Differences in perioperative femoral and radial arterial blood pressure in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass / Diferenças na pressão arterial femoral e radial no perioperatório em neonatos e bebês submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca com bypass cardiopulmonar

Abstract Objective: Several reports claim that blood pressure (BP) in the radial artery may underestimate the accurate BP in critically ill patients. Here, the authors evaluated differences in mean blood pressure (MBP) between the radial and femoral artery during pediatric cardiac surgery to determine the effectiveness of femoral arterial BP monitoring. Method: The medical records of children under 1 year of age who underwent open-heart surgery between 2007 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Radial and femoral BP were measured simultaneously, and the differences between these values were analyzed at various times: after catheter insertion, after the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB-on), after aortic cross clamping (ACC), after the release of ACC, after weaning from CPB, at arrival in the intensive care unit (ICU), and every 6 h during the first day in the ICU. Results: A total of 121 patients who underwent open-heart surgery met the inclusion criteria. During the intraoperative period, from the beginning to the end of CPB, radial MBPs were significantly lower than femoral MBPs at each time-point measured (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that longer CPB time (>60 min, odds ratio: 7.47) was a risk factor for lower radial pressure. However, discrepancies between these two values disappeared after arrival in the ICU. There was no incidence of ischemic complications associated with the catheterization of both arteries. Conclusion: The authors suggest that femoral arterial pressure monitoring can be safely performed, even in neonates, and provides more accurate BP values during CPB-on periods, and immediately after weaning from CPB, especially when CPB time was greater than 60 min.

Resumo Objetivo: Diversos relatos alegam que a pressão arterial (PA) na artéria radial poderá subestimar a PA precisa em pacientes gravemente doentes. Aqui, avaliamos diferenças na pressão arterial média (PAM) entre a artéria radial e femoral durante cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica para determinar a eficácia do monitoramento da PA da artéria femoral. Método: Realizamos uma análise retrospectiva de prontuários médicos de crianças com menos de 1 ano de idade submetidas a cirurgia de coração aberto entre 2007 e 2013. As PAs radial e femoral foram auferidas simultaneamente, as diferenças entre esses valores foram analisadas diversas vezes: após a inserção do cateter, após o início do bypass cardiopulmonar (CPB-on), após pinçamento cruzado da aorta (ACC), após a liberação do ACC, após desmame do CPB, na entrada na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e a cada 6 horas durante o primeiro dia na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Resultados: Um total de 121 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de coração aberto atenderam aos nossos critérios de inclusão. Durante o transoperatório, do início ao término do CPB, as PAMs da artéria radial foram significativamente menores do que as PAMs da artéria femoral em cada ponto de medição (p < 0,05). A análise multivariada mostrou que a duração mais longa do CPB (> 60 minutos, Razão de Chance = 7,47) representou um fator de risco de pressão radial mais baixa. Contudo, as diferenças entre esses dois valores desapareceram após a entrada na UTI. Não houve incidência de complicações isquêmicas associadas à cateterização de ambas as artérias. Conclusão: Sugerimos que o monitoramento da pressão arterial femoral pode ser realizado com segurança, mesmo em neonatos, e fornece valores da PA mais precisos durante períodos de CPBon e imediatamente após o desmame do CPB, principalmente nos casos em que a duração do CPB foi superior a 60 minutos.

Differences in perioperative femoral and radial arterial blood pressure in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVE: Several reports claim that blood pressure (BP) in the radial artery may underestimate the accurate BP in critically ill patients. Here, the authors evaluated differences in mean blood pressure (MBP) between the radial and femoral artery during pediatric cardiac surgery to determine the effectiveness of femoral arterial BP monitoring. METHOD: The medical records of children under 1 year of age who underwent open-heart surgery between 2007 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Radial and femoral BP were measured simultaneously, and the differences between these values were analyzed at various times: after catheter insertion, after the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB-on), after aortic cross clamping (ACC), after the release of ACC, after weaning from CPB, at arrival in the intensive care unit (ICU), and every 6h during the first day in the ICU. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients who underwent open-heart surgery met the inclusion criteria. During the intraoperative period, from the beginning to the end of CPB, radial MBPs were significantly lower than femoral MBPs at each time-point measured (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that longer CPB time (>60min, odds ratio: 7.47) was a risk factor for lower radial pressure. However, discrepancies between these two values disappeared after arrival in the ICU. There was no incidence of ischemic complications associated with the catheterization of both arteries. CONCLUSION: The authors suggest that femoral arterial pressure monitoring can be safely performed, even in neonates, and provides more accurate BP values during CPB-on periods, and immediately after weaning from CPB, especially when CPB time was greater than 60min.

Rapid Regression of Obstructive Cardiac Rhabdomyoma in a Preterm Neonate after Sirolimus Therapy.

Cardiac rhabdomyoma can be subclinical or fatal depending on the onset age, involving site, and the size and degree of invasion. Although most rhabdomyomas become smaller with time, emergency intervention is indicated when severe obstruction induces hemodynamic instability. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have been used to treat neonates and children with hemodynamically obstructive cardiac rhabdomyoma. Herein, we report a premature neonate at the gestational age of 30 + 4 weeks with severe left ventricular outflow tract obstructive cardiac rhabdomyoma who was successfully treated with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first recorded case of a premature neonate with obstructive cardiac rhabdomyoma who was successfully treated with an mTOR inhibitor. Therefore, sirolimus could be considered as an alternative medical option for managing premature neonates with obstructive cardiac rhabdomyoma.

Clinical Utility of Echocardiography for the Diagnosis and Prognosis in Children with Bronchopulmonary Dsyplasia.

BACKGROUND: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) may result in chronic pulmonary artery hypertension and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. Various echocardiographic assessments of RV dysfunction have been used to determine whether echocardiographic measurements of premature infants with BPD could provide sensitive measures of RV function that correlates with BPD severity. METHODS: Twenty-eight control subjects without BPD (non BPD group), 28 patients with mild BPD, 11 patients with moderate BPD, and six patients with severe BPD underwent echocardiograms with standard measurement such as ejection fraction by M-mode, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, myocardial performance index (MPI) derived from pulse Doppler, and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) measurements. BPD severity was classified by the NICHD/NHLBI/ORD workshop rating scale. Twenty-eight control subjects without BPD (non BPD group), 28 patients with mild BPD, 11 patients with moderate BPD, and six patients with severe BPD underwent echocardiograms with standard measurement such as ejection fraction by M-mode, tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient, myocardial performance index (MPI) derived from pulse Doppler, and TDI measurements. BPD severity was classified by the NICHD/NHLBI/ORD workshop rating scale. RESULTS: None of the standard echocardiographic findings was significantly different between the control group and BPD groups. However, mean septal TDI-MPI of the severe BPD group (0.68 ± 0.06) was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than that of the non-BPD (0.58 ± 0.10) or the mild BPD group (0.59 ± 0.12). In addition, mean RV TDI-MPI of the severe BPD group (0.71 ± 0.13) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the non-BPD group (0.56 ± 0.08) or the mild BPD group (0.60 ± 0.125). Linear regression showed a good correlation between the severity of BPD and RV TDI-MPI (p = 0.01, R = 0.30) or septal TDI-MPI (p = 0.04, R = 0.24). CONCLUSION: Echocardiographic evaluation of RV function based on an assessment of RV TDI-MPI can provide RV dysfunction parameter in premature infants with BPD.

Nationwide survey of coronary aneurysms with diameter >6 mm in Kawasaki disease in Korea.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the course of coronary aneurysm with diameter > 6 mm in Kawasaki disease (KD), as well as related therapeutic trends and prognosis in Korea. METHODS: A nationwide questionnaire survey was carried out in 77 hospitals, to investigate, retrospectively, patients with KD who had coronary aneurysms with a diameter > 6 mm between 1990 and 2011. RESULTS: The median age of onset was 3 years (range, 2 months-16 years) in a total of 239 patients. During the acute stage of KD, most patients received i.v. immunoglobulins and aspirin. In addition, 27 patients received steroid therapy. In the current study, the mean coronary aneurysm size was 8.7 ± 3.2 mm (range, 6-21 mm). Twenty-two patients underwent interventional catheterization. Procedures included percutaneous transluminal coronary balloon angioplasty (n = 10), stent placement (n = 9), and percutaneous transluminal coronary rotational ablation (n = 3). Fourteen patients underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Of the 239 patients who had coronary aneurysms with diameter > 6 mm, 13 (5.4%) presented with findings suggestive of myocardial infarction. Five patients died during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Severe stenosis or occlusion of the coronary artery may occur in some patients who develop coronary aneurysms with diameter > 6 mm; early management such as coronary interventions or surgery should be considered in such cases.

Timing in resolution of left heart dilation according to the degree of mitral regurgitation in children with ventricular septal defect after surgical closure / Momento da resolução da dilatação do coração esquerdo segundo o grau de regurgitação mitral em crianças submetidas a fechamento cirúrgico de defeito do septo ventricular

OBJECTIVE: Children with ventricular septal defects (VSD) can have chronic volume overload, which can result in changes of left heart echocardiographic parameters. To evaluate the changes before and after surgical closure, the children were divided into three groups according to the degree of mitral regurgitation (MR), and their echocardiographic characteristics were reviewed at serial follow-up after surgical closure. METHODS: The preoperative, and one-, three-, and 12-month postoperative echocardiographic data of 40 children who underwent surgical closure of VSD were retrospectively reviewed. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD), mitral valvular characteristics, including degree of MR and mitral valve annulus, and left atrial (LA) characteristics, including volume and dimensions, were observed. RESULTS: Preoperative LVEDV, LVEDD, LVESD, mitral valvular annulus, LA volume, and LA dimensions were significantly larger in children with MR. Additionally, there were significant decreases in LVEDV, LVEDD, LA volume, and LA dimensions at one, three, and 12 months postoperatively. The degree of MR also improved to a lower grade after surgical closure of the VSD without additional mitral valve repair. CONCLUSION: The echocardiographic parameters of left heart dilation and MR in children with VSD improved within the first year after surgical closure without additional mitral valve repair. Furthermore, in all of the patients with VSD, regardless of MR, LA dilation was reduced within three months after surgical closure of the VSD; however, LV and mitral valve annular dilatation decreased within 12 months. .

OBJETIVO: Crianças com defeito do septo ventricular (DSV) podem apresentar sobrecarga devolume crônica, que pode resultar em mudanças nos parâmetros ecocardiográficos do curacao esquerdo. Para avaliar as mudanças antes e depois do fechamento cirúrgico, as crianças foram divididas em 3 grupos segundo o grau de regurgitação mitral (RM) e suas características eco-cardiográficas foram analisadas com acompanhamento em série após o fechamento cirúrgico. MÉTODO: Revisamos retrospectivamente os dados ecocardiográficos de 40 crianças submetidas afechamento cirúrgico de DSV antes da cirurgia e nos meses 1, 3 e 12 após a cirurgia. Observamos o volume diastólico final do ventrículo esquerdo (VDFVE), dimensão diastólica final do ventrículo esquerdo (DDFVE) e dimensão sistólica final do ventrículo esquerdo (DSFVE), características da válvula mitral, incluindo grau de RM e o anel da válvula mitral, e características do átrio esquerdo (AE), incluindo volume e dimensões. RESULTADOS: Os resultados para VDFVE, DDFVE, DSFVE, anel da válvula mitral, volume do AE e dimensões do AE foram significativamente maiores em crianças com RM. Além disso, não houveredução significativa no VDFVE, DDFVE, volume do AE e nas dimensões do AE nos meses 1, 3e 12 após a cirurgia. O grau de RM também apresentou melhoria para um grau menor após o fechamento cirúrgico do DSV sem reparo adicional da válvula mitral. CONCLUSÃO: Os parâmetros ecocardiográficos de dilatação do coração esquerdo e a RM em crianças com DSV haviam apresentado melhora no primeiro ano após o fechamento cirúrgicos em reparo adicional da válvula mitral. Além disso, em todos os pacientes com DSV, independentemente ...

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return in siblings.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a rare and critical congenital vascular anomaly that requires an early operation. However, initial symptoms of TAPVR may be non-specific, and cardiovascular findings may be minimal. The heart may not be enlarged and there is often no cardiac murmur. Without cardiac murmur, these symptoms are similar to those of respiratory distress syndrome in newborns. Therefore, a high degree of suspicion and an early diagnosis of TAPVR are important. This condition generally occurs without a family history and has a low recurrence rate, but several familial cases, including siblings, have been reported worldwide. Additionally, several chromosomal or gene abnormalities associated with TAPVR have been reported. In the case presented here, two brothers with a 6-year age gap were diagnosed with TAPVR. Surgery was performed without cardiac or neurological complications. This is the first report on TAPVR in siblings in Korea.

Recurrent plastic bronchitis in a child with 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and influenza B virus infection.

Plastic bronchitis is an uncommon disorder characterized by the formation of bronchial casts. It is associated with congenital heart disease or pulmonary disease. In children with underlying conditions such as allergy or asthma, influenza can cause severe plastic bronchitis resulting in respiratory failure. A review of the literature showed nine cases of plastic bronchitis with H1N1 including this case. We report a case of a child with recurrent plastic bronchitis with eosinophilic cast associated with influenza B infection, who had recovered from plastic bronchitis associated with an influenza A (H1N1) virus infection 5 months previously. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of recurrent plastic bronchitis related to influenza viral infection. If patients with influenza virus infection manifest acute respiratory distress with total lung atelectasis, clinicians should consider plastic bronchitis and early bronchoscopy should be intervened. In addition, management for underlying disease may prevent from recurrence of plastic bronchitis.

Secondary subaortic stenosis after patch closure of subarterial ventricular septal defect.

Subaortic stenosis usually occurs without a previous heart operation, however, it can occur after heart surgery as well, with a condition known as a secondary subaortic stenosis (SSS). SSS has been reported after surgical repair of several congenital heart defects. There are only a few recorded cases of SSS after repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD). Here we report a rare case of SSS that occurred 3 years after surgical repair of subarterial VSD. A follow-up echocardiogram is essential for detecting SSS caused by the newly developed subaortic membrane in patients who had cardiac surgery.

Eosinophilic cystitis causing spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder in a child.

We report a unique case of eosinophilic cystitis causing intraperitoneal bladder perforation in a child diagnosed by chance with no signs or history of trauma. To our knowledge, this is the first case of eosinophilic cystitis complicated by bladder rupture in children. The patient was successfully treated with primary repair. For children with non-traumatic bladder perforation, eosinophilic cystitis must be considered in the differential diagnosis.

LY294002 inhibits monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-independent mechanism.

The effects of LY294002 (LY29) and wortmannin (WM), inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression by human umbilical vein endothelial cells were investigated. Complete inhibition of interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced Akt phosphorylation occurred at 50 microM LY29 or 100 nM WM. At these concentrations, LY29, but not WM, significantly inhibited constitutive and IL-1beta-induced MCP-1 expression at both protein and mRNA levels. LY303511 (LY30), an inactive analogue of LY29, also inhibited MCP-1 expression. LY29 and LY30 inhibited activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). These results suggest that LY29 inhibits MCP-1 expression at least in part via suppression of NF-kappaB, independent of PI3K, and the structure of LY29 and LY30 may be a novel template for development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.