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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous, invasive, and conventional chemotherapy-insensitive tumor with unique biological characteristics. The main methods for the radical treatment of HCC are surgical resection or liver transplantation. However, recurrence rates are as high as 50% and 70% at 3 and 5 years after liver resection, respectively, and even in Milan-eligible recipients, the recurrence rate is approximately 20% at 5 years after liver transplantation. Therefore, reducing the postoperative recurrence rate is key to improving the overall outcome of liver cancer. This review discusses the risk factors for recurrence in patients with HCC radical surgical resection and adjuvant treatment options that may reduce the risk of recurrence and improve overall survival, including local adjuvant therapy (e.g., transcatheter arterial chemoembolization), adjuvant systemic therapy (e.g., molecular targeted agents and immunotherapy), and other adjuvant therapies (e.g., antiviral and herbal therapy). Finally, potential research directions that may change the paradigm of adjuvant therapy for HCC are analyzed.
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Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant subtype of breast cancer and lacks effective biomarkers. This study seeks to unravel the expression status and the prospective transcriptional mechanisms of EZH1/EZH2 in TNBC tissue samples. Moreover, another objective of this study is to reveal the prognostic molecular signatures for risk stratification in TNBC patients. Methods: To determine the expression status of EZH1/EZH2 in TNBC tissue samples, microarray analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed on in house breast cancer tissue samples. External mRNA expression matrices were used to verify its expression patterns. Furthermore, the prospective transcriptional mechanisms of EZH1/EZH2 in TNBC were explored by performing differential expression analysis, co-expression analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis were utilized to detect the prognostic molecular signatures in TNBC patients. Nomogram and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to predict the risk stratification ability of the prognostic-signatures-based Cox model. Results: In-house TMAs (66 TNBC vs. 106 non-TNBC) and external gene microarrays, as well as RNA-seq datasets (1,135 TNBC vs. 6,198 non-TNBC) results, confirmed the downregulation of EZH1 at both the protein and mRNA levels (SMD = -0.59 [-0.80, -0.37]), as is opposite to that of EZH2 (SMD = 0.74 [0.40, 1.08]). The upregulated transcriptional target genes of EZH1 were significantly aggregated in the cell cycle pathway, where CCNA2, CCNB1, MAD2L1, and PKMYT1 were determined as key transcriptional targets. Additionally, the downregulated transcriptional targets of EZH2 were enriched in response to the hormone, where ESR1 was identified as the hub gene. The six-signature-based prognostic model produced an impressive performance in this study, with a training AUC of 0.753, 0.981, and 0.977 at 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival probability, respectively. Conclusion: EZH1 downregulation may be a key modulator in the progression of TNBC through negative transcriptional regulation by targeting CCNA2, CCNB1, MAD2L1, and PKMYT1.
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Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Regulação para Baixo/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , RNA Mensageiro , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Existing studies of PLK1 in cervical cancer had several flaws. The methods adopted by those studies of detecting PLK1 expression in cervical cancer were single and there lacks comprehensive evaluation of the clinico-pathological significance of PLK1 in cervical cancer. METHODS: A total of 303 cervical tissue samples were collected for in-house tissue microarrays. Immunohistochemistry was performed for evaluating PLK1 expression between cervical cancer (including cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC) and cervical adenocarcinoma) and non-cancer samples. The Expression Atlas database was searched for querying PLK1 expression in different cervical cancer cell lines and different tissues in the context of pan-cancer. Standard mean difference (SMD) was calculated and the summarized receiver's operating characteristics (SROC) curves were plotted for integrated tissue microarrays, exterior high-throughput microarrays and RNA sequencing data as further verification. The effect of PLK1 expression on the overall survival, disease-free survival and event-free survival of cervical cancer patients was analyzed through Kaplan Meier survival curves for cervical cancer patients from RNA-seq and GSE44001 datasets. The gene mutation and alteration status of PLK1 in cervical cancer was inspected in COSMIC and cBioPortal databases. Functional enrichment analysis was performed for genes correlated with PLK1 from aggregated RNA-seq and microarrays. RESULTS: A total of 963 cervical cancer samples and 178 non-cancer samples were collected from in-house tissue microarrays and exterior microarrays and RNA-seq datasets. The combined expression analysis supported overexpression of PLK1 in CESC, cervical adenocarcinoma and all types of cervical cancer (SMD = 1.59, 95%CI [0.56-2.63]; SMD = 2.99, 95%CI [0.75-5.24]; SMD = 1.57, 95% CI [0.85-2.29]) and the significant power of PLK1 expression in distinguishing CESC or all types of cervical cancer samples from non-cancer samples (AUC = 0.94, AUC = 0.92). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the event-free survival rate of cervical cancer patients with higher expression of PLK1 was shorter than that of patients with lower PLK1 (HR = 2.020, P = 0.0197). Genetic alteration of PLK1 including missense mutation and mRNA low occurred in 6% of cervical cancer samples profiled in mRNA expression. Genes positively or negatively correlated with PLK1 were mainly assembled in pathways such as DNA replication, cell cycle, mismatch repair, Ras signaling pathway, melanoma, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance and homologous recombination (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Here, we provided sufficient evidence of PLK1 overexpression in cervical cancer. The overexpression of PLK1 in cervical cancer and the contributory effect of it on clinical progression indicated the hopeful prospect of PLK1 as a biomarker for cervical cancer.
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BACKGROUND: MiR-182-5p, a cancer-related microRNA (miRNA), modulates tumorigenesis and patient outcomes in various human malignances. This study interroted the clinicopathological significance and molecular mechanisms of miR-182-5p in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: The clinical significance of miR-182-5p in NSCLC subtypes was determined based on an analysis of 124 samples (lung adenocarcinomas [LUADs], n = 101; lung squamous cell carcinomas [LUSCs], n = 23) obtained from NSCLC patients and paired noncancer tissues and an analysis of data obtained from public miRNA-seq database, miRNA-chip database, and the scientific literature. The NSCLC samples (n = 124) were analyzed using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Potential targets of miR-182-5p were identified using lists generated by miRWalk v.2.0, a comprehensive atlas of predicted and validated targets of miRNA-target interactions. Molecular events of miR-182-5p in NSCLC were unveiled based on a functional analysis of candidate targets. The association of miR-182-5p with one of the candidate target genes, homeobox A9 (HOXA9), was validated using in-house RT-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS: The results of the in-house RT-qPCR assays analysis of data obtained from public miRNA-seq databases, miRNA-chip databases, and the scientific literature all supported upregulation of the expression level of miR-182-5p level in NSCLC. Moreover, the in-house RT-qPCR data supported the influence of upregulated miR-182-5p on malignant progression of NSCLC. In total, 774 prospective targets of miR-182-5p were identified. These targets were mainly clustered in pathways associated with biological processes, such as axonogenesis, axonal development, and Ras protein signal transduction, as well as pathways involved in axonal guidance, melanogenesis, and longevity regulation, in multiple species. Correlation analysis of the in-house RT-qPCR data and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that HOXA9 was a direct target of miR-182-5p in NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS: The miR-182-5p expression level was upregulated in NSCLC tissues. MiR-182-5p may exert oncogenic influence on NSCLC through regulating target genes such as HOXA9.
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Neoplasias Pulmonares , MicroRNAs , Proteínas de Neoplasias , RNA Neoplásico , Idoso , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Simulação por Computador , Feminino , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , RNA Neoplásico/genética , RNA Neoplásico/metabolismo , RNA-Seq , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Alternative splicing (AS) has been widely reported to play an important role in cancers, including esophageal carcinoma (ESCA). However, no study has comprehensively investigated the clinical use of combination of prognostic AS events and clinicopathological parameters. Therefore, we collected 165 ESCA patients including 83 esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and 82 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas to explore the survival rate associated with seven types of AS events. Prognostic predictors for the clinical outcomes of ESCA patients were built. Predictive prognosis models of the alternative acceptor site in ESCA (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.83), alternative donor site in EAC (AUC = 0.99), and alternative terminator site in ESCC (AUC = 0.974) showed the best predictive efficacy. A novel combined prognostic model of AS events and clinicopathological parameters in ESCA was also constructed. Combined prognostic models of ESCA all showed better predictive efficacy than independent AS models or clinicopathological parameters model. Through constructing splicing regulatory network, the expression of AS factor was found to be negatively correlated with the most favorable AS events. Moreover, gene amplification, mutation, and copy number variation of AS genes were commonly observed, which may indicate the molecular mechanism of how the AS events influence survival. Conclusively, the constructed prognostic models based on AS events, especially the combined prognostic models of AS signatures and clinicopathological parameters could be used to predict the outcome of ESCA patients. Moreover, the splicing regulatory network and genomic alteration in ESCA could be used for illuminating the potential molecular mechanism.
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Alternative splicing can lead to the coding of proteins that act as promoters of cancer, which is associated with the progression of cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, no systematic survival analysis of alternative splicing in melanoma has previously been reported. The present study conducted an in-depth analysis of integrated alternative splicing events detected in 96 patients with melanoma using data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Prognostic models and an alternative splicing correlation network were built for patients with melanoma. A total of 41,446 mRNA splicing events were detected in 9,780 genes and 2,348 alternative splicing events were identified to be significantly associated with overall survival of patients with melanoma. Of all the events used in the prognostic model, the model with alternate terminator alternative splicing events exhibited the highest efficiency for evaluating the outcome of patients with melanoma, with an area under the curve of 0.902. The present study identified prognostic predictors for melanoma and revealed alternative splicing networks in melanoma that could indicate underlying mechanisms.
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BACKGROUND: Surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the primary treatment options for soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). However, identifying ways to improve the prognosis of patients with STS remains a considerable challenge. Evidence shows that the dysregulation of alternative splicing (AS) events is involved in tumor pathogenesis and progression. The present study objective was to identify survival-associated AS events that could serve as prognostic biomarkers and potentially serve as tumor-selective STS drug targets. METHODS: STS-specific 'percent spliced in' (PSI) values for splicing events in 206 STS samples were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas SpliceSeq® database. Prognostic analyses were performed on seven types of AS events to determine their prognostic value in STS patients, for which prediction models were constructed with the risk score formula [Formula: see text]. Prediction models were also constructed to determine the prognostic value of AS events, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the degree of correlation between splicing factor expression and the PSI values. RESULTS: A total 10,439 events were found to significantly correlate with patient survival rates. The area under the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve for the prognostic predictor of STS overall survival was 0.826. Notably, the splicing events of certain STS key genes were significantly associated with STS 2-year overall survival in the present study, including exon skip (ES) events in MDM2 and EWSR1, alternate terminator events in CDKN2A and HMGA2 for dedifferentiated liposarcoma, ES in MDM2 and alternate promoter events in CDKN2A for leiomyosarcoma, and ES in EWSR1 for undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Moreover, splicing correlation networks between AS events and splicing factors revealed that almost all of the AS events showed negatively correlations with the expression of splicing factors. CONCLUSION: An in-depth analysis of alternative RNA splicing could provide new insights into the mechanisms of STS oncogenesis and the potential for novel approaches to this type of cancer therapy.
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Processamento Alternativo/genética , Genoma Humano , Sarcoma/genética , Diferenciação Celular , Estudos de Coortes , Metilação de DNA/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Modelos Genéticos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Prognóstico , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
The cancer susceptibility candidate 9 (CASC9) gene has been reported to exert an oncogenic effect in several types of cancer. However, its role in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is unknown. Therefore, the present study examined the expression of CASC9 in LUSC and noncancer tissues by reverse transcriptionquantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and by data mining of highthroughput public databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas, the Gene Expression Omnibus, ArrayExpress and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. In vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of CASC9 on the viability and the proliferation of LUSC cells. Furthermore, consulting the alteration status of CASC9 in LUSC from cBioPortal, functional enrichment analysis of coexpressed genes, prediction of potential transcription factors, and inspection of adjacent proteincoding genes were conducted to explore the potential molecular mechanism of CASC9 in LUSC. The results revealed that CASC9 was overexpressed in LUSC tissue, and significantly associated with the malignant progression of LUSC. In vitro experiments demonstrated that CASC9 knockdown by RNA interference attenuated the viability and proliferation of LUSC cells. Multiple copies of CASC9 gene were detected in 4 of 179 available sequenced LUSC cases. A functional enrichment analysis of 200 coexpressed genes indicated that these genes were significantly associated with terms, including 'cellcell junction organization', 'desmosome organization', 'epidermis development', 'Hippo signaling pathway', 'pathogenic Escherichia coli infection' and 'PID HIF1 TF pathway'. Three genes, Fosrelated antigen 2 (FOSL2), SWI/SNF complex subunit SMARCC2, and transcription factor COE1 (EBF1), were predicted by lncRNAMap to be associated with CASC9. Among these, the expression of FOSL2 and EBF1 was positively and negatively correlated with the expression of CASC9, respectively. Two adjacent proteincoding genes, cysteinerich secretory protein LCCL domaincontaining 1 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4γ, were also positively correlated with CASC9 expression. In conclusion, the present data suggest that CASC9 serves as an oncogene in LUSC and may be a promising target for alternative therapeutic options for patients with this condition.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Regulação para Cima , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Sobrevivência Celular , Biologia Computacional , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Mineração de Dados , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Antígeno 2 Relacionado a Fos/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Transativadores/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common histological subtype of lung cancer. Previous studies have found that many microRNAs (miRNAs), including miRNA1263p, may play a critical role in the development of LUAD. However, no study of LUAD has researched the synergistic effects and cotargets of both miRNA1263p and miRNA1265p. The present study used realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) to explore the expression values of miRNA1263p and miRNA1265p in 101 LUAD and 101 normal lung tissues. Ten relevant microarray datasets were screened to further validate the expression levels of miRNA1263p and 5p in LUAD. Twelve prediction tools were employed to obtain potential targets of miRNA1263p and miRNA1265p. The results showed that both miRNA1263p and 5p were expressed significantly lower in LUAD. A significant positive correlation was also present between miRNA1263p and 5p expression in LUAD. In addition, lower expression of miRNA1263p and 5p was indicative of vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis (LNM), and a later tumor/node/metastasis (TNM) stage of LUAD. The authors obtained 167 targets of miRNA1263p and 212 targets of miRNA1265p; 44 targets were cotargets of both. Eight cotarget genes (IGF2BP1, TRPM8, DUSP4, SOX11, PLOD2, LIN28A, LIN28B and SLC7A11) were initially identified as key genes in LUAD. The results of the present study indicated that the coregulation of miRNA1263p and miRNA1265p plays a key role in the development of LUAD, which also suggests a failproof mode between miRNA3p and miRNA1265p.
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Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Proliferação de Células , Biologia Computacional , Conjuntos de Dados como Assunto , Humanos , Pulmão/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , MicroRNAs/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Software , Análise Serial de TecidosRESUMO
The aim of the study was to comprehensively evaluate the clinical value of miR-125b-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its potential molecular mechanisms. MiR-125b-5p expression was remarkably lower as examined by real-time reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in 95 paired HCC and nonmalignant liver tissues in house (P<0.001), which was in accord with the results from miRNA-sequencing data with 371 cases of HCC. miRNA-chips from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and ArrayExpress were screened. Among the seven included miRNA-chips, the relative expression of miR-125b-5p expression levels showed decreasing trends in HCC tissue samples compared with non-cancerous liver tissue samples. Altogether, A total of 655 cases of HCC tissues and 334 non-HCC liver tissues were included in the final meta-analysis. We observed that the expression of miR-125b-5p indeed decreased markedly in HCC tissues compared with the non-HCC tissues (SMD: -1.414, 95% CI: -1.894 to -0.935, P<0.001). The area under the SROC curve of lower expression of miR-125b-5p was 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89 to 0.94). A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the lower expression or the absence of miR-125b-5p may be a risk factor for the poor outcome of HCC patients. Furthermore, the potential target genes of miR-125b-5p from 11 miRNA target prediction databases were intersected with 1,486 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as calculated by RNA-sequencing data. Finally, a total of 330 GEGs were collected and enriched in the pathways of lysosome, focal adhesion, and pathways in cancer. In conclusion, this study utilizes a variety of research methods to confirm the lower level of miR-125b-5p in HCC tissues. This lower expression level of miR-125b-5p is closely related to increased disease progression in HCC patients.
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The function of the expression of microRNA (miR)2245p in prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) remains to be elucidated, therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the clinical significance and potential molecular mechanism of miR2245p in PCa. Data on the expression of miR2245p in PCa were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), ArrayExpress and previous literature, and metaanalyses with standardized mean difference (SMD) and summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) methods were performed for statistical analyses. The prospective target genes of miR2245p were collected by overlapping the differentially expressed mRNAs in TCGA and GEO, and target genes predicted by miRWalk2.0. Subsequently, in silico analysis was performed to examine the associated pathways of miR2245p in PCa. The expression of miR2245p was markedly lower in PCa; the overall SMD was 0.562, and overall sROC area under the curve was 0.80. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the prospective target genes of miR2245p were largely enriched in the amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism signaling pathway, and three genes [UDPNacetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1), hexokinase 2 (HK2) and chitinase 1 (CHIT1)] enriched in this pathway showed higher expression (P<0.05). In addition, key genes in the proteinprotein interaction network analysis [DNA topoisomerase 2α (TOP2A), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2)] exhibited significantly increased expression (P<0.05). The results suggested that the downregulated expression of miR2245p may be associated with the clinical progression and prognosis of PCa. Furthermore, miR2245p likely exerts its effects by targeting genes, including UAP1, HK2, CHIT1, TOP2A, ACLY and RRM2. However, in vivo and in vitro experiments are required to confirm these findings.
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Adenocarcinoma/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Biologia Computacional , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Progressão da Doença , Regulação para Baixo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Neoplasias da Próstata/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The specific expression level and clinical significance of miR-375-3p in HNSCC had not been fully stated, as well as the overall biological function and molecular mechanisms. Therefore, we purpose to carry out a comprehensive meta-analysis to further explore the clinical significance and potential function mechanism of miR-375-3p in HNSCC. METHODS: HNSCC-related data was gained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and peer-reviewed journals. A meta-analysis was carried out to comprehensively explore the relationship between miR-375-3p expression level and clinicopathological features of HNSCC. And summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve analysis was applied for evaluating disease diagnosis value of miR-375-3p. In addition, a biological pathway analysis was also performed to assess the possible molecular mechanism of miR-375-3p in HNSCC. RESULTS: A total of 24 available records and references were added into analysis. The overall pooled meta-analysis outcome revealed a relatively lower expression level of miR-375-3p in HNSCC specimens than that in non-cancerous controls (P < 0.001). And SROC curve analysis showed that the pooled area under the SROC curve (AUC) was 0.90 (95%CI: 0.88-0.93). In addition, biological pathway analysis indicated that LAMC1, EDIL3, FN1, VEGFA, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3 maybe the latent target genes of miR-375-3p, which were greatly enriched in the pathways of beta3 integrin cell surface interactions and the binding of RNA via the insulin-like growth factor-2 mRNA-binding protein (IGF2BPs/IMPs/VICKZs). CONCLUSION: MiR-375-3p expression clearly decreased in HNSCC samples compared with non-cancerous controls. Meanwhile, miR-375-3p may serve as a tumor suppressor via regulating tumor-related genes LAMC1, EDIL3, FN1, VEGFA, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3 in HNSCC.
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Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , MicroRNAs/biossíntese , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Área Sob a Curva , Humanos , Curva ROC , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/mortalidade , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , TranscriptomaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal pan-adenocarcinomas, which mainly include adenocarcinomas of the esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum, place a heavy burden on society owing to their poor prognoses. Since aberrant alternative splicing (AS) are starting to be considered as efficacious signatures for tumor prognosis predicting and therapeutic targets, systematic analysis of AS events is urgent. METHODS: Prognosis-related AS events were selected by using univariate COX regression analysis. Gene functional enrichment analysis revealed the pathways enriched by prognosis-related AS. Then, prognostic signatures based on AS events were developed for prognosis prediction. Potential mechanism to regulate splicing events by splicing factors was analyzed via Pearson correlation and regulatory networks were constructed. FINDINGS: A total of 967, 918, 674, and 406 AS events were identified as prognosis-related AS events in esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum adenocarcinomas, respectively. Survival-associated AS events were distinguishing in the four subtypes of adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, computational algorithm results indicated that perturbation of ribosome and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathways were the potential molecular mechanisms corresponding to inferior prognoses. Most notably, several prognostic signatures based on AS events displayed moderate performance in prognosis predicting. The area under curve values of the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic were 0.961, 0.871, 0.870, and 0.890 in esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum adenocarcinomas. Survival-associated splicing factors were submitted to construct the AS regulatory network, which could be an underlying mechanism of AS events. INTERPRETATION: AS may could be ideal indiactors in the prognosis of gastrointestinal pan-adenocarcinomas. Exploring interesting splicing regulatory networks is conducive to solve the puzzles of AS.
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Adenocarcinoma/genética , Processamento Alternativo , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/genética , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , PrognósticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to the development of multiple malignant tumors. Here, we focused on the biological function and underlying molecular mechanism of an lncRNA, nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS: In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the biological effects of NEAT1 in LUAD cells. A luciferase activity reporter assay was performed to corroborate the interaction between NEAT1 and miR-193a-3p. Data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Oncomine, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and our in-house reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were combined to examine the expression of NEAT1 and miR-193a-3p in LUAD. To further explore the regulatory mechanism of NEAT1, we searched for putative target genes of miR-193a-3p from 12 online prediction databases and determined genes positively correlated with NEAT1 as candidate targets. Furthermore, we analyzed the expression of these selected genes using data from TCGA. RESULTS: In vitro experiments showed that knockdown of NEAT1 in LUAD cells markedly restrained cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and stimulated cell apoptosis. The dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-193a-3p directly targeted NEAT1 at its 3'-UTR. We then detected NEAT1 and miR-193a-3p in LUAD cells and normal lung epithelial cells and discovered high expression of NEAT1 and low expression of miR-193a-3p in LUAD cell lines. Simultaneously, the pooled results from the GEO, Oncomine, TCGA, and in-house RT-qPCR showed that the NEAT1 expression increased while the miR-193a-3p expression decreased in LUAD tissues versus normal lung tissues. Furthermore, the USF1 gene was not only upregulated in LUAD, but also positively correlated with NEAT1, suggesting that NEAT1 may function as a ceRNA to sponge miR-193a-3p and abrogate the inhibitory effect of miR-193a-3p on USF1. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that NEAT1 plays important roles in the occurrence and progression of LUAD. It may exert its role by acting as a ceRNA to regulate miR-193a-3p.
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MicroRNAs/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Apoptose , Área Sob a Curva , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Bases de Dados Factuais , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , MicroRNAs/química , MicroRNAs/genética , Interferência de RNA , RNA Longo não Codificante/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Curva ROC , Alinhamento de Sequência , Fatores Estimuladores Upstream/química , Fatores Estimuladores Upstream/genética , Fatores Estimuladores Upstream/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: An increasing number of studies have confirmed that survivin (BIRC5) plays essential roles in ovarian cancer. Nevertheless, inconsistent or controversial results exist in some studies. In the present study, we sought to determine the clinical significance of survivin and its potential molecular pathways. METHODS: The correlation between survivin (BIRC5) expression and diagnostic value, prognostic value and clinicopathological features was assessed by meta-analysis with more than 4000 patients from literature, GEO and TCGA. In addition, the potential molecular mechanism of survivin in ovarian cancer was also determined. RESULTS: The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.71 (95%CI: 0.68-0.74) and 0.97 (95%CI: 0.94-0.98), respectively. The AUC of sROC was 0.8765. The results showed that there was also a significant relationship between survivin expression and poor overall survival (HR: 1.24, 95%CI: 1.14-1.35, pâ¯<â¯0.001), disease-free survival (HR: 1.53, 95%CI: 0.57-4.09, pâ¯<â¯0.001), as well as higher recurrence rate (HR: 1.11, 95%CI: 0.97-1.27). Moreover, survivin expression was also associated with tumor progression (cancerous vs. benign, OR: 11.29, 95%CI: 8.96-14.24, pâ¯<â¯0.001), TNM stage (IIIâ¯+â¯IV vs. Iâ¯+â¯II, OR: 5.38, 95%CI: 4.16-6.97, pâ¯<â¯0.001), histological grades (G3 vs. G1â¯â¼â¯G2, OR: 4.36, 95%CI: 3.29-5.77, pâ¯<â¯0.001), and lymphatic metastasis (metastasis vs. non-metastasis, 3.35, 95%CI 2.36-4.75, pâ¯<â¯0.001). Bioinformatics analysis revealed the 50 most frequently altered neighboring genes of survivin in OC, and then Gene Oncology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were conducted. GO analysis showed that these genes were related to signal conduction, cell cycle, apoptosis, and metabolism. KEGG pathways analysis indicated that these genes were primarily enriched in mitotic prometaphase, PLK1 signaling events and the regulation of glucokinase by the glucokinase regulatory protein. CONCLUSION: Survivin (BIRC5) expression might become a specific but low-sensitivity biomarker in ovarian cancer patients, and its presence indicated poor prognosis and worse TNM stages. This protein might function as an oncoprotein by influencing specific pathways involving the 50 genes identified herein. Additional studies are needed to confirm these results.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/genética , Metástase Linfática/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Mineração de Dados , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , SurvivinaRESUMO
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase A6 (RPS6KA6) is a downstream factor of the ERK-MAPK pathway and has been extensively studied in various types of cancer. However, the role of RPS6KA6 in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remains unclear. This study investigated expression of the RPS6KA6 and its clinicopathological correlation with LUSC and explored genetic alterations in the ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK) family in LUSC and their impact on the survival of patients. Expression of the RPS6KA6 protein in 175 LUSC samples and 30 normal lung tissues samples was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RPS6KA6 protein expression in the LUSC tissues was significantly higher compared with that in the normal lung tissues (P=0.017). Overexpression of RPS6KA6 protein correlated with tumor size (r=0.260, P=0.001), lymph node metastasis (r=0.683, P<0.001), and TNM stage (r=0.378, P<0.001). RPS6KA6 RNA-seq data were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and ONCOMINE database. RPS6KA6 mRNA expression in the LUSC tissues was significantly higher than that in paired noncancerous samples (TCGA: P=0.005; ONCOMINE: P=0.018). According to the cBioPortal online software, three detecting methods, including Seqv2, Array and U133, identified that the frequency of the genetic alterations in the RSKs in LUSC were 77%, 44%, and 42%, respectively. However, survival analysis of LUSC patients with or without RSKs genetic alterations reached no statistical significance. This study suggests that RPS6KA6 may be an oncogene in LUSC, and that expression of the RPS6KA6 protein is associated with the progression of LUSC. The RSK genes are frequently altered in LUSC, but the alterations have no significant effect on the survival of patients.
RESUMO
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) arises from the biliary epithelium and is a relatively rare and highly fatal neoplasm. The prognosis is poor, and survival is limited to a few months. Here, we report a case of advanced ICC that was successfully treated with apatinib, a new oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the intracellular domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of the successful use of apatinib for advanced ICC; this treatment has demonstrated fewer toxic effects than traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. The progression-free survival time was 8 months. The only toxicity observed was mild hand-foot syndrome. Therefore, apatinib may be an additional option for the treatment of advanced ICC, but further prospective studies are needed to optimize the treatment.