Cancer prevention in cancer predisposition syndromes: A protocol for testing the feasibility of building a hereditary cancer research registry and nurse navigator follow up model.

Monogenic, high penetrance syndromes, conferring an increased risk of malignancies in multiple organs, are important contributors to the hereditary burden of cancer. Early detection and risk reduction strategies in patients with a cancer predisposition syndrome can save their lives. However, despite evidence supporting the benefits of early detection and risk reduction strategies, most Canadian jurisdictions have not implemented programmatic follow up of these patients. In our study site in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL), Canada, there is no centralized, provincial registry of high-risk individuals. There is no continuity or coordination of care providing cancer genetics expertise and no process to ensure that patients are referred to the appropriate specialists or risk management interventions. This paper describes a study protocol to test the feasibility of obtaining and analyzing patient risk management data, specifically patients affected by hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC; BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes) and Lynch syndrome (LS; MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 genes). Through a retrospective cohort study, we will describe these patients' adherence to risk management guidelines and test its relationship to health outcomes, including cancer incidence and stage. Through a qualitative interviews, we will determine the priorities and preferences of patients with any inherited cancer mutation for a follow up navigation model of risk management. Study data will inform a subsequent funding application focused on creating and evaluating a research registry and follow up nurse navigation model. It is not currently known what proportion of cancer mutation carriers are receiving care according to guidelines. Data collected in this study will provide clinical uptake and health outcome information so gaps in care can be identified. Data will also provide patient preference information to inform ongoing and planned research with cancer mutation carriers.

Third primary SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines enhance antibody responses in most patients with haematological malignancies.

SARS-CoV-2 infection, and resulting disease, COVID-19, has a high mortality amongst patients with haematological malignancies. Global vaccine rollouts have reduced hospitalisations and deaths, but vaccine efficacy in patients with haematological malignancies is known to be reduced. The UK-strategy offered a third, mRNA-based, vaccine as an extension to the primary course in these patients. The MARCH database is a retrospective observational study of serological responses in patients with blood disorders. Here we present data on 381 patients with haematological malignancies. By comparison with healthy controls, we report suboptimal responses following two primary vaccines, with significantly enhanced responses following the third primary dose. These responses however are heterogeneous and determined by haematological malignancy sub-type and therapy. We identify a group of patients with continued suboptimal vaccine responses who may benefit from additional doses, prophylactic extended half-life neutralising monoclonal therapies (nMAB) or prompt nMAB treatment in the event of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Quality of life and associated factors on employees of a public university working remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: The pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 imposed restrictions to movement, generating new work dynamics especially in the education sector, where remote working has become the rule. The overlapping of work-related and domestic tasks and the fear of the virus generated an additional burden to workers, with unknown effects on their quality of life. Objectives: To estimate the quality of life of employees of the education sector who were working remotely during the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and identify associated factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed with a sample of 317 government employees of a federal university between August 25 2020 and September 11 2020. Standardized questionnaires concerning sociodemographic and economic aspects were constructed using the Google Forms tool. The European Health Interview Survey - Quality of Life 8-item index was used to assess quality of life. Multiple linear regression was used to check for associations between variables using quality of life scores as outcome (alpha value of 5%). This research proposal was approved by the National Research Ethics Commission, with a Certificate of Presentation for Ethical Appreciation No. 33636220.1.0000.0056. Results: The European Health Interview Survey - Quality of Life 8-item index resulted in mean adjusted scores of 3.5 ± 1.9. Quality of life was independently associated with age (ß = 0.01, 95% confidence interval 0.00 to 0.02, p = 0.015), physical activity (ß = 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.00 to 0.38, p = 0.049), smoking habits (ß = 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 0.88, p = 0.002), having a dedicated workspace (ß = 0.14, 95% confidence interval 0.02 to 0.26, p = 0.023), performing housework (ß =-0.20, 95% confidence interval-0.32 to-0.08, p < 0.001), financial difficulties (ß =-0.26, 95% confidence interval-0.40 to-0.12, p < 0.001), and the impact of social distancing at work (ß =-0.33, 95% confidence interval-0.47 to-0.19, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The level of quality of life within the sample was reasonable; it was higher among older participants who were physically active and did not smoke, and lower when the socioeconomic situation was unfavorable. This highlights the importance of constructing support strategies while the effects of the pandemic linger.

Ibrutinib Plus Venetoclax in Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The CLARITY Study.

PURPOSE: The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been revolutionized by targeted therapies that either inhibit proliferation (ibrutinib) or reactivate apoptosis (venetoclax). Both significantly improve survival in CLL and replace chemoimmunotherapy for many patients. However, individually, they rarely lead to eradication of measurable residual disease (MRD) and usually are taken indefinitely or until progression. We present the CLARITY trial that combined ibrutinib with venetoclax to eradicate detectable CLL with the intention of stopping therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: CLARITY is a phase II trial that combined ibrutinib with venetoclax in patients with relapsed or refractory CLL. The primary end point was eradication of MRD after 12 months of combined therapy. Key secondary end points were response by International Workshop on CLL criteria, safety, and progression-free and overall survival. RESULTS: In 53 patients after 12 months of ibrutinib plus venetoclax, MRD negativity (fewer than one CLL cell in 10,000 leukocytes) was achieved in the blood of 28 (53%) and the marrow of 19 (36%). Forty-seven patients (89%) responded, and 27 (51%) achieved a complete remission. After a median follow-up of 21.1 months, one patient progressed, and all patients were alive. A single case of biochemical tumor lysis syndrome was observed. Other adverse effects were mild and/or manageable and most commonly were neutropenia or GI events. CONCLUSION: The combination of ibrutinib plus venetoclax was well tolerated in patients with relapsed or refractory CLL. There was a high rate of MRD eradication that led to the cessation of therapy in some patients. The progression-free and overall survival rates are encouraging for relapsed and refractory CLL.

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased bladder cancer risk: A systematic review and evidence of a potential mechanism.

The development of some cancers is associated with vitamin D deficiency. We suggest that reduced conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and the resulting modification of tissue specific immune responses may be key. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is highly immunoresponsive and stimulation of an inflammatory response by intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment prevents recurrence. To assess the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and bladder cancer risk we conducted a systematic review. To test our hypothesis, the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D by human bladder epithelial cell lines (T24/83 and RT4) was examined. Studies were identified from Medline, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane library (limited to English language, humans and 1990-2018). After removal of duplicates, title and abstract review 6 full papers were appraised. Low vitamin D levels were associated with bladder cancer risk in 5/6 of the studies. Both cell lines express the vitamin D receptor, 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (1α-OHase) and 24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) mRNA, which was induced by 1,25(OH)2D. 24-OHase mRNA was also increased by 25(OH)D indicating 1α-OHase activity. Both cell types expressed TLR1,2,4 and the TLR partners MyD88 and CD14mRNA. Cathelicidin mRNA was undetectable in both cell lines but was induced by 1,25(OH)2D and 25(OH)D in RT4 cells. The systematic review demonstrated that bladder cancer risk correlates with serum 25(OH)D levels. In addition, we have shown that transitional epithelial cells express functional vitamin D signaling and can synthesize sufficient 1,25(OH)2D to stimulate a local immune response. We suggest that in order to maintain optimal immune surveillance within the bladder adequate levels of serum 25(OH)D are required for direct synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D by bladder epithelial cells.

Impact of route and adequacy of nutritional intake on outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation for haematologic malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is often associated with poor oral intake due to painful mucositis and gastrointestinal sequalae that occur following a preparative regimen of intensive chemotherapy and/or total body radiation. Although attractive to assume that optimal nutrition improves HCT outcomes, there are limited data to support this. It is also unclear whether artificial nutrition support should be provided as enteral tube feeding or parenteral nutrition (PN). METHODS: We analysed day-100 non-relapse mortality (NRM), incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), acute gastrointestinal GvHD, 5-year survival and GvHD-free/relapse-free survival (GRFS) according to both route and adequacy of nutritional intake prior to neutrophil engraftment, together with other known prognostic factors, in a retrospective cohort of 484 patients who underwent allogeneic HCT for haematologic malignancy between 2000 and 2014. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed increased NRM with inadequate nutrition (hazard ratio (HR) 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-7.2) and adequate PN (HR 2.9; 95% CI 1.6-5.4) compared to adequate enteral nutrition (EN) both P < .001. There were increased incidences of gastrointestinal GvHD of any stage and all GvHD ≥ grade 2 in patients who received PN (odds ratio (OR) 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.3; P = .006, and OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-3.0; P = .018, respectively), compared to adequate EN. Patients who received adequate PN and inadequate nutrition also had reduced probabilities of survival and GRFS at 5 years. CONCLUSION: Adequate EN during the early transplantation course is associated with reduced NRM, improved survival and GRFS at 5 years. Furthermore, adequate EN is associated with lower incidence of overall and gut acute GvHD than PN, perhaps because of its ability to maintain mucosal integrity, modulate the immune response to intensive chemo/radiotherapy and support the gastrointestinal tract environment, including gut microflora.

Flexible cystoscopy and Holmium:Yttrium aluminum garnet laser ablation for recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder carcinoma under local anesthesia.

PURPOSE: The management of recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) post-transurethral resection has been based around electrocautery techniques, either under local or general anesthetic. We determine the long-term outcome of the management of NMIBC recurrences treated with Holmium:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Ho:YAG) laser ablation under local anesthetic with a flexible cystoscope. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective analysis of 151 consecutive patients, undergoing treatment of 444 tumors, between 2006 and 2011 in a University Teaching Hospital. Median follow-up was 24 months (0-58 months). The primary outcome was local, on-site recurrence rates of NMIBC. The secondary outcome measure included off-site recurrence rates, complications, pain perception, and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Local, on-site recurrence rates after first treatment for all NMIBC disease were 10%. In patients with low risk NMIBC (G1/2, Ta), this reduced to around 4% post laser treatment. Higher recurrence rates (14%) were seen in those with high-grade (G3, T1) disease. Treatment was more successful with disease around the trigone, posterior and lateral bladder walls, with a significantly higher risk of recurrence for tumor around the ureteric orifice. The median time to local recurrence was 12 months and off-site recurrence was 25 months. Complication rates were low: dysuria (4.2%), frequency (1.5%), and hematuria (1.9%), with no episodes of bladder perforation. Visual analog pain scores were low, mean score 1 (range 0-7). The overall patient satisfaction was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Flexible cystoscopy and Ho:YAG laser therapy should be considered as a first line treatment option for the management of recurrence in low-grade NMIBC (G1/2, Ta/1) throughout the bladder, except around the ureteric orifices. For those with high-grade disease (G3), the recurrences rates are increased, but the procedure still offers an acceptable recurrence rate. It provides good local disease control, low complications, patient acceptability and tolerance.

Salvage autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma relapsing or progressing after up-front autologous transplantation.

Progression or relapse occurs in the vast majority of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who undergo up-front autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT1), which remains a cornerstone of treatment in the era of novel agents. Limited data are available regarding the value of salvage therapy with a second AHCT (AHCT2) in patients who relapse/progress after AHCT1. We analyzed the outcome of 83 patients who underwent salvage AHCT2 between 1994 and 2011. Most patients (77%) had received treatment with novel agents between AHCT1 and AHCT2, and 28% of patients were from ethnic minority groups. Median overall survival (OS) from AHCT2 was 31.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22-41), and median progression-free survival (PFS) was 15.5 months (95% CI: 11-20). In multivariate analysis, only disease status (≥ PR) at AHCT2 was associated with better OS. The 3-year OS rates for patients receiving AHCT2 in > PR and PR were 85.9% (95% CI: 61-96) and 51.3% (95% CI: 34-68), respectively. Disease status at AHCT2 and time to progression/relapse after AHCT1 were associated with PFS in multivariate analysis. In summary, salvage AHCT2 is an effective treatment option in patients with chemosensitive relapse/progression and prolonged remission after a prior autograft.

EBMT risk score predicts outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients who have failed a previous transplantation procedure.

Increasing numbers of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) are being performed for patients who have failed a previous allogeneic or autologous SCT. We investigated whether the EBMT risk score could predict outcome after a subsequent allo-SCT. We analyzed prognostic factors in 124 consecutive patients who underwent a second transplantation using an allogeneic donor at our institution. Patients with either a first autologous (N = 64) or first allogeneic (N = 60) SCT were included. Age, disease stage, time interval from diagnosis to transplantation, donor type, and donor-recipient sex combination were used to establish a score from 0 to 7 points, from which 3 groups were identified. The 5-year survival probability decreased from 51.7% for risk scores 0-3 (low, n = 25), to 29.3% for risk score 4 (intermediate, n = 42), and only 10.4% for risk scores 5-7 (high, n = 57), P = .001. We propose that the EBMT risk score can identify patients most likely to benefit from a second transplantation.

Cellular (FLICE) like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identifies a poor prognostic subset, but fails to predict the molecular subtype.

Immunohistochemistry can sub-classify diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) into germinal centre B-cell like (GCB) and non-GCB subtypes. The latter consists predominately of the activated B-cell like subgroup in which nuclear factor kappa-B activation is its characteristic. Expression of cellular caspase 8 (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP), a caspase 8 homologue, is regulated by nuclear factor kappa-B signalling, and it is the main inhibitor of Fas ligand activated apoptosis. To determine if cFLIP expression was confined to non-GCB subtype, we studied 66 cases of DLBCL. cFLIP expression showed no significant correlation to DLBCL subtypes (GCB or non-GCB) but was associated with a worse clinical outcome. For cFLIP positive and negative patients, the five-year event free survival was 20 and 31%, respectively (p = 0.049), and the five-year overall survival was 20 and 57%, respectively (p = 0.041).

The two faces of myeloproliferative neoplasms: Molecular events underlying lymphoid transformation.

Multipotent haematopoietic stem cells pass through stages of differentiation with the progressive loss of developmental options leading to the production of terminally differentiated mature blood cells. This process is regulated by soluble cytokines binding to a ligand specific cell surface receptor on a precursor cell. Key to signal transduction are tyrosine kinase proteins which can be divided into two sub families, the receptor protein tyrosine kinases which are transmembrane receptors and retain an intact catalytic kinase domain and the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases which bind to cytokine receptors. Abnormalities of tyrosine kinase proteins are well recognised in myeloid malignancies, mutation in the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase JAK2 (V617F) is key in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms, and translocations involving ABL key in the development of chronic myeloid leukaemia. However tyrosine kinase mutations are increasingly recognised to play a role in the pathogenesis of a wider range of haematological cancers. This review focuses on the role of deregulated tyrosine kinase genes either as part of novel fusion proteins involving FGFR1, PDGFRα, PDGFRß, JAK2 and ABL, or as a consequence of point mutation in JAK1 or JAK2 in the development of precursor T and B lymphoid malignancies or mixed myeloid/lymphoid disorders. We also set out some of the postulated mechanisms which underlie the association of tyrosine kinase mutations with the development of lymphoid malignancy.

Uso de gemtuzumabe ozogamicina combinado com quimioterapia convencional em pacientes com leucemia mieloide aguda / Use of gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with conventional chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Objective: To analyze the outcome of patients treated with gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with conventional therapy treated at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Methods: 14 patients who had high risk features (secondary leukemia, unfavorable cytogenetics, and refractory disease) were treated with gemtuzumab ozogamycincombined with conventional therapy and their outcome was analysed by reviewing their medical records. Results: Overall response rate was 58%, with 43% achieving complete response, with a median followup of 11 months, event-free survival was 3 months. Eleven patients died, 6 of them due to refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Only four patients presented with grade 3 to 4 toxicities and only one patient had sinusoidal obstruction syndrome after bone marrow transplant. Conclusion: gemtuzumab ozogamycin combined with chemotherapy is a feasible treatment regimen in acute myeloid leukemia patients. However, further studies are necessary to clarify which subgroup of patients may benefit from this treatment.

Objetivo: Analisar a evolução de pacientes tratados com gemtuzumabe ozogamicina combinado à terapêutica convencional no Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein. Métodos: 14 pacientes que tinham alto risco (leucemia secundária, citogenética desfavorávele doença refratária) foram tratados com gentuzumabe ozogamicina associado à terapêutica convencional, e sua evolução foi analisada por meio de seus prontuários médicos. Resultados: A taxa total de resposta foi de 58%, com 43% chegando a resposta completa, em acompanhamento médio de 11 meses, e três meses com intervalo de sobrevivência livre. Foram a óbito 11 pacientes, 6 deles por leucemia mieloide aguda. Somente quatro pacientes apresentaram graus 3 a 4 de toxicidade e apenas um paciente teve síndrome de obstrução sinusoidal após transplante de medula. Conclusão: Gemtuzumabe ozogamicina associado à terapêutica quimioterápica convencional éum tratamento factível em pacientes com leucemia mieloide aguda. Contudo, novos estudos são necessários para esclarecer qual o subgrupo de pacientes que pode se beneficiar desse tratamento.

Humoral and cellular immunity to primary H1N1 infection in patients with hematologic malignancies following stem cell transplantation.

Limited data are available on immunologic responses to primary H1N1 infection in patients with hematologic malignancies. We present a prospective, case-surveillance study of such patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed H1N1-influenza who presented to our institution between September 2009 and January 2010. Ninety-two patients presented with influenza-like symptoms, and 13 had H1N1 infection confirmed by RT-PCR, including 4 allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients (1 with acute myelogenous leukemia, 1 with chronic lymphoblastic leukemia [CLL], 1 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and 1 with chronic myelogenous leukemia), 5 patients with multiple myeloma following autologous stem cell transplantation, 1 patient with multiple myeloma perimobilization, 2 patients with NHL post chemotherapy, and 1 patient with CLL. All 13 patients required hospitalization. Six (43%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), of whom 4 (67%) died. We evaluated B cell and T cell responses to H1N1 infection prospectively in these patients compared with those in 4 otherwise healthy controls. Within 12 weeks of diagnosis, only 6 of 11 patients developed seropositive antibody titers as measured by hemagglutination-inhibition or microneutralization assays, compared with 4 of 4 controls. H1N1-specific T cells were detected in only 2 of 8 evaluable patients compared with 4 of 4 controls. H1N1-specific T cells were functional, capable of producing interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and CD107a mobilization. Furthermore, CD154 was up-regulated on CD4(+) T cells in 3 of 4 controls and 2 of 2 patients who had both B cell and T cell responses to H1N1. Post-H1N1 infection, 5 of 8 patients developed seasonal influenza-specific T cells, suggesting cross-reactivity induced by H1N1 infection. These data offer novel insights into humoral and cell-mediated immunologic responses to primary H1N1 infection.