Composition of feathers and pulp of two broiler genotypes.

1. Cobb and Ross broilers (200 of each sex and breed) were fed four phases of diets ad libitum formulated with balanced protein to match their amino acid requirements throughout growth. Ten birds per genotype were sampled and euthanised at two-weekly intervals from 14 to 112 d of age. All feathers were dry-plucked from each of the seven tracts (specific skin areas) and pulp (the centre of the feather filament) was removed from primary and secondary remiges.2. Daily losses of feathers were collected from an additional 20 individually-caged broilers of each breed. These feathers were separated into natal down, contour feathers, remiges and rectrices and then pooled by type, sex and genotype to quantify water and protein contents. Only those feathers collected from male Cobb 500 MX broilers were analysed for amino acid content.3. Amino acid contents of feathers from the seven tracts were measured only in Cobb males on days 1, 28 and 70; for pulp on days 28 and 70; and for the four types of moulted feathers.4. Protein content on a dry matter basis remained relatively constant over all ages and tracts during growth. Water content decreased with age in both sexes and genotype. Lysine and methionine content in feathers decreased with age while cystine, valine, leucine and serine increased. Lysine, methionine and histidine levels were higher in pulp than in mature feathers whereas cystine and valine were higher in mature feathers than in pulp.5. These results, together with information about moulting patterns in broilers, enabled the effects of age of the bird and of the type of feather, to be taken into account when determining the rate of deposition of amino acids in feathers.

Comparison of a unidirectional panoramic 3D endoluminal interpretation technique to traditional 2D and bidirectional 3D interpretation techniques at CT colonography: preliminary observations.

AIM: To compare the evaluation times and accuracy of unidirectional panoramic three-dimensional (3D) endoluminal interpretation to traditional two-dimensional (2D) and bidirectional 3D endoluminal techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-nine patients underwent computed tomography colonography (CTC) after bowel cleansing. Forty-five had no polyps and 24 had at least one polyp > or = 6 mm. Patients underwent same-day colonoscopy with segmental unblinding. Three experienced abdominal radiologists evaluated the data using one of three primary interpretation techniques: (1) 2D; (2) bidirectional 3D; (3) panoramic 3D. Mixed model analysis of variance and logistic regression for correlated data were used to compare techniques with respect to time and sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Mean evaluation times were 8.6, 14.6, and 12.1 min, for 2D, 3D, and panoramic, respectively. 2D was faster than either 3D technique (p < 0.0001), and the panoramic technique was faster than bidirectional 3D (p = 0.0139). The overall sensitivity of each technique per polyp and per patient was 68.4 and 76.7% for 2D, 78.9 and 93.3% for 3D; and 78.9 and 86.7% for panoramic 3D. CONCLUSION: 2D interpretation was the fastest overall, the panoramic technique was significantly faster than the bidirectional with similar sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity for a single reader was significantly lower using the 2D technique. Each reader should select the technique with which they are most successful.

Breeder age and bone development in broiler chicken embryos / Idade da matriz e desenvolvimento ósseo em embriões de frango de corte

The effect of breeder age on long bone development was studied in chicken embryos from 12 days of incubation until hatching. Fertile eggs were incubated and randomly assigned in a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement (two breeder ages - 38 and 60 weeks and six incubation days - 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 21). Enzymatic activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in tibial epiphyses and weights as well as length and width in tibias and femurs of the embryos were determined. Tartrate-resistant acid and alkaline phosphatases activity in epiphyses was not affected by breeder age. Absolute weight and width of femur and tibia were larger in 60-week-old embryos compared to 38-week-old. Enzymatic activity and morphometric measurements increased with incubation day, independently of breeder age. The results showed that the process of endochondral ossification during the last two thirds of embryo development was not influenced by the age of the breeders. Although, in terms of absolute weight, the long bones of embryos from older breeders were heavier, which was associated with the larger width of the bones, but and not with their length.

O efeito da idade da matriz sobre o desenvolvimento dos ossos longos foi estudado em embriões de frango de 12 dias de incubação até o nascimento. Ovos férteis foram incubados e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 6 (duas idades de matriz - 38 e 60 semanas e seis dias de incubação - 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 e 21 dias). Determinou-se a atividade enzimática das fosfatase alcalina e ácida-resistente ao tartrato no peso e nas epífises da tíbia, no comprimento e na largura da tíbia e do fêmur. A atividade das fosfatases não foi afetada pela idade da matriz. O peso absoluto e a largura de fêmur e tíbia foram maiores nos embriões das matrizes com 60 semanas de idade. Atividade enzimática e medidas morfométricas aumentaram com o dia de incubação independentemente da idade da matriz. Concluiu-se que o processo de ossificação endocondral durante os dois últimos terços de desenvolvimento embrionário não foi influenciado pela idade das matrizes. No entanto, em termos de peso absoluto, os ossos longos de embriões provenientes de matrizes velhas foram mais pesados o que foi associado à maior largura e não ao maior comprimento dos ossos.

Dimethyl sulfoxide effects on the febrile response to lipopolysaccharide injection in rabbits / Efeitos do dimetil sulfóxido sobre a resposta febril induzida pela injeção de lipopolissacarídeo em coelhos

The present study was designed to determine whether DMSO causes an inhibition on the development of fever in rabbits. The intravenous administration of LPS (1.5µg.kg-1 body weight) caused fever in both saline+LPS and DMSO+LPS group, but the onset and magnitude of the induced fever were significantly different. The saline+LPS group presented a prototypic biphasic fever whereas the DMSO+LPS group presented an attenuated febrile response, but it was not abolished. These results suggest that DMSO may provide a protective mechanism against pyrogen LPS, probably through the modulation of NF-kB mediated events, such as fever.

Estudaram-se os efeitos do DMSO na resposta febril induzida pela administração intravenosa de LPS em coelhos. A administração intravenosa de LPS (1,5µg.kg-1 peso vivo) causou febre mesmo na presença do DMSO. No entanto, o início e a magnitude da febre induzida foram significativamente menores no grupo tratado com DMSO enquanto o LPS isolado induziu resposta febril bifásica. Estes resultados sugerem que o DMSO pode exercer um mecanismo protetor contra a ação pirogênica do LPS, provavelmente por meio da modulação dos eventos mediados pelo NF-kB, entre eles, a febre.

Mucinous cancer of the appendix: challenges in diagnosis and treatment.

The authors report and discuss a case of a mucinous carcinoma of the appendix, a rare entity with a distinct natural history that poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Mucinous peritoneal carcinomatosis is most commonly associated with primary tumors of the appendix and colon. Typically, spread remains confined to the abdominal cavity. Imaging assessment of these mucinous lesions is difficult, while tumor markers (CEA and CA19.9) may be surrogates for extent of disease. Treatment consists of surgical debulking, sometimes coupled with intraperitoneal drug delivery, but recurrence is universal. New treatment approaches are needed. Mucin genes are regulated in part by epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Therefore, we initiated a phase II study of cetuximab for mucinous peritoneal carcinomatosis, that was part of this patient's treatment.

Signal characteristic and enhancement patterns of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: evaluation with dynamic gadolinium enhanced MRI.

AIM: To determine the signal characteristics and enhancement patterns of proven pancreatic adenocarcinomas at 1.5 T and to compare these results with contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients, mean age 73 years, with proven pancreatic adenocarcinoma were imaged at 1.5 T using in- and opposed-phase, gradient-echo (GRE), T1-weighted sequences, T2 weighting using either a short tau inversion recovery (STIR) or frequency selective, fat-suppressed turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence, and with a three-dimensional (3D), fat-suppressed, GRE T1 sequence before, during the arterial, venous, and equilibrium phases after Gadolinium administration. Fourteen of the 25 patients underwent CECT. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were evaluated by two observers in consensus for size, signal characteristics, and enhancement patterns, and the results were compared with CECT. RESULTS: The mean size of pancreatic adenocarcinomas was 32 mm. On unenhanced T1-weighted images, 12 of 25 lesions (48%) were hypointense, 13 (52%) were isointense. On STIR/T2, 11 of 25 (44%) pancreatic adenocarcinomas were hyperintense, 14 (56%) were isointense. All 25 (100%) adenocarcinomas were hypointense during the arterial phase. Twenty (80%) and 17 (68%) remained hypointense in the venous phase and equilibrium phases, respectively. In seven of 14 (50%) cases, the pancreatic mass was iso-attenuating to the pancreatic parenchyma during both the pancreatic and venous phases of CECT. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that all 25 pancreatic adenocarcinomas were hypointense to pancreatic parenchyma during the arterial phase. Moreover, MRI may be useful in patients with a high suspicion of pancreatic carcinoma that is not visualized during CECT.

Efeito da temperatura ambiente e da restrição alimentar protéica ou energética sobre o ganho de peso e crescimento ósseo de frangos de corte / Effect of environmental temperature and protein or energy restriction on body weight gain and broiler chicken bone growth

Avaliou-se o efeito da restrição alimentar qualitativa, protéica ou energética sobre o ganho de peso e desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos criados em diferentes temperaturas ambientes. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com os tratamentos em um esquema fatorial 3 3, com os fatores: restrição alimentar (R0 = ad libitum; R1 = restrição energética; R2 = restrição protéica) e temperatura ambiente (T1 = 18ºC; T2 = 25ºC; T3 = 33º C). Do 8º ao 14º dia, os frangos foram submetidos à restrição energética (2565kcal de EM/kg e 20 por cento de proteína bruta) ou protéica (2850kcal de EM/kg e 15 por cento de proteína bruta), sendo, posteriormente, alimentados à vontade. A restrição protéica resultou em menor ganho de peso e menor diâmetro do fêmur no 14º dia de idade. Não foram observadas diferenças nessas características a partir do 21º dia de idade. O ganho de peso e o crescimento do fêmur não foram influenciados pela restrição energética. A alta temperatura ambiente (33ºC) influenciou negativamente o ganho de peso e o diâmetro do fêmur, a partir do 21º dia, e o comprimento do fêmur, no 42º dia de idade. Tanto a restrição protéica, na segunda semana, quanto a alta temperatura ambiente, a partir do 21º dia de idade, reduziram o ganho de peso e o crescimento do fêmur de frangos.

Computer-aided detection (CAD) for CT colonography: a tool to address a growing need.

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in both men and women. It is estimated that in 2004, nearly 147,000 cases of colon and rectal cancer will be diagnosed in the USA, and approximately 57,000 people would die from the disease; however, only 44% of the eligible population undergoes any type of colorectal cancer screening. Many reasons have been identified for non-compliance, with key ones being patient comfort, bowel preparation and cost. Virtual colonoscopy derived from computed tomography (CT) images is gaining broader acceptance as a screening method for colorectal neoplasia. Our research suggests that computer-aided detection (CAD) as a second reader has great potential in improving polyp detection. The ColonCAD prototype presented in this paper was developed and tested on cases representative of the variability and quality in true clinical practice. Results of this study with 150 patients demonstrate that: the developed algorithm generalises well: the sensitivity for polyps > or = 6 mm is on average 90%; and the median false positive rate is a manageable 3 per volume.

Growth hormone mRNA expression in the pituitary of Bos indicus and Bos taurus x Bos indicus crossbred young bulls treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin

The effects of breed and of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) treatment on growth hormone gene expression were studied in young bulls. The experiment was completely randomized in a [2 x 2]-factorial arrangement, using two levels of rbST (0 or 250 mg/animal/14 days), and two breed groups (Nelore and Simmental x Nelore crossbred). A cDNA encoding Bos indicus growth hormone was cloned and sequenced for use as a probe in Northern and dot blot analyses. Compared to the Bos taurus structural gene, the Bos indicus cDNA was found to begin 21 bases downstream from the transcription initiation site and had only two discrepancies (C to T at position 144-His and T to C at position 354-Phe), without changes in the polypeptide sequence. However, two amino acid substitutions were found for Bubalus spp., which belong to the same tribe. The rbST treatment did not change any of the characteristics evaluated (body and pituitary gland weights, growth hormone mRNA expression level). Crossbred animals had significantly higher body weight and heavier pituitaries than Nelore cattle. Pituitary weight was proportional to body weight in both breed groups. Growth hormone mRNA expression in the pituitary was similar (P>0.075) for both breed and hormonal treatment groups, but was 31.9 higher in the pure Nelore group, suggesting that growth hormone gene transcription regulation differs among these breeds

Effect of heat exposure on the thermoregulatory responses of selected naked neck chickens

The variation in cloacal temperature, body weight loss and expression of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp70) in three naked neck broiler genotypes during heat stress were studied. Twelve birds of each genotype (Na/Na, Na/na and na/na) were reared to market weight (approximately 2.1kg) at thermoneutral temperature. Six birds from each group served as controls and the remaining six underwent gradual heat stress (from 28oC to 36oC). Cloacal temperature and body weight were measured before and after exposure to heat. Liver samples were collected and Hsp70 levels were quantified using western blotting with monoclonal anti-chicken Hsp70 antibody. Heterozygous (Na/na) birds had a significantly lower cloacal temperature variation and less body weight loss during heat stress than the other genotypes. There was no significant difference in the Hsp70 levels among the genotypes. Heterozygous birds (Na/na) appeared to have a slight advantage over the other genotypes during gradual heat stress, perhaps because of a heterotic effect

Growth hormone mRNA expression in the pituitary of Bos indicus and Bos taurus x Bos indicus crossbred young bulls treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin.

The effects of breed and of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) treatment on growth hormone gene expression were studied in young bulls. The experiment was completely randomized in a [2 x 2]-factorial arrangement, using two levels of rbST (0 or 250 mg/animal/14 days), and two breed groups (Nelore and Simmental x Nelore crossbred). A cDNA encoding Bos indicus growth hormone was cloned and sequenced for use as a probe in Northern and dot blot analyses. Compared to the Bos taurus structural gene, the Bos indicus cDNA was found to begin 21 bases downstream from the transcription initiation site and had only two discrepancies (C to T at position 144-His and T to C at position 354-Phe), without changes in the polypeptide sequence. However, two amino acid substitutions were found for Bubalus spp., which belong to the same tribe. The rbST treatment did not change any of the characteristics evaluated (body and pituitary gland weights, growth hormone mRNA expression level). Crossbred animals had significantly higher body weight and heavier pituitaries than Nelore cattle. Pituitary weight was proportional to body weight in both breed groups. Growth hormone mRNA expression in the pituitary was similar (P>0.075) for both breed and hormonal treatment groups, but was 31.9% higher in the pure Nelore group, suggesting that growth hormone gene transcription regulation differs among these breeds.

Virtual colonoscopy: clinical results.

CT colonography is an evolving noninvasive imaging technique that allows detection of colorectal polyps and cancers. When assessing the clinical results of this test, several points need to be emphasized. First, as computed tomography (CT) technology improves, so will clinical results. Therefore, earlier results reporting the accuracy of CT colonography may not be applicable to the current state of the art. Second, as clinical experience has grown, an understanding of the limitations and pitfalls of the technique has increased. A learning curve is involved and, with increased experience, results should improve. This article will focus on the evolving clinical results of CT colonography.

Efeito da restriçäo alimentar inicial e da temperatura ambiente sobre o desenvolvimento de vísceras e ganho compensatório em frangos de corte / Effect of early quantitative feed restriction and environmental temperature on viscera growth and compensatory gain of broiler chickens

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da restriçäo alimentar quantitativa inicial e da temperatura ambiente sobre o desenvolvimento de vísceras e ganho compensatório em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 540 frangos machos, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, segundo esquema fatorial 2 x 3, com os fatores programa alimentar (ad libitum e restrito do 7§ ao 14§ dia de idade) e temperatura ambiente (quente, termoneutra e fria). A restriçäo alimentar näo afetou o peso relativo do fígado e do coraçäo, mas reduziu significamente o peso e o comprimento dos intestinos ao final do período de restriçäo (14 dias de idade). Näo foi observado efeito significativo da restriçäo alimentar sobre o desenvolvimento das vísceras estudadas aos 42 dias de idade. Peso vivo, ganho de peso e consumo de raçäo dos frangos com restriçäo alimentar foram significamente menores aos 28 dias de idade, porém näo foram observadas diferenças entre essas variáveis aos 42 dias de idade, demonstrando ganho compensatório durante o período de realimentaçäo. O peso relativo das vísceras näo foi afetado pela temperatura de criaçäo aos 42 dias de idade, exceto o coraçäo. Consumo de raçäo, ganho de peso e peso vivo aos 42 dias de idade foram significativamente menores nas aves mantidas em altas temperaturas

Sodium and chloride requirements of young broiler chickens fed corn-soybean diets (one to twenty-one days of age).

Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) nutritional requirements, dietary electrolyte balance (DEB), and their effects on acid-base balance, litter moisture, and tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) incidence for young broiler chickens were evaluated in two trials. One-day-old Cobb broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments, five replicates, and 50 birds per experimental unit. Treatments used in both experiments were a basal diet with 0.10% Na+ (Experiment 1) or Cl- (Experiment 2) supplemented to result in diets with Na+ or Cl- levels of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, or 0.35%, respectively. In Experiment 1, results indicated an optimum Na+ requirement of 0.26%. Sodium levels caused a linear increase in arterial blood gas parameters, indicating an alkalogenic effect of Na+. The hypertrophic area of growth plate in the proximal tibiotarsi decreased with Na+ levels. The TD incidence decreased with increases in dietary Na+. Litter moisture increased linearly with sodium levels. In Experiment 2, the Cl- requirement was estimated as 0.25%. Chloride levels caused a quadratic effect (P < or = 0.01) on blood gas parameters, with an estimated equilibrium [blood base excess (BE) = 0] at 0.30% of dietary Cl-. No Cl- treatment effects (P > or = 0.05) were observed on litter moisture or TD incidence. The best DEB for maximum performance was 298 to 315 mEq/kg in Experiment 1 and 246 to 264 mEq/kg in Experiment 2. We concluded that the Na+ and Cl- requirements for optimum performance of young broiler chickens were 0.28 and 0.25%, respectively.

Effect of different bowel preparations on residual fluid at CT colonography.

The effect of different bowel preparations on residual fluid during computed tomographic (CT) colonography was evaluated. Forty-two patients received either a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution preparation or a phospho-soda preparation the day prior to CT colonography. The amount of residual fluid was calculated for each patient. On average, a phospho-soda preparation provided significantly less residual fluid than a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution preparation.

Cystic pancreatic masses: cross-sectional imaging observations and serial follow-up.

BACKGROUND: We retrospectively reviewed the imaging features of a series of patients with cystic pancreatic masses, the majority of whom underwent imaging surveillance. METHODS: Imaging data from 30 patients with known cystic pancreatic masses were reviewed. Nine patients had surgical and/or cytologic classification. Of the 21 who were not operated on, all underwent serial imaging surveillance. Of these, five had corroborative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and 16 were followed by only computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: In the nonoperated group, mean follow-up time was 30 months (3-144 months). Two patients demonstrated growth, and the remainder remain stable. In the patients who underwent surgery, invasive carcinoma was found in those with lesions larger than 4 cm, involvement of the main pancreatic duct, or visible solid components on the imaging study. Smaller lesions were benign. CONCLUSION: In patients with suspected cystic pancreatic neoplasms, surveillance might be possible if lesions are smaller than 2.5 cm, spare the main pancreatic duct, and demonstrate no solid components.

Influência da suplementaçäo de glutamina sobre o desempenho e o desenvolvimento de vilos e criptas do intestino delgado de frangos / Influence of glutamine supplementation on performance and intestinal villous and crypt development in broiler chickens

Investigou-se o efeito da suplementaçäo de glutamina na dieta sobre o consumo de raçäo, ganho de peso e conversäo alimentar e sobre a estrutura da mucosa intestinal de frangos. Foram utilizados 320 pintos de corte machos distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com dois tratamentos e quatro repetiçöes, sendo T1 suplementado com 1 por cento de L-glutamina na dieta e T2 controle. Os índices de desempenho foram analisados aos 7, 21 e 49 dias de idade das aves. Aos 7 e 14 dias de idade oito aves foram sacrificadas para colheita de fragmentos de cada porçäo do intestino delgado para avaliaçäo da morfometria intestinal em microscopia de luz em sistema analisador de imagens "Video Plan". As variáveis estudadas foram altura dos vilos, profundidade de cripta e relaçäo vilo: cripta. A adiçäo de 1 por cento de glutamina à dieta de frangos näo influenciou (P>0,05) o seu desempenho zootécnico. Entretanto, 1 por cento de glutamina na raçäo foi capaz de alterar (P<0,01) a altura do vilo, a profundidade de cripta e a relaçäo vilo:cripta no duodeno, bem como a altura de vilo do íleo de frangos no sétimo dia de idade