Evaluation of information from artificial intelligence on rotator cuff repair surgery.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality and readability of information regarding rotator cuff repair surgery available using an online AI software. Methods: An open AI model (ChatGPT) was used to answer 24 commonly asked questions from patients on rotator cuff repair. Questions were stratified into one of three categories based on the Rothwell classification system: fact, policy, or value. The answers for each category were evaluated for reliability, quality and readability using The Journal of the American Medical Association Benchmark criteria, DISCERN score, Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Score and Grade Level. Results: The Journal of the American Medical Association Benchmark criteria score for all three categories was 0, which is the lowest score indicating no reliable resources cited. The DISCERN score was 51 for fact, 53 for policy, and 55 for value questions, all of which are considered good scores. Across question categories, the reliability portion of the DISCERN score was low, due to a lack of resources. The Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease Score (and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level) was 48.3 (10.3) for the fact class, 42.0 (10.9) for the policy class, and 38.4 (11.6) for the value class. Conclusion: The quality of information provided by the open AI chat system was generally high across all question types but had significant shortcomings in reliability due to the absence of source material citations. The DISCERN scores of the AI generated responses matched or exceeded previously published results of studies evaluating the quality of online information about rotator cuff repairs. The responses were U.S. 10th grade or higher reading level which is above the AMA and NIH recommendation of 6th grade reading level for patient materials. The AI software commonly referred the user to seek advice from orthopedic surgeons to improve their chances of a successful outcome.

The effect of tranexamic acid and epinephrine on visual clarity during arthroscopic shoulder surgery: A meta-analysis of RCTs.

INTRODUCTION: Visual clarity in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair is essential to reduce the operative time and for efficiency of repair. Tranexamic acid (TXA) in open shoulder surgery has been shown to reduce blood loss but its use in shoulder arthroscopy for rotator cuff repair for improved clarity is not understood. The purpose of this SR is to determine the effect of TXA and epinephrine on visual clarity in shoulder arthroscopy for rotator cuff repair. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesise that visual clarity should improve in those that have TXA compared to those who do not receive TXA. METHODS: A review of the online databases MEDLINE and Embase was conducted on 8th October 2022 according to PRISMA guidelines. The review was registered prospectively in the PROSPERO database. Randomised clinical trials reporting visual clarity and/or, operative time, volume of irrigation fluid used and mean arterial pressure were included. The studies were appraised using the CONSORT tool. RESULTS: Seven studies met eligible criteria, all of which were double-blinded RCTs. Five studies reported no difference in visual clarity between TXA vs. saline, while two reported a significant improvement with TXA. Pooling of data showed that visual clarity was significantly better in the TXA group vs. saline, on a standardised 10-point Likert scale (mean difference 0.73 points, p=0.03). However, the use of epinephrine was reported in two studies and its administration offered significantly better visual clarity than TXA (mean difference 0.9 points, p=0.02). There was no significant difference with TXA use in MAP (mean difference 1.2mmHg, p=0.14), operative time (mean difference 6.8minutes, p=0.11), irrigation volume used (mean difference 0.2L, p=0.88), or postoperative pain (mean difference 3.89 on a 0-100 VAS, p=0.34). CONCLUSION: The use of TXA in shoulder arthroscopy has shown to have significantly improved visual clarity in comparison to saline irrigation alone. This may not necessarily result in a significant clinical difference and may not translate to significantly less operative time or postoperative pain score. Furthermore, epinephrine use alone offers significantly better clarity than TXA. There may not be an added benefit to give both, but this area requires further research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II; systematic review.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Plus Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis Has a Similar Return-to-Sport Rate to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Alone but a Lower Failure Rate.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the addition of lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) would improve return-to-sport (RTS) rates in young, active patients who play high-risk sports. METHODS: This multicenter randomized controlled trial compared standard hamstring tendon ACLR with combined ACLR and LET using a strip of the iliotibial band (modified Lemaire technique). Patients aged 25 years or younger with an anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee were included. Patients also had to meet 2 of the following criteria: (1) pivot-shift grade 2 or greater, (2) participation in a high-risk or pivoting sport, and (3) generalized ligamentous laxity. Time to return and level of RTS were determined via administration of a questionnaire at 24 months postoperatively. RESULTS: We randomized 618 patients in this study, 553 of whom played high-risk sports preoperatively. The proportion of patients who did not RTS was similar between the ACLR (11%) and ACLR-LET (14%) groups; however, the graft rupture rate was significantly different (11.2% in ACLR group vs 4.1% in ACLR-LET group, P = .004). The most cited reason for no RTS was lack of confidence and/or fear of reinjury. A stable knee was associated with nearly 2 times greater odds of returning to a high-level high-risk sport postoperatively (odds ratio, 1.92; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-3.35; P = .02). There were no significant differences in patient-reported functional outcomes or hop test results between groups (P > .05). Patients who returned to high-risk sports had better hamstring symmetry than those who did not RTS (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: At 24 months postoperatively, patients who underwent ACLR plus LET had a similar RTS rate to those who underwent ACLR alone. Although the subgroup analysis did not show a statistically significant increase in RTS with the addition of LET, on returning, the addition of LET kept subjects playing longer by reducing graft failure rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I, randomized controlled trial.

The effect of intravenous tranexamic acid on visual clarity in arthroscopic shoulder surgery compared to epinephrine and a placebo: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The addition of epinephrine in irrigation fluid and the intravenous or local administration of tranexamic acid have independently been reported to decrease bleeding, thereby improving surgeons' visualization during arthroscopic shoulder procedures. No study has compared the effect of intravenous tranexamic acid, epinephrine in the irrigation fluid, or the combination of both tranexamic acid and epinephrine on visual clarity during shoulder arthroscopy with a placebo group. We hypothesized that intravenous tranexamic acid is more effective than epinephrine mixed in the irrigation fluid in improving visualization during shoulder arthroscopy, with no additive effect when both are used. METHODS: Patients aged ≥18 years undergoing shoulder arthroscopy were randomized into one of 4 study arms: (1) saline irrigation fluid (placebo); (2) epinephrine (0.33 mL of 1:1000 per liter) mixed in irrigation fluid (EPI); (3) 1 g intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA); and (4) epinephrine and tranexamic acid combined (TXA + EPI). Visualization was rated intraoperatively on a scale from 0, indicating poor clarity, to 3, indicating excellent clarity, every 15 minutes and overall. The primary outcome measure was the overall rating of visualization. A stepwise linear regression was performed using visualization as the dependent variable and independent variables including presence or absence of epinephrine and tranexamic acid, surgery duration, complexity, mean arterial pressure, increase in pump pressure, and volume of irrigation fluid. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-eight patients (mean age 56 years) were randomized. Mean visual clarity for the placebo, TXA, EPI, and TXA + EPI groups were 2.0 (±0.6), 2.0 (±0.6), 2.6 (±0.5), and 2.7 (±0.5), respectively (P < .001). The presence or absence of epinephrine was the most significant predictor of visual clarity (P < .001). Tranexamic acid presence or absence had no effect. No adverse events were recorded in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: Intravenous tranexamic acid is not an effective alternative to epinephrine in irrigation fluid to improve visualization during routine arthroscopic shoulder surgeries, and there is no additive effect when both are used.

Preoperative topical benzoyl peroxide treatment is effective in reducing Cutibacterium acnes in shoulder surgery: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Cutibacterium acnes (C acnes) colonization can have a significant impact on patients undergoing both arthroscopic and open shoulder surgery with regard to postoperative infection. Its resistance to standard preoperative skin preparations and prophylactic antibiotics has led to a need for a more targeted therapy. Topical benzoyl peroxide (BPO) has been used by dermatologists in the treatment for acnes due to its bactericidal and penetrative effects through the dermal layer. The aim of this systematic review is to review the effectiveness of topical BPO preoperatively in shoulder surgery in reducing C acnes colonization and postoperative infection. METHODS: A review of the online databases Medline and Embase was conducted on December 15, 2021, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review was registered prospectively in the PROSPERO database. Clinical studies reporting superficial and deep sample microbiology and postoperative complications were included. The studies were appraised using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (ROB 2) tool for randomized studies and the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) tool. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 10 studies for inclusion (6 randomized control trials, 2 prospective cohort studies, and 2 case series), including a total of 482 patients. Seven studies were comparable, testing BPO against alternative standard skin preparations. Of the 10 studies, 7 showed a decrease in the load of C acnes on the skin and/or deep tissues, of which 6 demonstrated statistical significance. Men were shown to have a statistically significant increase in the colonization rate of C acnes. Scheer et al (2021) demonstrated 4500 colony-forming units/mL in males and 900 colony-forming units/mL in females. In studies where the number of BPO applications was higher, BPO appeared more effective. Dizay et al demonstrated C acnes elimination in 78.9% with more than 1 application compared with 66.7% if only applied once. Three studies looked at the effectiveness of BPO during the operative timeline with 1 demonstrating its statistically significant effectiveness at reducing colonization 2 hours into the operation (P = .048). CONCLUSION: BPO is effective as a topical treatment at reducing C acnes colonization before shoulder surgery. However, the relationship between duration of treatment, frequency of application, and gender requires further research.

Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair with and without Acromioplasty in the Treatment of Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears: Long-Term Outcomes of a Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to reevaluate patients from a previous randomized controlled trial at a long-term follow-up to determine the long-term efficacy of subacromial decompression in patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears. METHODS: This is a secondary study based on a previous, multicenter, randomized controlled trial with patients allocated to arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with or without acromioplasty. The original study was conducted between 2003 and 2011, and the secondary study was conducted between 2015 and 2021. Patients were invited by a blinded assessor to return to complete the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) index and a questionnaire about reoperation and to undergo a clinical assessment. If participants were unable to return, they were asked to complete the questionnaires by mail. A chart review on all participants in the original study was conducted. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were randomized in the original trial, with 31 of 45 from the group without acromioplasty and 25 of 41 from the acromioplasty group returning for long-term follow-up. The mean duration (and standard deviation) of follow-up was 11.2 ± 2.4 years for the group without acromioplasty and 11.5 ± 2.6 years for the acromioplasty group. There was no significant difference in WORC scores between the groups with and without acromioplasty at the time of the long-term follow-up (p = 0.30). Seven (16%) of the 45 patients in the group without acromioplasty underwent reoperation. One (2%) of the initial 41 patients allocated to acromioplasty underwent reoperation. All patients who underwent a reoperation had a Type-2 or 3 acromion. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who underwent rotator cuff repair with or without acromioplasty experienced improvement of outcomes from their preoperative level at a long-term follow-up (mean, 11 years), and there were no differences in patient-reported outcomes, specifically WORC scores, between these groups. However, a significantly higher reoperation rate was observed in patients who had rotator cuff repair without acromioplasty, specifically in those with a Type-2 or 3 acromion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

A systematic review on management and outcome of irreducible knee dislocations.

BACKGROUND: Irreducible knee dislocations (IKD) are rare and can often be missed or misdiagnosed. The incidence of knee dislocation is quoted between 0.01% and 0.2% of all orthopaedic injuries, with up to 4% of these dislocations sub-classified as irreducible. The primary aim of this systematic review was to analyse cases of IKD described in the literature, with a secondary aim of producing a streamlined approach for managing these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted on 1st September 2021 in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines using the online databases Medline and EMBASE. The review was registered prospectively in the PROSPERO database. Case reports or clinical studies or reporting on IKD were included. The studies were appraised using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) tool and Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 60 studies eligible for inclusion, giving a total of 114 cases of IKD. Posterolateral dislocation was most common, seen in 85% of cases. The dimple sign was present in 70%. All cases required surgical intervention to achieve joint reduction. The most commonly involved structure blocking reduction was the medial collateral ligament (MCL)±medial structures, seen in 52.4%. MCL reconstruction or repair was carried out in 32.3% cases. The overall incidence of neurovascular injury was 9% and the overall complication rate was 14.4%. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this SR we conclude that: the most common type of IKDs are PL dislocations, and the MCL, medial retinaculum and capsule and vastus medialis oblique form the most common structures involved in block to reduction and often will require open reduction and repair in acute setting if arthroscopic reduction fails. The most common pattern of injury to ligament is likely to be ACL, PCL, MCL±other structures but the MCL will be the most commonly repaired ligament. The dimple sign is often present and is highly pathognomonic of IKD. The incidence of neurovascular injury is uncommon. The most common post-operative complications likely to be encountered is medial skin necrosis and postoperative knee stiffness. Therefore, patients should be mobilised as early as possible with ROM in hinge brace. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Effect of age, gender, and body mass index on incidence and satisfaction of a Popeye deformity following biceps tenotomy or tenodesis: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of Popeye deformity following biceps tenotomy vs. tenodesis and evaluate risk factors and subjective and objective outcomes. METHODS: Data for this study were collected as part of a randomized clinical trial in which patients aged ≥18 years undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery for a long head of the biceps tendon lesion were allocated to undergo tenotomy or tenodesis. The primary outcome measure for this secondary analysis was rate of Popeye deformity at 24 months postoperation as determined by an evaluator blinded to group allocation. Those with a deformity indicated their satisfaction with the appearance of their arm on a 10-cm visual analog scale, rated their pain and cramping, and completed the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form and the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff index. Isometric elbow flexion and supination strength were also measured. Cohen kappa was calculated to measure inter-rater reliability between patient and evaluator on the presence of a deformity. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of presence or absence of a Popeye deformity. RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups, of which 42 to the tenodesis group and 45 to the tenotomy group completed a 24-month follow-up. Based on clinical observation, the odds of a Popeye in the tenotomy group were 4.3 times greater than in the tenodesis group (P = .018) with incidence of 33% (15/45) and 9.5% (4/42), respectively. Surgical technique was the only significant predictor of perceived deformity, with male gender trending toward significance (odds ratio 7.33, 95% confidence interval 0.867-61.906, P = .067). Mean (standard deviation) satisfaction score of those with a deformity regarding appearance of their arm was 7.3 (2.6). Increasing satisfaction was correlated with increasing age (r = 0.640, P = .025), but there was no association with gender (r = -0.155, P = .527) or body mass index (r = -0.221, P = .057). Differences in subjective outcomes were dependent on whether the Popeye was clinician- or self-assessed. CONCLUSION: The odds of developing a perceived Popeye deformity was 4.3 higher after tenotomy compared to tenodesis based on clinician observation. Male gender was trending toward being predictive of having a deformity. Pain and cramping were increased in those with a self-reported Popeye. Younger patients were significantly less satisfied with a deformity despite no difference in functional outcomes at 24 months. Thus, biceps tenodesis may be favored in younger male patients to minimize the risk of Popeye and the risk of dissatisfaction in the appearance of their arm following surgery.

Incidence of Total Knee Replacement in Patients With Previous Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of total knee replacement (TKR) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) compared to the general population. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: All hospitals that performed TKR and ACL-R in Manitoba between 1980 and 2015. PARTICIPANT: All patients that underwent TKR and ACL-R in Manitoba between 1980 and 2015. INTERVENTION: Patient factors gathered at time of surgery included: age, sex, urban or rural residence, neighborhood income quintile, and resource utilization band (RUB). Each person was matched with up to 5 people from the general population who had never had ACL-R and had not had a TKR at the time of the case ACL-R. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The rate of TKR after ACL-R. RESULTS: Overall from 1980 to 2015, 8500 ACL-R were identified within the 16 to 60 years age group with a resultant 42 497 population matches. Sex was predominantly male. The mean age of the ACL-R group at the time of TKR was 53.7 years, whereas the mean age for the matched cohort was 58.2 years, P < 0.001. Those with ACL-R were 4.85 times more likely to go on to have TKR. Apart from age, no other risk factors examined (location, year of surgery, place of residence, income quintile, and RUB) seemed to increase risk of TKR after ACL-R. CONCLUSION: Patients who underwent ACL-R were 5 times more likely to undergo TKR.

Complications of Superior Capsule Reconstruction for the Treatment of Functionally Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review is to characterize the complications associated with superior capsule reconstruction (SCR) for the treatment of functionally irreparable rotator cuff tears (FIRCTs). METHODS: This systematic review was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Two independent reviewers completed a search of PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases. Studies were deemed eligible for inclusion if they reported postoperative outcomes of arthroscopic SCR for FIRCTs and considered at least 1 postoperative complication. Statistical heterogeneity was quantified via the I2 statistic. Due to marked heterogeneity, pooled proportions were not reported. All complications and patient-reported outcomes were described qualitatively. RESULTS: Fourteen studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The overall complication rate post-SCR ranged from 5.0% to 70.0% (I2 = 84.9%). Image-verified graft retear ranged from 8% to 70%, I2 = 79.4%), with higher rates reported when SCR was performed using allograft (19%-70%, I2 76.6%) compared to autograft (8%-29%, I2 = 66.1%). Reoperation (0%-36%, I2 = 73.4%), revision surgeries (0%-21%, I2 = 81.2%), medical complications (0%-5%, I2 = 0.0%), and infections (0%-5%, I2 = 0.0%) were also calculated. CONCLUSIONS: SCR carries a distinct complication profile when used for the treatment of FIRCTs. The overall rate of complications ranged from 5.0% to 70.0%. The most common complication is graft retear with higher ranges in allografts (19%-70%) compared to autografts (8%-29%). The majority of studies reported at least 1 reoperation (range, 0%-36%), most commonly for revision to reverse shoulder arthroplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, systematic review of Level IV or better investigations.

Does the posterior glenoid osteotomy reduce the rate of recurrence in patients with posterior shoulder instability - A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Posterior shoulder instability (PSI) is becoming an increasingly recognised condition. A number of different treatment modalities exist to treat PSI including arthroscopic or open surgeries when non-operative treatment has failed. The primary aim of this systematic review was to analyse the rate of recurrent instability after posterior glenoid osteotomy (PGO) for recurrent PSI, while secondary aim was to identify complication rate and the amount of retroversion correction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A review of the online databases MEDLINE and Embase was conducted on 1 November 2019 according to PRISMA guidelines. The review was registered prospectively in the PROSPERO database (Registration No. CRD42020161984). Clinical studies reporting either the recurrence rate, complications or amount of retroversion correction after PGO for PSI were included. The studies were appraised using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) tool. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 9 studies eligible for inclusion. Of the 9 studies, 4 showed an improvement in retroversion with a mean change in retroversion of 10o. All 9 studies reported on recurrence rate with an overall rate of 22%. Complications were discussed in only 7 of the studies with overall rate of 18.3%. The most common complication reported in the studies were degenerative changes of the glenohumeral joint (7.3%) and iatrogenic fractures (5.5%). CONCLUSION: PGO is a viable option in patients with recurrent PSI that have increased retroversion and have failed non-operative or arthroscopic treatment. It does however carry a significant risk of complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV; Systematic review.

Lateral Extra-articular Tenodesis Reduces Failure of Hamstring Tendon Autograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: 2-Year Outcomes From the STABILITY Study Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Persistent anterolateral rotatory laxity after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR) has been correlated with poor clinical outcomes and graft failure. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that a single-bundle, hamstring ACLR in combination with a lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) would reduce the risk of ACLR failure in young, active individuals. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: This is a multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing a single-bundle, hamstring tendon ACLR with or without LET performed using a strip of iliotibial band. Patients 25 years or younger with an ACL-deficient knee were included and also had to meet at least 2 of the following 3 criteria: (1) grade 2 pivot shift or greater, (2) a desire to return to high-risk/pivoting sports, (3) and generalized ligamentous laxity (GLL). The primary outcome was ACLR clinical failure, a composite measure of rotatory laxity or a graft rupture. Secondary outcome measures included the P4 pain scale, Marx Activity Rating Scale, Knee injury Osteoarthritis and Outcome Score (KOOS), International Knee Documentation Committee score, and ACL Quality of Life Questionnaire. Patients were reviewed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 618 patients (297 males; 48%) with a mean age of 18.9 years (range, 14-25 years) were randomized. A total of 436 (87.9%) patients presented preoperatively with high-grade rotatory laxity (grade 2 pivot shift or greater), and 215 (42.1%) were diagnosed as having GLL. There were 18 patients lost to follow-up and 11 who withdrew (~5%). In the ACLR group, 120/298 (40%) patients sustained the primary outcome of clinical failure, compared with 72/291 (25%) in the ACLR+LET group (relative risk reduction [RRR], 0.38; 95% CI, 0.21-0.52; P < .0001). A total of 45 patients experienced graft rupture, 34/298 (11%) in the ACLR group compared with 11/291 (4%) in the ACL+LET group (RRR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.36-0.83; P < .001). The number needed to treat with LET to prevent 1 patient from graft rupture was 14.3 over the first 2 postoperative years. At 3 months, patients in the ACLR group had less pain as measured by the P4 (P = .003) and KOOS (P = .007), with KOOS pain persisting in favor of the ACLR group to 6 months (P = .02). No clinically important differences in patient-reported outcome measures were found between groups at other time points. The level of sports activity was similar between groups at 2 years after surgery, as measured by the Marx Activity Rating Scale (P = .11). CONCLUSION: The addition of LET to a single-bundle hamstring tendon autograft ACLR in young patients at high risk of failure results in a statistically significant, clinically relevant reduction in graft rupture and persistent rotatory laxity at 2 years after surgery. REGISTRATION: NCT02018354 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

The Irreducible Knee Dislocation.

Irreducible knee dislocations are a small subset of acute knee dislocations and are extremely rare. The most common type of irreducible knee dislocation is posterolateral, which can be challenging to diagnose both clinically and on plain radiographs. Vascular injury is uncommon and closed reduction is seldom possible due to medial femoral condyle buttonholing through soft tissues requiring open or arthroscopic reduction. Ligament injuries mostly include medial collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, and posterior cruciate ligament. Literature has numerous case reports with a couple of small series giving short- to mid-term outcomes of posterolateral knee dislocations. There is, however, no consensus on management of ligament injuries with case reports showing good outcomes in early or delayed ligament reconstruction. This article sheds light on previous case reports and describes how to identify irreducible knee dislocations and provides an algorithm on how to manage ligament injuries in posterolateral dislocations.

Comprehensive Case-Based Review of Knee Ligament Injuries.

The management of knee ligament injuries continues to evolve, and much debate persists over the timing of surgery, repair versus reconstruction, surgical technique, postoperative rehabilitation, graft selection, and fixation. Surgeons should be aware of updates on the best management strategies of knee ligament injuries in 2018 and understand the important history and physical examination findings of the knee with ligamentous injury; the anterior cruciate ligament; the role of the anterolateral ligament and lateral extra-articular tenodesis; combined anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries; the posterior cruciate ligament; medial collateral ligament repair versus reconstruction; posterolateral corner repair versus reconstruction; the role of coronal plane osteotomies, including high tibial osteotomy and distal femoral osteotomy; the role of sagittal plane osteotomies, including anterior closing wedge osteotomy and anterior opening wedge osteotomy; the initial management of the multiligament-injured knee; and five keys to avoiding complications in the multiligament-injured knee. The best available evidence and sample case presentations help guide surgical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

Physical fitness of medical residents: Is the health of surgical residents at risk?

Background: Postgraduate medical residency programs are laborious and timeintensive, and can be physically, intellectually and emotionally demanding. These working conditions may lead to the neglect of personal health and well-being. The objective of this study was to compare the anthropometric and fitness characteristics of surgical and nonsurgical medical residents. We hypothesized that there is a difference in physical health between these 2 groups. Methods: Medical residents completed a demographic information questionnaire and were assessed by trained staff for height, weight, body fat percentage, muscular strength and endurance, and peak oxygen consumption (V̇ᴏ2peak). The average number of working hours per week was also documented. Results: Forty-five residents (21 surgical and 24 nonsurgical; 31 men and 14 women) participated in the study. Surgical residents worked more hours per week on average than nonsurgical residents (p = 0.02) and had a higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.04) and lower V̇ᴏ2peak (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Surgical residents worked more hours than nonsurgical residents, which may have contributed to their higher BMI and lower aerobic fitness levels. Despite a heavy workload, it is important for all medical residents to find strategies to promote a healthy lifestyle for both themselves and their patients to ensure long-term well-being.

Contexte: En médecine, les programmes de résidence postdoctoraux sont fastidieux et chronovores; et ils peuvent être exigeants physiquement, intellectuellement et émotivement. De telles conditions de travail forcent parfois les résidents à négliger leur santé et leur bien-être personnels. L'objectif de cette étude était de comparer les caractéristiques anthropométriques et la forme physique des résidents de chirurgie et d'autres spécialités médicales. Selon notre hypothèse, ces 2 groupes ne présentent pas le même état de santé physique. Méthodes: Les résidents ont répondu à un questionnaire démographique et des assistants dument formés ont mesuré leur taille, leur poids, leur pourcentage de graisse corporelle, leur force musculaire, leur endurance et leur consommation d'oxygène maximale (V̇ᴏ2max). Le nombre d'heures de travail hebdomadaires a aussi été pris en compte. Résultats: Quarante-cinq résidents (21 de chirurgie et 24 d'autres spécialités; 31 hommes et 14 femmes) ont participé à l'étude. Les résidents en chirurgie travaillaient en moyenne plus d'heures par semaine que les autres résidents (p = 0,02) et présentaient un indice de masse corporelle (IMC) plus élevé (p = 0,04) et une V̇ᴏ2max plus basse (p = 0,01). Conclusion: résidents en chirurgie travaillaient plus d'heures que les autres résidents, ce qui peut avoir contribué à leur IMC plus élevé et à leur moins bonne capacité aérobique. Malgré la lourdeur de leur fardeau de travail, il est important que tous les résidents en médecine trouvent des stratégies pour adopter de saines habitudes de vie pour eux-mêmes et leurs patients, et assurer leur mieux-être à long terme.

Radiostereometric analysis of keeled versus pegged glenoid components in total shoulder arthroplasty: a randomized feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess differences in the fixation and functional outcomes between pegged and keeled all-polyethylene glenoid components for standard total shoulder arthroplasty. METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive a keeled or pegged all-polyethylene glenoid component. We used model-based radiostereometric analysis (RSA) to assess glenoid fixation and subjective outcome measures to assess patient function. Follow-up examinations were completed at 6 weeks and 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery. Modifications to the RSA surgical, imaging and analytical techniques were required throughout the study to improve the viability of the data. RESULTS: Stymied enrolment resulted in only 16 patients being included in our analyses. The RSA data indicated statistically greater coronal plane migration in the keeled glenoid group than in the pegged group at 12 and 24 months. Functional outcome scores did not differ significantly between the groups at any follow-up. One patient with a keeled glenoid showed high component migration after 24 months and subsequently required revision surgery 7 years postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Despite a small sample size, we found significant differences in migration between glenoid device designs. Although clinically these findings are not robust, we have shown the feasibility of RSA in total shoulder arthroplasty as well as the value of a high-precision metric to achieve objective results in a small group of patients.

CONTEXTE: Cette étude avait pour objet d'évaluer les différences sur le plan de la fixation et des résultats fonctionnels entre les composants glénoïdiens à plots et à quille, tous deux en polyéthylène, dans une arthroplastie totale traditionnelle de l'épaule. MÉTHODES: La répartition des composants glénoïdiens en polyéthylène à plots et à quille a été faite de façon aléatoire. Nous nous sommes servis de modèles d'analyses radiostéréométriques (ARS) pour évaluer la fixation glénoïdienne et les indicateurs de résultats subjectifs, ce qui nous a ainsi permis d'évaluer les résultats fonctionnels des patients. Quatre examens de suivi ont été réalisés après la chirurgie : à 6 semaines, puis à 6 mois, à 12 mois et à 24 mois. Tout au long de l'étude, des ajustements ont été apportés aux modèles d'ARS de la chirurgie, de l'imagerie et des analyses afin d'améliorer la viabilité des données. RÉSULTATS: Des problèmes liés au recrutement ont fait en sorte que nous n'avons retenu que 16 patients dans le cadre de nos analyses. Les données d'ARS ont montré une migration statistiquement plus grande du plan frontal dans le groupe quille que dans le groupe plots à 12 et à 24 mois. Les résultats fonctionnels étaient sensiblement les mêmes d'un groupe à l'autre, peu importe le moment du suivi. Un patient du groupe quille a présenté une migration très importante du composant après 24 mois; il a dû subir une chirurgie de révision 7 ans après la chirurgie initiale. CONCLUSION: Malgré la petite taille de l'échantillon, nous avons observé des différences significatives dans la migration des composants, selon le type utilisé. Même si ces observations ne permettent pas d'arriver à des conclusions robustes d'un point de vue clinique, nous avons montré qu'il est possible d'avoir recours aux ARS en contexte d'arthroplastie totale de l'épaule et démontré la valeur associée à l'utilisation de mesures de haute précision pour l'obtention de résultats objectifs chez un petit groupe de patients.