist tesaglitazar as an oral antidiabetic was recently discontinued. Here we present tumor data from a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats given 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 micromol/kg tesaglitazar is presented with focus on the findings of subcutaneous fibrosarcomas. To investigate the mechanism for induction of fibrosarcomas, replicative DNA synthesis (immunohistochemical detection of BrdU-labeled cells) and expression of PPARgamma (immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) in subcutaneous adipose tissues was assessed in rats administered 1 or 10 micromol/kg for 2 weeks or 3 months. Poorly differentiated subcutaneous mesenchymal sarcomas with a predominant spindle cell appearance occurred at the highest dose level of 10 micromol/kg in both sexes, and these tumors were diagnosed as fibrosarcomas. The 10-micromol/kg dose was at or above the maximum tolerated dose and caused considerable cardiovascular mortality. Tesaglitazar stimulated DNA synthesis mainly in subcutaneous interstitial mesenchymal cells. The percentage of BrdU-labeled interstitial cells was increased at 1 and 10 micromol/kg after 2 weeks. The increase in DNA synthesis was still significant at the end of the 12-week treatment at 10 mumol/kg, the dose producing fibrosarcoma. However, at 1 micromol/kg, a dose below the no-observed-effect level for fibrosarcoma, the level of DNA synthesis was similar to control levels at 12 weeks. Immunohistochemical analyses showed no detectable PPARgamma protein in the majority of BrdU-labeled interstitial mesenchymal cells in white and brown fat. This indicates that stimulation of DNA synthesis is not mediated via direct activation of PPARgamma in these cells. The results suggest that the induction of rat fibrosarcoma by tesaglitazar, at exposures 100-fold above the human therapeutic exposure, may involve proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in subcutaneous tissues.

Dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist tesaglitazar reduces atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant and hypercholesterolemic ApoE*3Leiden mice.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether the dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist tesaglitazar has anti-atherogenic effects in ApoE*3Leiden mice with reduced insulin sensitivity. METHODS AND RESULTS: ApoE*3Leiden transgenic mice were fed a high-fat (HF) insulin-resistance-inducing diet. One group received a high-cholesterol (HC) supplement (1% wt/wt; HC group). A second group received the same HC supplement along with tesaglitazar (T) 0.5 micromol/kg diet (T group). A third (control) group received a low-cholesterol (LC) supplement (0.1% wt/wt; LC group). Tesaglitazar decreased plasma cholesterol by 20% compared with the HC group; cholesterol levels were similar in the T and LC groups. Compared with the HC group, tesaglitazar caused a 92% reduction in atherosclerosis, whereas a 56% reduction was seen in the cholesterol-matched LC group. Furthermore, tesaglitazar treatment significantly reduced lesion number beyond that expected from cholesterol lowering and induced a shift to less severe lesions. Concomitantly, tesaglitazar reduced macrophage-rich and collagen areas. In addition, tesaglitazar reduced inflammatory markers, including plasma SAA levels, the number of adhering monocytes, and nuclear factor kappaB-activity in the vessel wall. CONCLUSIONS: Tesaglitazar has anti-atherosclerotic effects in the mouse model that go beyond plasma cholesterol lowering, possibly caused by a combination of altered lipoprotein profiles and anti-inflammatory vascular effects.