[Preliminary study of the relationship between novel coronavirus pneumonia and liver function damage: a multicenter study].

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia and a preliminary study to explore the relationship between different clinical classification and liver damage. Methods: Consecutively confirmed novel coronavirus infection cases admitted to seven designated hospitals during January 23, 2020 to February 8, 2020 were included. Clinical classification (mild, moderate, severe, and critical) was carried out according to the diagnosis and treatment program of novel coronavirus pneumonia (Trial Fifth Edition) issued by the National Health Commission. The research data were analyzed using SPSS19.0 statistical software. Quantitative data were expressed as median (interquartile range), and qualitative data were expressed as frequency and rate. Results: 32 confirmed cases that met the inclusion criteria were included. 28 cases were of mild or moderate type (87.50%), and four cases (12.50%) of severe or critical type. Four cases (12.5%) were combined with one underlying disease (bronchial asthma, coronary heart disease, malignant tumor, chronic kidney disease), and one case (3.13%) was simultaneously combined with high blood pressure and malignant tumor. The results of laboratory examination showed that the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin (ALB), and total bilirubin (TBil) for entire cohort were 26.98 (16.88 ~ 46.09) U/L and 24.75 (18.71 ~ 31.79) U/L, 39.00 (36.20 ~ 44.20) g/L and 16.40 (11.34 ~ 21.15) µmol/L, respectively. ALT, AST, ALB and TBil of the mild or moderate subgroups were 22.75 (16.31 ~ 37.25) U/L, 23.63 (18.71 ~ 26.50) U/L, 39.70 (36.50 ~ 46.10) g/L, and 15.95 (11.34 ~ 20.83) µmol/L, respectively. ALT, AST, ALB and TBil of the severe or critical subgroups were 60.25 (40.88 ~ 68.90) U/L, 37.00 (20.88 ~ 64.45) U/L, 35.75 (28.68 ~ 42.00) g/L, and 20.50 (11.28 ~ 25.00) µmol/L, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this multicenter retrospective study suggests that novel coronavirus pneumonia combined with liver damage is more likely to be caused by adverse drug reactions and systemic inflammation in severe patients receiving medical treatment. Therefore, liver function monitoring and evaluation should be strengthened during the treatment of such patients.

[The study of atmospheric particulate matters and IFN-γDNA methylation in CD4⁺ T cells from patients with AR children].

Objective:To investigate the possible effects of meteorological and environmental factors on AR of children and IFN-γgene specific DNA methylation levels in CD4⁺ T cells of patients with AR. Method:Undergoing follow-up on 35 pediatric AR patients (6-12 years). Data on daily sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter of diameter smaller than 10 micrometer (PM-10) and particulate matter of diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5), the average of ozone (O3) per 8 hours was available as average values derived from the data of 6 state controlled monitoring stations distributed across Pudong district, Shanghai. We quantified IFN-γ (interferon-γ) gene specific DNA methylation levels in CD4⁺ T cells from 35 patients with AR and 30 healthy controls. mRNA levels of IFN-γ gene were measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Methods of personal exposure assessment of PM2.5 and PM10 were measured. Result:Compared with control, IFN-γ promoter region was hypermethylated in AR CD4⁺ T cells (P<0.05). Of all observed CpG sites in IFN-γ promoter region, there were significant differences in CpG⁻²99, CpG⁺¹¹9, CpG⁺¹68 (P=0.004, P=0.029, P=0.035). IFN-γ mRNA expression was significantly increase in CD4⁺ T cells (P<0.05). The level of IFN-γ mRNA expression was negatively correlated to mean level of methylation in IFN-γ promoter region. After adjusting, level of long exposure PM2.5 was positively correlated with level of methylation in IFN-γ promoter region. Conclusion:Level of methylation in IFN-γ promoter region may be affected by long exposure PM2.5.

Characterization of metallothioneins (MT-I and MT-II) in the yak.

The cDNA-encoding sequences for yak metallothionein isoforms I (MT-I) and II (MT-II) were amplified and cloned by reverse-transcription PCR to characterize the nucleotide sequence and protein structure of metallothionein in the yak. The cDNA sequences of MT-I and MT-II were subjected to BLAST searching at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and the results indicated that the nucleotide sequences of yak MT-I and MT-II, when compared among different species of mammals, are highly conserved. The yak open reading frames have a length of 183 nucleotides, which encode for yak MT-I and MT-II proteins of 61 AA, respectively. Analysis of hydrophobicity, trans-membrane region, and signal peptides suggested that metallothioneins of the yak are nonsecretory proteins. There were several conserved tripeptide sequences, such as C-X-C, C-C-X-C-C, and C-X-X-C (X designates AA excluding cysteine in MT-I and MT-II), and they are highly conserved in their evolution. By homologous comparative modeling, we predicted the molecular spatial structures of yak MT-I and MT-II, which are composed of alpha- and beta-domains that are linked by the conserved tripeptide Lys(30)-Lys(31)-Ser(32) (KKS).

Bone marrow-derived cells as progenitors of lung alveolar epithelium.

We assessed the capacity of plastic-adherent cultured bone marrow cells to serve as precursors of differentiated parenchymal cells of the lung. By intravenously delivering lacZ-labeled cells into wild-type recipient mice after bleomycin-induced lung injury, we detected marrow-derived cells engrafted in recipient lung parenchyma as cells with the morphological and molecular phenotype of type I pneumocytes of the alveolar epithelium. At no time after marrow cell injection, did we detect any engraftment as type II pneumocytes. In addition, we found that cultured and fresh aspirates of bone marrow cells can express the type I pneumocyte markers, T1alpha and aquaporin-5. These observations challenge the current belief that adult alveolar type I epithelial cells invariably arise from local precursor cells and raise the possibility of using injected marrow-derived cells for therapy of lung diseases characterized by extensive alveolar damage.

TRAIL expression in vascular smooth muscle.

TRAIL is a cell-associated tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand originally identified in immune cells. The ligand has the capacity to induce apoptosis after binding to cell surface receptors. To examine TRAIL expression in murine vascular tissue, we employed in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In these studies, we found that TRAIL mRNA and protein were specifically localized throughout the medial smooth muscle cell layer of the pulmonary artery. Notably, a similar pattern of expression was observed in the mouse aorta. Consistent with these findings, we found that cultures of primary human aorta and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells express abundant TRAIL mRNA and protein. We also found that these cells and endothelial cells undergo cell lysis in response to exogenous addition of TRAIL. Last, we confirmed that TRAIL specifically activated a death program by confirming poly(ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage. Overall, we believe that these findings are relevant to understanding the factors that regulate cell turnover in the vessel wall.

Molecular characterization of the mouse Fas ligand promoter in airway epithelial cells.

Constitutively expressed Fas ligand in several distinct epithelial cell types appears to protect tissues by inducing apoptosis of Fas(+) immune cells during inflammatory reactions. To study the transcriptional regulation of Fas ligand gene in airway epithelial cells, a 618-bp 5'-flanking region of mouse Fas ligand gene was cloned, sequenced, and the transcriptional start site was determined by using 5'-RACE. Deletion analysis, gel mobility shift assays and site-directed mutagenesis indicated that a CCAAT box located -214 bp upstream from the transcription start site served as a major positive regulatory cis-element in an airway epithelial cell line. This element was not required for constitutive Fas ligand expression in Sertoli cells. Furthermore, the activity of the site did not involve the NF-Y protein complex or c/EBP protein family. UV-cross linking proteins to this element indicated that a approximately 23-kDa transcription factor bound to the Fas ligand promoter CCAAT box and, thus, likely plays an important role in the regulation of Fas ligand expression in airway epithelial cells.