RESUMO
PF-07257876 is a bispecific antibody being developed for the treatment of certain advanced or metastatic solid tumors. To support clinical development of PF-07257876, neutralizing antibody (NAb) assays were developed as part of a tiered immunogenicity testing approach. Because PF-07257876 targets both CD47 and PD-L1, determination of domain specificity of a NAb response may provide additional insight relating to PK, efficacy, and safety. Due to limitations of functional cell systems, two cell-based binding assays were developed using electrochemiluminescence to detect domain-specific NAb. While both NAb assays utilized a cell-based binding approach and shared certain requirements, such as sensitivity and tolerance to potentially interfering substances, the development of each assay faced unique challenges. Among the hurdles encountered, achieving drug tolerance while preserving domain specificity for CD47 proved particularly challenging. Consequently, a sample pretreatment procedure to isolate NAb from potentially interfering substances was necessary. The sample pretreatment procedure developed was based on a bead-extraction and acid dissociation (BEAD) approach. However, the use of the standard BEAD approach with whole drug to capture NAb resulted in loss of NAb detection under certain circumstances. Specifically, mock samples containing a mixture of NAb positive controls against both binding domains of the bispecific antibody produced false-negative results in the cell-based binding assay. An adaptation made to the standard BEAD approach restored domain-specific NAb detection, while also contributing to an assay sensitivity of 1 µg/mL in the presence of a clinically relevant drug tolerance level of up to 400 µg/mL.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Biespecíficos , Antígeno CD47 , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Bioensaio , Tolerância a MedicamentosRESUMO
The administration of biotherapeutics has the potential to induce potent immune responses. Among these responses, the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADA), including a subset of ADA referred to as neutralizing antibodies (NAb), is of heightened concern. Aside from their capacity to alter the pharmacological profile of a given biotherapeutic, NAb can also pose significant safety risks, especially in instances where an endogenous counterpart to the drug exists. As such, the inclusion of an assay to detect NAb in clinical samples is critical to the effectiveness of a tiered approach to immunogenicity assessment. PF-06730512 is a biotherapeutic protein being developed for the treatment of primary Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). To support the immunogenicity assessment of PF-06730512, a cell-based assay was developed for the detection of NAb in FSGS serum samples. Herein, we describe the development of the assay with a focus on the challenges faced, including drug and blood collection tube interferences in NAb detection. The outcome of our efforts was a robust assay capable of detecting 1 µg/mL of a NAb positive control in the presence of clinically relevant drug concentrations up to 30 µg/mL.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Bioensaio , Produtos Biológicos/imunologia , Fluorometria , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , O(6)-Metilguanina-DNA Metiltransferase/genética , O(6)-Metilguanina-DNA Metiltransferase/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Proper evaluation of immunogenicity during clinical development of biotherapeutics is a major challenge to bioanalytical scientists, in part due to matrix interference in anti-drug antibody (ADA) and neutralizing antibody (NAB) assays. If not addressed, matrix interference could confound the immunogenicity assessment of a given biotherapeutic in clinical development. To support clinical development of a B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-CD3 bispecific antibody, a cell-based NAB assay was developed as part of a tiered approach to evaluating the immunogenicity of the drug. The assay endpoint (T cell activation) was chosen based on its strong association with the mechanism of action of the drug. The BCMA-CD3 bispecific antibody activates T cells through simultaneous binding of CD3 on T cells and BCMA on target cells. In this system, T cell activation was assessed through the measurement of luciferase activity in an engineered Jurkat cell line. In the presence of NAB, the degree of T cell activation measured by the amount of luciferase activity can be reduced. During method development, soluble BCMA (sBCMA) interference in the NAB assay was apparent. The binding of sBCMA to the anti-BCMA domain of the bispecific drug led to reduced T cell activation, which caused false positive results in NAB testing. To mitigate this interference, several strategies to eliminate sBCMA were investigated. Among the procedures tested, a bead-based approach proved most effective in depleting sBCMA, while maintaining robust assay performance and achieving fit-for-purpose sensitivity. Using this sample pretreatment procedure, the NAB assay tolerated sBCMA up to 2⯵g/mL, or approximately four times the estimated median sBCMA concentration in serum samples from patients with active multiple myeloma.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Biespecíficos/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Antígeno de Maturação de Linfócitos B/imunologia , Bioensaio , Complexo CD3/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Mieloma Múltiplo/tratamento farmacológico , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Anticorpos Biespecíficos/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/imunologia , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Mieloma Múltiplo/sangue , Mieloma Múltiplo/imunologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
We present a case of myocarditis in a 26-year-old pregnant woman at 29 weeks gestation. Despite optimal medical therapy, she experienced a cardiac arrest 10 days postadmission. An interdisciplinary team facilitated emergency delivery of her baby by perimortem (ie, during maternal cardiac arrest) Caesarean section and initiation of emergency mechanical circulatory support. A cardiac biopsy revealed a mixed eosinophilic and histiocytic infiltrate. After a course of steroid therapy, she experienced full recovery. Both the patient and the infant are alive and well. The case highlights the success of modern interdisciplinary care, as well as ongoing gaps in our knowledge of myocarditis.
Nous présentons un cas de myocardite chez une femme de 26 ans enceinte de 29 semaines, qui a subi un arrêt cardiaque 10 jours après son admission. Une équipe interdisciplinaire a favorisé l'accouchement d'urgence par césarienne perimortem (c.-à-d. durant l'arrêt cardiaque de la mère), et la mise en place en urgence d'une assistance mécanique. Une biopsie cardiaque a révélé un infiltrat mixte d'éosinophiles et d'histiocytes. Il y a eu récupération complète de la fonction ventriculaire après un traitement aux stéroïdes. La patiente et l'enfant sont en vie et se portent bien. Le cas témoigne de la réussite de la pratique moderne des soins interdisciplinaires, et met en lumière les lacunes actuelles de nos connaissances sur la myocardite.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is frequently the first manifestation of underlying cardiovascular disease in young competitive athletes (YCAs), yet there are no Canadian guidelines for preparticipation screening in this population. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of potentially lethal cardiovascular disease in a sample of Canadian YCAs by comparing 2 screening strategies. METHODS: We prospectively screened 1419 YCAs in British Columbia, Canada (age 12-35 years). We initially screened 714 YCAs using the American Heart Association 12-element recommendations, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) examination (phase 1). This strategy yielded a high number of false positive results; 705 YCAs were subsequently screened using a novel SportsCardiologyBC (SCBC) questionnaire and ECG examination in the absence of a physical examination (phase 2). RESULTS: Overall, 7 YCAs (0.52%) were found to have clinically significant diagnoses associated with SCD (4 pre-excitation, 1 long QT syndrome, 1 mitral valve prolapse, 1 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy). Six of the 7 athletes (85.7%) with disease possessed an abnormal ECG. Conversely, only 2 had a positive personal or family history (1 athlete had an abnormal ECG and family history). The SCBC questionnaire and protocol (phase 2) was associated with fewer false positive screens; 3.7% (25 of 679) compared with 8.1% (55 of 680) in phase 1 (P = 0.0012). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of conditions associated with SCD in a cohort of Canadian YCAs was comparable with American and European populations. The SCBC questionnaire and protocol were associated with fewer false positive screens. The ECG identified most of the positive cases irrespective of screening strategy used.
Assuntos
Atletas/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Colúmbia Britânica/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Criança , Eletrocardiografia/métodos , Humanos , Incidência , Exame Físico , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To reduce the number of routine chest radiographs (CXRs) done in a tertiary care intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: Using a quality improvement approach, we measured the number of CXRs done per patient-day before (15 June 2010-15 June 2011) and after (15 June 2011-15 June 2012) a multipronged intervention in a 15-bed medical-surgical ICU in a 350-bed tertiary care teaching hospital. We studied a total of 1492 patients who were admitted to this ICU-738 patients during the preintervention period and 754 patients during the postintervention period. Interventions were education for the ICU house staff, developing indications for routine CXRs on the computer order-entry system, and visual posters/signage to remind ICU staff that there were no indications for routine, daily CXRs. The primary outcome was the number of CXRs per patient-day, but we also measured CTs of the chest, mechanical ventilator days, length of ICU stay and ICU and hospital mortality. RESULTS: There were 0.73 CXRs per patient-day done during the preintervention period and 0.54 CXRs per patient-day done during the postintervention period, a 26% reduction. There were no differences between the periods in age, sex or severity of illness (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score) of the patients, number of chest CTs, mechanical ventilator days, length of ICU stay and ICU or hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A quality improvement that includes education, reminders of appropriate indications and computerised decision support can decrease the number of routine CXRs in an ICU.
Assuntos
Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Melhoria de Qualidade , Radiografia Torácica/estatística & dados numéricos , Procedimentos Desnecessários/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Intervalos de Confiança , Redução de Custos , Cuidados Críticos/economia , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Radiografia Torácica/economia , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Procedimentos Desnecessários/economiaRESUMO
We report here the synthesis and SAR of a new series of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as potent Tpl2 kinase inhibitors. The proposed binding mode suggests the potential flipped binding mode depending on the substitution. Biacore studies show evidence of binding of these molecules to the protein kinase. The kinome inhibition profile of these molecules suggests good selectivity.
Assuntos
MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Descoberta de Drogas , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/metabolismo , Microssomos Hepáticos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Monócitos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/química , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
Synthesis, modeling and structure-activity relationship of indazoles as inhibitors of Tpl2 kinase are described. From a high throughput screening effort, we identified an indazole hit compound 5 that has a single digit micromolar Tpl2 activity. Through SAR modifications at the C3 and C5 positions of the indazole, we discovered compound 31 with good potency in LANCE assay and cell-based p-Erk assay.
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Indazóis/farmacologia , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Indazóis/síntese química , Indazóis/química , MAP Quinase Quinase Quinases/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Monócitos/enzimologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Polyclonal rabbit anti-human thymocyte globulin (Thymoglobulin) is used clinically for immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation; however, it is difficult to fully characterize the effects of this agent in humans. METHODS: A surrogate rabbit anti-murine thymocyte globulin (mATG) was generated analogously to the commercial product Thymoglobulin and in vivo activities were evaluated, including pharmacokinetics, T-cell depletion, dose response and kinetics, depletion/sparing of T-cell subsets or other leukocyte populations, and depletion in different lymphoid organs. RESULTS: Within 1 day, T cells are depleted by mATG in the blood, spleen, lymph node, and bone marrow down to doses of 1 mg/kg. Although mATG binds and depletes thymocytes in vitro, there is no thymocyte depletion in vivo at any dose level, suggesting decreased antibody accessibility to the thymus. After two doses of mATG given 3 days apart, T-cell reconstitution begins as early as day 9 and returns to basal levels by day 21 and 29 for CD4 and CD8 T cells, respectively. There is also preferential depletion of naïve T cells that results in increased ratios of regulatory and memory T cells within 1 day after mATG administration. Depletion of natural killer-T cells, natural killer cells, plasma cells, and plasmablasts occurs, but is modest and more transient compared with T cells. B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, hematopoetic stem cells, and bone marrow stromal cells seem resistant to mATG depletion. CONCLUSIONS: These studies characterize the depletive effects of mATG in normal mice and provide insight into mechanisms of action of Thymoglobulin.
Assuntos
Soro Antilinfocitário/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Terapia de Imunossupressão/métodos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Depleção Linfocítica , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos , Coelhos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologiaRESUMO
Targeting dendritic cell mannose receptors by mannosylating antigens represents a promising vaccination strategy. Using the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) expressed recombinantly in bacterial and yeast vectors, we have previously demonstrated fungal mannosylation enhances antigen immunogenicity in the context of CD4(+) T cell responses. However, because protection against many tumors and pathogens is thought to require MHC class I-restricted T cell responses, the capacity of differentially mannosylated OVA antigens to induce antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation was determined. We found that mannosylated yeast-derived OVA antigens were more potent than their unmannosylated counterparts at inducing antigen-specific T cell proliferation. However, the type of mannosylation was critical as addition of extensive O-linked mannosylation increased lymphoproliferative responses while the presence of N-linked mannosylation was associated with decreased responses. Mannosylated OVA failed to stimulate TNF-alpha and IL-12 production from dendritic cells. These data suggest that vaccines incorporating mannosylation must take into account how the mannose groups are linked to the core antigen and may need to include an adjuvant to stimulate cytokine production.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Fungos/química , Antígenos de Fungos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Manose/química , Ovalbumina/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Vacinas/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Fungos/genética , Células da Medula Óssea , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Interleucina-12/biossíntese , Ativação Linfocitária , Manose/metabolismo , Camundongos , Ovalbumina/genética , Ovalbumina/imunologia , Pichia/química , Pichia/genética , Pichia/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese , Vacinas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas/genéticaRESUMO
The CCAAT displacement protein (CDP-cut/CUTL1/cux) performs a key proliferation-related function as the DNA binding subunit of the cell cycle controlled HiNF-D complex. HiNF-D interacts with all five classes (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) of the cell-cycle dependent histone genes, which are transcriptionally and coordinately activated at the G(1)/S phase transition independent of E2F. The tumor suppressor pRB/p105 is an intrinsic component of the HiNF-D complex. However, the molecular interactions that enable CDP and pRB to form a complex and thus convey cell growth regulatory information onto histone gene promoters must be further defined. Using transient transfections, we show that CDP represses the H4 gene promoter and that pRB functions with CDP as a co-repressor. Direct physical interaction between CDP and pRB was observed in glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays. Furthermore, interactions between these proteins were established by yeast and mammalian two-hybrid experiments and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Confocal microscopy shows that subsets of each protein are co-localized in situ. Using a series of pRB mutants, we find that the CDP/pRB interaction, similar to the E2F/pRB interaction, utilizes the A/B large pocket (LP) of pRB. Thus, several converging lines of evidence indicate that complexes between CDP and pRB repress cell cycle regulated histone gene promoters.