Chronic diseases attributable to a diet rich in processed meat in Brazil: Burden and financial impact on the healthcare system.

Background: The consumption of processed meat causes negative impacts on health; however, this burden for the population living in developing countries is less explored. This study aimed to describe the burden of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) attributed to a diet rich in processed meat between 1990 and 2019 in Brazil and its federative units and the financial burden on the Unified Health System (SUS) in 2019. Methods: Secondary data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and SUS Information Systems were used in this ecological study. The metrics to assess the burden of NCDs attributable to processed meat consumption were disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths. The age-standardized rates were presented per 100,000 inhabitants with 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UI). The cost of hospitalizations and outpatient procedures covered by SUS for the treatment of NCDs attributable to processed meat consumption was estimated using the population-attributable fraction. Both burdens were estimated for both sex and stratified by sex, specific cause, and federative units. Results: The age-standardized DALY rates attributable to a diet rich in processed meat increased between 1990 (75.31/100,000 [95% UI: 34.92-139.65]) and 2019 (79.35/100,000 [95% UI: 42.84-126.25]); while mortality rates remained stable between 1990 (2.64/100,000 [95% UI: 1.17-5.21) and 2019 (2.36/100,000 [95% UI: 1.22-4.09]). The cost of hospitalization and outpatient procedures in Brazil for NCDs attributable to the consumption of processed meat was approximately US$ 9,4 million, of which US$ 6,1 million was spent on ischemic heart disease, US$ 3,1 million on colorectal cancer, and US$ 200 thousand on type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: The NCD burden did not decrease during the years evaluated, while the financial burden was high in 2019, with higher treatment costs for ischemic heart disease. These results can guide political, economic, and health education interventions to advance the fight against NCDs.

Parental supervision and sexual behavior among Brazilian adolescents / Supervisão dos pais e comportamento sexual entre adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the association between parental supervision and sexual behaviors among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from 102,072 adolescents who responded to the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey. We estimated the prevalence of sexual behaviors (initiation, use of condoms, contraception, and number of partners). Parental supervision was evaluated using a score considering five indicators. We calculated prevalence ratios (PR) adjusted by age and sex in order to estimate the association between parental supervision score and sexual behaviors of adolescents. Results: Prevalence of risky sexual behavior for adolescents with minimum and maximum parental supervision were: sexual initiation (min.: 58.0%; max.: 20.1%), condom use in the last sexual intercourse (min.: 50.9%; max.: 80.2%), use of contraceptives (min.: 40.8; max.: 49.1%), and mean number of partners (min.: 3.25; max.: 2.88). Parental supervision was greater among girls. Those with higher supervision scores had higher prevalence of condom use in the first and last sexual intercourse and of contraceptive methods, and a smaller mean number of partners, even after adjustments for sex and age. Conclusion: The greater the parental supervision, the better the sexual behavior for both sexes, although supervision seems to occur differently between girls and boys. These findings point to the role of the family in providing adolescents with monitoring, along with dialogue and affection, conditions that encourage healthy and risk-free sexual behavior.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a supervisão dos pais e comportamentos sexuais entre os adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados de 102.072 estudantes do 9º ano que responderam à Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015. Estimou-se a prevalência dos comportamentos sexuais (iniciação, uso de preservativo, contracepção e número de parcerias). A supervisão dos pais foi avaliada por meio de escore formado por cinco indicadores. Foram calculadas razões de prevalência ajustadas por sexo e idade para a análise das relações existentes entre o escore de supervisão dos pais e os comportamentos sexuais de adolescentes. Resultados: As prevalências de comportamentos sexuais em adolescentes com mínima e máxima supervisão parental foram: iniciação sexual (mín.: 58,0%; máx.: 20,1%), uso do preservativo na última relação sexual (mín.: 50,9%; máx.: 80,2%), de contraceptivos (mín.: 40,8; máx.: 49,1%) e número de parceiros (mín.: 3,25; máx.: 2,88). A supervisão parental apresentou maior magnitude no sexo feminino. Aqueles com maior escore de supervisão apresentaram maiores prevalências do uso de preservativos na primeira e última relação sexual, de métodos contraceptivos e menor média do número de parceiros, mesmo após ajustes por sexo e idade. Conclusão: Quanto maior a supervisão dos pais, melhores os comportamentos sexuais, para ambos os sexos, apesar de a supervisão ocorrer de forma diferenciada entre os sexos. Esses achados apontam o papel da família em proporcionar aos adolescentes monitoramento simultâneo ao diálogo e ao afeto, condição estimuladora do comportamento sexual saudável e livre de riscos.

Patterns of abuse of elderly people in Brazil: analysis of notifications / Padrões de abuso de idosos no Brasil: uma análise de notificações / Patrones de maltrato a las personas mayores en Brasil: análisis de las notificaciones

This study aimed to describe the characteristics of elderly people abuse notifications by gender and to assess notification patterns according to gender. We analyzed data from the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN) in 2017. We carried out a descriptive analysis of victim characteristics, violence, and the probable perpetrator according to gender. Pearson's χ2 test was used to assess the significance between groups. Then, we verified the main relationships between the studied characteristics and the victim's gender by simple correspondence analysis (SCA). Thus, 17,311 cases/suspicions of elderly people abuse were notified, corresponding to 7.2% of the total number of violence notifications. Of these victims, 50.4% were white, 42.3% were married, and 17.2% had a disability/disorder; 76.9% occurred at home, 62.8% included physical violence, and 49.5% were cases of repeated violence. Most perpetrators were men (62%), and violence by two or more perpetrators was observed in 62.8% of the cases. SCA evidenced inequalities in older adults' gender, which proved to be higher among women. Physical violence was the most common among younger and old individuals, whereas neglect/abandonment tended to occur more frequently among the oldest individuals, and was most often committed by daughters. In sum, this study demonstrated evidence of gender-based violence, especially among older adults. Disability proved to be an essential characteristic for neglect/abandonment in older adults. In this context, policies are needed to reduce gender inequalities and implement a care network for older adults who are victims of violence.

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características das notificações de abuso de idosos por sexo e avaliar os padrões de notificação de acordo com o sexo. Foram analisados dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação de 2017. A análise descritiva das características da vítima, da violência e do provável agressor foi feita de acordo com o sexo. O teste do χ2 de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a significância entre os grupos. Em seguida, as principais relações entre as características estudadas e o sexo da vítima foram verificadas por meio da análise de correspondência simples (ACS). Assim, 17.311 casos ou suspeitas de abuso de idosos foram notificados, correspondendo a 7,2% do total de notificações de violência. Dessas vítimas, 50,4% são brancas, 42,3% casadas e 17,2% têm uma deficiência ou um transtorno. Dos casos, 76,9% ocorreram em casa, sendo 62,8% por violência física e 49,5% por violência recorrente. A maioria dos perpetradores é do sexo masculino (62%), e observamos violência por dois ou mais perpetradores em 62,8%. A ACS evidenciou desigualdades no sexo dos idosos, em que o número de mulheres era maior. A violência física mais comum entre adultos, mais jovens e mais velhos, é a negligência ou o abandono dos mais frágeis e mais idosos, mais frequentemente praticada pela filha. Em suma, o estudo evidenciou a violência de gênero, especialmente entre os idosos, e a debilidade como característica essencial para a negligência ou abandono dessa população. Nesse contexto, são necessárias políticas para reduzir as desigualdades, especialmente as de gênero, e implementar uma rede de cuidado aos idosos vítimas de violência.

El objetivo del presente estudio es describir las características de las notificaciones de malos tratos a personas mayores por sexo y evaluar los patrones de notificación en función del sexo. Se analizaron los datos del Sistema Brasileño de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN) de 2017. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las características de la víctima, la violencia y el probable agresor según el sexo. Se utilizó la prueba χ2 de Pearson para evaluar la significación entre grupos. A continuación, se verificaron las principales relaciones entre las características estudiadas y el sexo de la víctima mediante análisis de correspondencias simples (ACS). Así, se notificaron 17.311 casos/sospechas de malos tratos a personas mayores, lo que corresponde al 7,2% del número total de notificaciones de violencia. De estas víctimas, el 50,4% son de raza blanca, el 42,3% están casadas y el 17,2% tienen una discapacidad/trastorno. El 76,9% ocurrieron en el hogar, el 62,8% se debieron a violencia física y el 49,5% fueron violencia reincidente. La mayoría de los agresores son hombres (62%), y la violencia ejercida por dos o más agresores se observó en el 62,8%. El ACS evidenció desigualdades en el sexo de los adultos mayores, observándose una mayor incidencia entre las mujeres. La violencia física más común entre los adultos más jóvenes y mayores, es la negligencia/abandono entre los adultos más frágiles y mayores, cometida con mayor frecuencia por la hija. En resumen, el estudio evidenció la violencia basada en el sexo, especialmente entre adultos mayores, y la fragilidad como característica esencial para la ocurrencia de negligencia/abandono en adultos mayores. En este contexto, son necesarias políticas que reduzcan las desigualdades, especialmente las de sexo, e implementen una red de atención a los adultos mayores víctimas de violencia.

Prevalência de doenças não transmissíveis e fatores de risco em industriários de Minas Gerais / Prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles y factores de riesgo en industria de Minas Gerais / Prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and risk factors in industrials of Minas Gerais

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de doenças e agravos não transmissíveis e seus fatores de risco em industriários de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Materiais e método: estudo transversal com dados secundários cedidos pelo Serviço Social da Indústria. As variáveis estudadas foram tabagismo, uso de álcool, inatividade física, alimentação inadequada, excesso de peso, doenças e agravos não transmissíveis referidos e autoavaliação da saúde. Calcularam-se as prevalências e as diferenças segundo sexo, faixa etária e escolaridade pelo teste x2 de Pearson. Na sequência, calcularam-se as razões de prevalência ajustadas pelas covariáveis por meio de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: foram estudados 34.072 trabalhadores. A prevalência de prática insuficiente de atividade física foi 75 %, consumo inade-quado de frutas 66 % e consumo regular de refrigerante ou suco artificial 42 %. O tabagismo foi relatado por 10 %, fumo passivo no ambiente de trabalho por 14 % e uso abusivo de álcool por 30 %. Dos trabalhadores, 55 % estavam acima do peso, 2 % referiram diabetes, 10 % hipertensão e 10 % colesterol elevado. Homens apresentaram maiores prevalências de alimentação inadequada e colesterol elevado, enquanto as mulheres apresentaram maior prevalência de sedenta-rismo, obesidade, hipertensão e colesterol elevado. Conclusões: os resultados mostram baixa prevalência de atividade física, alto consumo de alimentos não saudáveis e de sobrepeso, além de elevada prevalência de consumo abusivo de álcool entre trabalhadores das indústrias de Minas Gerais.

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles y sus factores de riesgo en trabajadores industriales de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Materiales y método: estudio transversal con datos secundarios del Servicio Social de la Industria. Las variables estudiadas fueron tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol, sedentarismo, dieta inadecuada, sobrepeso, dolencias y enfermedades no transmisibles referidas y autoevaluación de la salud. La prevalencia y las diferencias según el sexo, la edad y la educación se calcularon mediante la prueba x2 de Pearson. Posteriormente, se calcularon las razones de prevalencia ajustadas por covariables mediante regresión de Poisson. Resultados: se estudió un total de 34.072 trabajadores. La prevalencia de actividad física insuficiente fue de 75 %, el consumo inadecuado de fruta de 66 % y el consumo regular de refrescos o jugos artificiales alcanzó un 42 %. Además, 10 % de los participantes reportó el consumo de tabaco, 14 % afirmó ser fumador pasivo en el lugar de trabajo y 30 % reportó la ingesta excesiva de alcohol. De los trabajadores en la muestra, 55 % tenía sobrepeso, 2 % informó padecer de diabetes, 10 % de hipertensión y un 10 % adicional presentar colesterol alto. La población masculina reportó una mayor prevalencia de dieta inadecuada y colesterol alto, mientras que las mujeres presentaron mayor prevalencia de sedentarismo, obesidad, hipertensión y colesterol alto. Conclusiones: los resultados muestran baja prevalencia de la actividad física, elevado consumo de alimentos poco saludables y altas cifras de sobrepeso, así como una alta prevalencia del abuso de alcohol en los trabajadores del sector industrial de Minas Gerais.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and their associated risk factors among industrial sector workers of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Materials and method: Cross-sectional study with secondary data provided by the Industry Social Service. The variables examined were tobacco use, alcohol use, physical inactivity, inadequate diet, overweight, non-communicable diseases referred, and self-assessment of health. Prevalence figures and differences were calculated using Pearson's chi-square test, according to sex, age group, and level of schooling. Following this, the prevalence ratio adjusted by all covariates was calculated using Poisson regression. Results: A total of 34,072 workers were studied. The prevalence of insufficient physical activity was 75 %, inadequate consumption of fruits reached 66 %, and the regular consumption of soft drinks or artificial juice was 42 %. Smoking was reported by 10 % of the participants, passive smoking in the workplace by 14 %, and alcohol abuse by 30 %. Of the workers in the sample, 55 % were overweight, 2 % reported diabetes, 10 % hypertension, and 10 % high cholesterol. Men presented a higher prevalence of inadequate diet, tobacco use, alcohol use, and overweight. Women presented greater physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, and high cholesterol. Conclusions: Findings show a low prevalence of physical activity, high consumption of unhealthy foods, and high prevalence of obesity and alcohol abuse among the industrial workers of Minas Gerais.

Consumo e exposição a bebidas alcoólicas entre adolescentes brasileiros: evidências das pesquisas nacionais de saúde do escolar de 2015 e 2019 / Consumo y exposición a bebidas alcohólicas entre los adolescentes brasileños: evidencia de las encuestas nacionales de salud escolar de 2015 y 2019 / Consumption of and exposure to alcoholic beverages among brazilian adolescents: diverse evidence from the 2015 and 2019 national school health surveys

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar os indicadores de consumo e exposição a bebidas alcoólicas entre escolares brasileiros em 2019 e compará-los aos de 2015. Método: estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), realizadas em 2015 e 2019. Em 2019, analisaram-se os indicadores referentes ao consumo e à exposição a bebidas alcoólicas, estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária, dependência administrativa, unidades da federação e região geográfica. Estimou-se as prevalências e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC 95%). Resultados: houve aumento na experimentação de bebidas alcoólicas antes de 13 anos (30,6% em 2015 para 34,6% em 2019); sofrer embriaguez na vida (27,2% em 2015 para 47,0% em 2019) e ter problemas com amigos devido ao consumo de bebidas alcóolicas (9,3% em 2015 para 15,7% em 2019). Todos os indicadores foram mais prevalentes entre meninas, exceto beber em binge e episódios de embriagues, que não tiveram diferenças entre os sexos, bem como foram mais elevadas entre estudantes mais velhos. Os episódios de embriaguez e ter amigos que ingerem bebida alcoólica foram mais prevalentes entre escolares de escolas públicas, enquanto o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pelos pais e ter tido problemas com suas famílias ou amigos devido ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas foram mais elevados em estudantes de escolas privadas. Conclusão: evidenciaram-se elevadas prevalências de experimentação, consumo e exposição a bebidas alcoólicas, mostrando que grande parcela dos adolescentes brasileiros se encontra exposta a uma carga evitável de morbimortalidade decorrente do consumo e exposição ao álcool.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los indicadores de consumo y exposición a bebidas alcohólicas entre los estudiantes brasileños en 2019 y compararlos con los de 2015. Método: estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Escolar (PeNSE), realizada en 2015 y 2019. En 2019 se analizaron los indicadores referidos al consumo y exposición a bebidas alcohólicas estratificados por sexo, grupo de edad, dependencia administrativa, unidades federativas y región geográfica. Se estimó la prevalencia y los respectivos intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: aumenta la experimentación con bebidas alcohólicas antes de los 13 años (30,6% en 2015 a 34,6% en 2019); sufrir borracheras en la vida (27,2% en 2015 a 47,0% en 2019) y tener problemas con los amigos por el consumo de alcohol (9,3% en 2015 a 15,7% en 2019). Todos los indicadores eran más frecuentes entre las chicas, excepto el consumo compulsivo de alcohol y los episodios de embriaguez, que no presentaban diferencias de género, además de ser más elevados entre los estudiantes de mayor edad. Los episodios de consumo de alcohol y el hecho de tener amigos que beben bebidas alcohólicas fueron más frecuentes entre los estudiantes de la escuela pública, mientras que el consumo de alcohol por parte de los padres y el hecho de haber tenido problemas con sus familias o amigos debido al consumo de alcohol fueron mayores en los estudiantes de las escuelas privadas. Conclusión: se evidenció una alta prevalencia de experimentación, consumo y exposición a bebidas alcohólicas, mostrando que una gran parte de los adolescentes brasileños está expuesta a una carga evitable de morbilidad y mortalidad resultante del consumo y exposición al alcohol.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the indicators regarding consumption of and exposure to alcoholic beverages among Brazilian schoolchildren in 2018 and compare them to those from 2015. Method: a cross-sectional study conducted with data from the 2015 and 2019 National School Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar, PeNSE). In 2019, the indicators referring to consumption of and exposure to alcoholic beverages were analyzed, stratified by gender, age group, administrative system, Federation Unit, and geographical region. The prevalence values and their respective 95 confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated. Results: there was an increase in trying alcoholic beverages before the age of 13 (from 30.6% in 2015 to 34.6% in 2019); being drunk in their lifetime (from 27.2% in 2015 to 47.0% in 2019) and having problems with friends due to alcohol consumption (from 9.3% in 2015 to 15.7% in 2019). All the indicators were more prevalent among the girls, except for binge drinking and drunkenness episodes, which presented no differences between the genders and were also higher among older students Episodes of drunkenness and having friends who drink alcohol were more prevalent among students from public schools, while consumption of alcoholic beverages by parents and having had problems with their families or friends due to alcohol consumption were higher in students from private schools. Conclusion: high prevalence of experimentation, consumption and exposure to alcoholic beverages was evidenced, showing that a large number of Brazilian adolescents are exposed to an avoidable burden of morbidity and mortality resulting from consumption of and exposure to alcohol.

Burden of disease attributable to Risk Factors in Brazil: an analysis of national and subnational estimates from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study.

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring trends in risk factors (RFs) and the burden of diseases attributable to exposure to RFs is an important measure to identify public health advances and current inadequate efforts. Objective: Analyze the global burden of disease attributable to exposure RFs in Brazil, and its changes from 1990 to 2019, according to the sex and age group. METHODS: This study used data from the Global Burden of Disease study. The Summary Exposure Value, which represents weighted prevalence by risk, was used to estimate exposure to RFs. The mortality and DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) measurements were used to estimate the burden of diseases. For comparisons by year and between Brazilian states, age-standardized rates were used. RESULTS: Arterial hypertension was the factor responsible for most deaths in both sexes. For DALYs, the most important RF was the high body mass index (BMI) for women and alcohol consumption for men. Smoking had a substantial reduction in the attributable burden of deaths in the period. An important reduction was identified in the exposure to RFs related to socioeconomic development, such as unsafe water, lack of sanitation, and child malnutrition. Metabolic RFs, such as high BMI, hypertension, and alcohol consumption showed an increase in the attributable burden. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings point to an increase in metabolic RFs, which are the main RFs for mortality and DALYs. These results can help to consolidate and strengthen public policies that promote healthy lifestyles, thus reducing disease and death.

Burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to dietary risks in Brazil, 1990-2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

INTRODUCTION: An unhealthy diet is a modifiable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), one of the most important public health problems in Brazil. This study aimed to analyze the burden of NCDs attributable to dietary risks in Brazil between 1990-2019. METHODS: Secondary data from the Global Burden of Disease Study were used to estimate the burden attributable to fifteen dietary risks in Brazil. The main sources of data for Brazil were national surveys and international databases. A comparative risk assessment was used to obtain the population attributable fraction. We described the intake of each dietary risk and the distribution of number and rates of deaths and Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to diet by sex, age, state, and year from 1990-2019. RESULTS: Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neoplasms were the main NCDs attributable to an unhealthy diet. Age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates attributable to unhealthy diet decreased between 1990-2019 (-51.5% and -48.8, respectively). Diet high in red meat and sodium, and low in whole grains were the three main risk factors contributing to the burden of NCDs both in 1990 and 2019. The burden of NCDs was higher among males in the middle-aged population (around 50 years), as well as in the states of Maranhão, Rio de Janeiro, and Alagoas. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a suboptimum diet among the Brazilian population. The major contributors to this burden were diet high in red meat and sodium and low in whole grains. This study supports priorities in public policies on food and nutrition to reduce the burden of NCDs.

Loneliness and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents: results of national adolescent school-based health survey 2015

Abstract Objective: To identify the associated factors to loneliness among Brazilian adolescents, considering this is a knowledge gap and given its severity. The United Nations estimates that mental health problems affect approximately 20% of adolescents worldwide. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey 2015, conducted with students aged 13-17 in Brazil. The statistical analysis was performed with the calculation of the prevalence of feeling loneliness reported. Poisson regression with the adjusted Prevalence Ratio was used to evaluate the association between sociodemographic characteristics, family context, mental health and lifestyles, and feelings of loneliness. Results: 15,5% of Brazilian students reported loneliness in the last 12 months. Female gender, higher maternal education, insomnia and be bullying victims rarely or sometimes and most of the time or always had a higher prevalence rate of loneliness. Having friends, having a meal with parents or guardians 5 days or more a week and having understanding parents showed a lower prevalence ratio for loneliness. Conclusion: Loneliness feeling is frequent among adolescents and is associated with female gender, less social and family support, intra-family violence and risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption and bullying. Policies to promote physical and mental well-being in this age group, stimulating friendship and family participation in the lives of adolescents should be made.

Burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to dietary risks in Brazil, 1990-2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Abstract INTRODUCTION: An unhealthy diet is a modifiable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), one of the most important public health problems in Brazil. This study aimed to analyze the burden of NCDs attributable to dietary risks in Brazil between 1990-2019. METHODS: Secondary data from the Global Burden of Disease Study were used to estimate the burden attributable to fifteen dietary risks in Brazil. The main sources of data for Brazil were national surveys and international databases. A comparative risk assessment was used to obtain the population attributable fraction. We described the intake of each dietary risk and the distribution of number and rates of deaths and Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to diet by sex, age, state, and year from 1990-2019. RESULTS: Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and neoplasms were the main NCDs attributable to an unhealthy diet. Age-standardized mortality and DALYs rates attributable to unhealthy diet decreased between 1990-2019 (-51.5% and -48.8, respectively). Diet high in red meat and sodium, and low in whole grains were the three main risk factors contributing to the burden of NCDs both in 1990 and 2019. The burden of NCDs was higher among males in the middle-aged population (around 50 years), as well as in the states of Maranhão, Rio de Janeiro, and Alagoas. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found a suboptimum diet among the Brazilian population. The major contributors to this burden were diet high in red meat and sodium and low in whole grains. This study supports priorities in public policies on food and nutrition to reduce the burden of NCDs.

Burden of disease attributable to Risk Factors in Brazil: an analysis of national and subnational estimates from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Monitoring trends in risk factors (RFs) and the burden of diseases attributable to exposure to RFs is an important measure to identify public health advances and current inadequate efforts. Objective: Analyze the global burden of disease attributable to exposure RFs in Brazil, and its changes from 1990 to 2019, according to the sex and age group. METHODS: This study used data from the Global Burden of Disease study. The Summary Exposure Value, which represents weighted prevalence by risk, was used to estimate exposure to RFs. The mortality and DALYs (Disability Adjusted Life Years) measurements were used to estimate the burden of diseases. For comparisons by year and between Brazilian states, age-standardized rates were used. RESULTS: Arterial hypertension was the factor responsible for most deaths in both sexes. For DALYs, the most important RF was the high body mass index (BMI) for women and alcohol consumption for men. Smoking had a substantial reduction in the attributable burden of deaths in the period. An important reduction was identified in the exposure to RFs related to socioeconomic development, such as unsafe water, lack of sanitation, and child malnutrition. Metabolic RFs, such as high BMI, hypertension, and alcohol consumption showed an increase in the attributable burden. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings point to an increase in metabolic RFs, which are the main RFs for mortality and DALYs. These results can help to consolidate and strengthen public policies that promote healthy lifestyles, thus reducing disease and death.

Health impacts caused by excessive sodium consumption in Brazil: results of the GBD 2019 study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Excessive sodium consumption is associated with increased blood pressure, which is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This study therefore aimed to describe the burden of NCDs attributable to excessive sodium consumption among Brazilians. METHODS: This observational study used mortality and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) rates, and their respective uncertainty intervals (UI), from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). The burden was obtained by the population attributable fraction of each NCD, considering the minimum theoretical value of risk (intake of 0-3g of sodium/day); the excessive consumption proportion in the population, obtained through population inquiries; and the relative risks obtained through meta-analyses. RESULTS: Excessive sodium consumption was the third highest dietary risk contributing to deaths (30,814; 95% UI = 2,034 - 84,130) and DALYs (699,119; 95% UI= 43,130 - 1,914,066) in 2019. States from the Northeast region had the highest age-standardized rates of deaths and DALYs, and the male population was more affected by NCDs caused by excessive sodium consumption. Cardiovascular diseases were the main contributing factors in the burden attributable to excessive sodium consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the progress in addressing NCDs related to this risk factor, the impact remains high, especially among men and in the Northeast region. More effective measures are needed to reduce sodium in industrialized products, such as health promotion actions to combat sodium consumption, in order to prevent and control NCDs in Brazil.

The COVID-19 pandemic and changes in the lifestyles of Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze changes in the lifestyles of Brazilian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with adolescents who participated in the survey "ConVid Adolescentes - Pesquisa de Comportamentos". The indicators related to lifestyles before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were evaluated: consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods, physical activity and sedentary behavior, smoking and consumption of alcohol. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the total population and according to sex and age group. RESULTS: A total of 9,470 adolescents participated in the study. During the period of social distancing, there was an increase in the prevalence of vegetables consumption (from 27.34 to 30.5%), frozen foods (from 13.26 to 17.3%), chocolates and sweets (from 48.58 to 52.51%), and time in front of screens (from 44.57 to 70.15%). On the other hand, there was a decrease in the practice of physical activity (from 28.70 to 15.74%) and in the consumption of alcohol (from 17.72 to 12.77%). Differences were observed according to sex and age group. CONCLUSION: The results show changes in the lifestyle of adolescents and an increase in health risk behaviors.

ConVid - Behavior Survey by the Internet during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: conception and application methodology. / ConVid - Pesquisa de Comportamentos pela Internet durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil: concepção e metodologia de aplicação.

The ConVid - Behavior Survey was conducted in Brazil from April 24 to May 24, 2020, aiming to investigate changes in lifestyles and health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we present the conception and methodology of the research. We used a cross-sectional study using an Internet questionnaire, with questions validated in previous health surveys. The sampling method "virtual snowball" was used, as well as post-stratification procedures. The results related to chronic non-communicable diseases and pre-pandemic lifestyles were compared with estimates from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey and 2019 Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey. The total sample was 45,161 people. After data weighing, the sample distributions of demographic variables were similar to population variables. Only people with a low schooling level were underrepresented. The comparison with the previous results showed similarity in most estimates: recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables (22.1%), recommended physical activity (35.2%), tobacco smoking habit (12.3%), frequent and abusive alcohol consumption (6.7%), obesity (21.2%), self-reported prevalence of hypertension (18.6%), diabetes (7.1%), and heart disease (4.4%). The online survey made it possible to know the population's health conditions during the pandemic. The similarity of the indicators with those obtained in traditional research allowed the validation of the mean estimates. Studies are needed to investigate how the endogenous effects of virtual social networks can be considered when estimating variance.

A ConVid - Pesquisa de Comportamentos foi realizada no Brasil de 24 de abril a 24 de maio de 2020, com o objetivo de investigar as mudanças nos estilos de vida e nas condições de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Neste artigo, apresentamos a concepção e metodologia da pesquisa. Estudo de corte transversal com a utilização de um questionário pela Internet, com questões validadas em inquéritos de saúde anteriores. O método de amostragem foi o "bola de neve virtual" e foram usados os procedimentos de pós-estratificação. Os resultados relativos às doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e estilos de vida pré-pandemia foram comparados às estimativas da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013 e da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico de 2019. A amostra total foi de 45.161 pessoas. Após a ponderação dos dados, as distribuições amostrais das variáveis demográficas foram semelhantes às populacionais. Apenas as pessoas de baixo nível de instrução foram sub-representadas. A comparação com os resultados anteriores mostrou similaridade na maioria das estimativas: consumo recomendado de frutas e legumes (22,1%), atividade física recomendada (35,2%), fumo de cigarros (12,3%), consumo frequente e abusivo de álcool (6,7%), obesidade (21,2%), prevalências autorreferidas de hipertensão (18,6%), diabetes (7,1%) e doença do coração (4,4%). O inquérito online possibilitou conhecer as condições de saúde da população durante a pandemia. A similaridade dos indicadores com os obtidos em pesquisas tradicionais permitiu validar as estimativas médias. Estudos são necessários para investigar como os efeitos endógenos das redes sociais virtuais podem ser levados em consideração na estimação da variância.

La ConVid - Encuesta de Comportamientos se realizó en Brasil del 24 de abril al 24 de mayo de 2020, con el objetivo de investigar los cambios en los estilos de vida y en las condiciones de salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19. En este artículo, se presenta la concepción y metodología de la encuesta. Estudio de corte transversal, utilizando un cuestionario por Internet, con cuestiones validadas en encuestas de salud anteriores. El método de muestra fue el de "bola de nieve virtual" y se usaron procedimientos de posestratificación. Los resultados relativos a las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y estilos de vida prepandemia se compararon con las estimaciones de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2013 y de la Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas por Encuesta Telefónica de 2019. La muestra total fue de 45.161 personas. Tras la ponderación de los datos, las distribuciones de la muestra de las variables demográficas fueron semejantes a las poblacionales. Solamente las personas con un bajo nivel de formación estuvieron sub-representadas. La comparación con los resultados anteriores mostró similitud en la mayoría de las estimaciones: consumo recomendado de frutas y legumbres (22,1%), actividad física recomendada (35,2%), tabaco de liar para cigarrillos (12,3%), consumo frecuente y abusivo de alcohol (6,7%), obesidad (21,2%), prevalencias autoinformadas de hipertensión (18,6%), diabetes (7,1%) y enfermedad del corazón (4,4%). La encuesta online posibilitó conocer las condiciones de salud de la población durante la pandemia. La similitud de los indicadores con los obtenidos en investigaciones tradicionales permitió validar las estimaciones medias. Se necesitan estudios para investigar cómo los efectos endógenos de las redes sociales virtuales pueden ser tenidos en consideración en la estimación de la variancia.

Noncommunicable diseases and changes in lifestyles during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. / Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e mudanças nos estilos de vida durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To compare lifestyle changes during the COVID-19 pandemic according to the presence or absence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Brazilian adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, using data from the ConVid survey, between April and May 2020. The following variables were evaluated: lifestyle and presence of one or more NCDs (diabetes, hypertension, respiratory disease, heart disease, and cancer). Sociodemographic characteristics were used as adjustment. Relative frequencies and confidence intervals (CI) of 95% of the explanatory variables were calculated before and during the pandemic. For the comparison of groups, with or without NCDs, crude and adjusted (PRadj) prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: There was a reduction in physical activity (60% in those without NCDs and 58% in those with NCDs) and in vegetable consumption (10.8% in those without NCDs and 12.7% in those with NCDs). On the other hand, there was an increase in the time spent watching television and on screens of computer/tablet (302% and 43.5% in those without NCDs and 196.5% and 30.6% with NCDs, respectively); consumption of frozen meals (43.6% in those without NCDs and 53.7% with NCDs), snacks (42.3% without NCDs and 31.2% with NCDs), and chocolate (14.8% without NCDs). During the pandemic, patients with NCDs were less active (PRadj = 0.77; 95%CI 0.65 - 0.92), had greater habit of watching TV (PRadj = 1.16; 95%CI 1.08 - 1.26), and consumed less vegetables (PRadj = 0.88; 95%CI 0.81 - 0.96). CONCLUSION: It was evident that adults with NCDs had their lifestyles more altered during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJETIVO: Comparar as mudanças de estilos de vida durante a pandemia COVID-19, segundo a presença ou não de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) em adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com dados da pesquisa ConVid - Pesquisa de Comportamentos, realizada entre abril e maio de 2020. Avaliaram-se as variáveis estilo de vida e presença de uma ou mais DCNT (diabetes, hipertensão, doença respiratória, doença do coração e câncer). As características sociodemográficas foram usadas como ajuste. Calcularam-se as frequências relativas e os intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% das variáveis antes da e durante a pandemia. Para a comparação de grupos, sem ou com DCNT, estimaram-se as prevalências e razões de prevalência bruta e ajustada (RPa) utilizando a regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Houve redução da prática de atividade física (60% nos sem DCNT e 58% nos com DCNT) e do consumo de hortaliças (10,8% nos sem DCNT e 12,7% nos com DCNT). Verificou-se aumento no tempo de uso de televisão e computador/tablet (302 e 43,5% nos sem DCNT e 196,5 e 30,6% nos com DCNT, respectivamente); consumo de congelados (43,6% nos sem DCNT e 53,7% com DCNT), salgadinhos (42,3% sem DCNT e 31,2% com DCNT) e chocolate (14,8% sem DCNT). Durante a pandemia, portadores de DCNT apresentaram menor prática de atividade física suficiente (RPa = 0,77; IC95% 0,65 - 0,92), maior hábito de assistir à televisão (RPa = 1,16; IC95% 1,08 - 1,26) e menor consumo de hortaliças (RPa = 0,88; IC95% 0,81 - 0,96). CONCLUSÃO: Evidenciou-se que adultos com DCNT tiveram seus estilos de vida mais alterados durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

Factors associated with increased cigarette consumption in the Brazilian population during the COVID-19 pandemic. / Fatores associados ao aumento do consumo de cigarros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 na população brasileira.

Social distancing measures adopted in various countries to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to unwanted effects on their populations' health and behaviors. This study aimed to investigate smoking behavior in the Brazilian adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze factors associated with the increase in cigarette consumption. An online survey was performed, and the final sample included 45,160 individuals. The study used post-stratification weights and calculated crude prevalence ratios (PR) and adjusted by sex, age, and schooling, and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Poisson regression models with robust variance were applied to analyze associations between increased cigarette consumption and sociodemographic variables and adherence to social distancing, quality of sleep, state of mind, and changes in work and earnings. Prevalence of smokers was 12% (95%CI: 11.1-12.9), 34% of whom reported an increase in cigarette consumption. The increase was greater among women (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.01-1.59) and individuals with incomplete secondary schooling (PR = 1.35; 95%CI: 1.02-1.79). The increase in cigarette consumption was associated with worse quality of sleep, feeling isolated from family members or sad, depressed, or anxious, loss of earnings, and worse self-rated health. Health promotion strategies, smoking prevention, and encouragement for smoking cessation, as well as mental health interventions, should be continued and reinforced in the context of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Medidas de distanciamento social adotadas em diversos países para mitigar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 podem acarretar efeitos indesejáveis sobre a saúde e o comportamento das populações. Este estudo objetivou investigar o comportamento de fumar na população adulta brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e analisar os fatores associados ao aumento do consumo de cigarro. Foi realizado um inquérito virtual e a amostra final correspondeu a 45.160 indivíduos. Foram utilizados pesos de pós-estratificação e calculadas as razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas por sexo, idade e escolaridade, e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foram aplicados para a análise de associação entre o aumento do consumo de cigarros e as variáveis sociodemográficas e as relativas à adesão ao distanciamento social, qualidade do sono, estado de ânimo, alteração no trabalho e nos rendimentos. A prevalência de fumantes foi de 12% (IC95%: 11,1-12,9), dos quais 34% relataram aumento no consumo de cigarros. Esse aumento foi maior entre as mulheres (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,59) e entre indivíduos com o Ensino Médio incompleto (RP = 1,35; IC95%: 1,02-1,79). O aumento do consumo de cigarros esteve associado à piora da qualidade do sono, sentir-se isolado dos familiares, triste ou deprimido, ansioso, ficar sem rendimentos e pior avaliação do estado de saúde. Estratégias de promoção da saúde, de prevenção do uso e de incentivo à cessação do consumo de cigarros, bem como intervenções em saúde mental, devem ser continuadas e reforçadas no contexto de distanciamento social durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

Las medidas de distanciamiento social adoptadas en diversos países para mitigar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 pueden acarrear efectos indeseables sobre la salud y el comportamiento de las poblaciones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el comportamiento de fumar en la población adulta brasileña, durante la pandemia de COVID-19, y analizar los factores asociados al aumento del consumo de tabaco. Se realizó una encuesta virtual y la muestra final correspondió a 45.160 individuos. Se utilizaron pesos de pos-estratificación y se calcularon las razones de prevalencia (RP) brutas y ajustadas por sexo, edad y escolaridad, así como los respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se aplicaron modelos de regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta para el análisis de asociación entre el aumento del consumo de tabaco y las variables sociodemográficas, así como las relativas a la adhesión al distanciamiento social, calidad del sueño, estado de ánimo, cambios en el trabajo e ingresos. La prevalencia de fumadores fue de un 12% (IC95%: 11,1-12,9), de los cuales un 34% relataron un aumento en el consumo de cigarrillos. Este aumento fue mayor entre las mujeres (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,59) y entre individuos con la enseñanza media incompleta (RP = 1,35; IC95%: 1,02-1,79). El aumento del consumo de tabaco estuvo asociado con un empeoramiento de la calidad del sueño, sentirse aislado de los familiares, triste o deprimido, ansioso, quedarse sin ingresos, al igual que con una peor evaluación del estado de salud. Las estrategias de promoción de salud, prevención del consumo y de alicientes para dejar el hábito de fumar, así como intervenciones en salud mental, deben ser continuas y estar reforzadas en el contexto de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Cardiovascular Risk Estimates in Ten Years in the Brazilian Population, a Population-Based Study. / Estimativas do Risco Cardiovascular em Dez Anos na População Brasileira: Um Estudo de Base Populacional.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, resulting in high health costs and significant economic losses. The Framingham score has been widely used to stratify the cardiovascular risk of the individuals, identifying those at higher risk for the implementation of prevention measures directed to this group. OBJECTIVE: To estimate cardiovascular risk at 10 years in the adult Brazilian population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using laboratory data from a subsample of the National Health Survey. To calculate cardiovascular risk, the Framingham score stratified by sex was used. RESULTS: Most women (58.4%) had low cardiovascular risk, 32.9% had medium risk and 8.7% had high risk. Among men, 36.5% had low cardiovascular risk, 41.9% had medium risk and 21.6% had high risk. The risk increased with age and was high in the low-educated population. The proportion of the components of the Framingham model, by risk and sex, shows that, among women at high risk, the indicators that mostly contributed to cardiovascular risk were: systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, diabetes and tobacco. Among men, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, tobacco and diabetes. CONCLUSION: The study estimates, for the first time in Brazil, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in ten years. The risk score is useful to support the prevention practices of these diseases, considering the clinical and epidemiological context.

FUNDAMENTO: As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morbimortalidade, altos custos com saúde e perdas econômicas importantes. O escore de Framingham tem sido amplamente utilizado para estratificar o risco dos indivíduos avaliados, identificando aqueles com risco maior para que sejam implementadas medidas de prevenção direcionadas para esse grupo. OBJETIVOS: Estimar o risco cardiovascular em 10 anos da população brasileira adulta. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, utilizando dados laboratoriais de uma subamostra da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Para calcular o risco cardiovascular, utilizou-se o escore de Framingham, estratificado por sexo. RESULTADOS: A maioria das mulheres (58,4%) apresentou baixo risco cardiovascular, 32,9%, risco médio e 8,7%, risco elevado. Entre homens, 36,5% apresentaram risco cardiovascular baixo, 41,9%, risco médio e 21,6%, risco elevado. O risco aumentou com a idade e foi elevado na população com baixa escolaridade. A proporção dos componentes do modelo de Framingham, por grupos de risco e sexo, mostra que, no risco elevado entre mulheres, os indicadores que mais contribuíram para o risco cardiovascular foram: a pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, diabetes e tabagismo. Entre homens, pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, tabagismo e diabetes. CONCLUSÕES: Trata-se do primeiro estudo nacional com dados laboratoriais a estimar o risco de doença cardiovascular em dez anos. Os escores de risco são úteis para subsidiar as práticas de prevenção dessas doenças, considerando o contexto clínico e epidemiológico.

Diferenças entre medidas autorreferidas e laboratoriais de diabetes, doença renal crônica e hipercolesterolemia / Differences between self-reported and laboratory measures of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and hypercholesterolemia

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é comparar as prevalências autorreferidas e medidas por exames laboratoriais, assim como a ocorrência de valores de falsos positivos e negativos, para diabetes, doença renal crônica e hipercolesterolemia. Foram utilizadas informações da entrevista e exames laboratoriais da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013, 2014-2015). Foram calculadas a sensibilidade e a especificidade, segundo sexo, idade, escolaridade, ter plano de saúde e tempo desde a última consulta médica. Por meio de regressão logística, foram analisados fatores associados à ocorrência de falsos positivos e falsos negativos. A sensibilidade foi mais elevada para o diabetes e entre os idosos e os que tiveram consulta médica mais recentemente. A especificidade foi alta para todas as doenças, com melhor desempenho entre os jovens, os com alta escolaridade e os que consultaram há mais de um ano. As chances de falsos positivos e falsos negativos diminuíram com a escolaridade e aumentaram com a idade. A sensibilidade baixa indica que as prevalências podem ser mais elevadas que as medidas autoreferidas apontam.

Abstract This paper aims to compare the self-reported prevalence measured by laboratory tests and the false positive and negative values for diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and hypercholesterolemia. We used information from the interview and laboratory tests of the National Health Survey (2013, 2014-2015). Sensitivity and specificity were calculated by gender, age, schooling, having health insurance, and time since the last medical visit. We used logistic regression to analyze associated factors with false positives and negatives. Sensitivity was higher for diabetes and among older adults and those who had a medical visit more recently. Specificity was high for all diseases, with better performance among younger people, those with high schooling, and a visit more than one year ago. The likelihood of false positives and negatives decreased with schooling and increased with age. Low sensitivity suggests that prevalence might be higher than indicated by self-reported measures.

Estimativas do Risco Cardiovascular em Dez Anos na População Brasileira: Um Estudo de Base Populacional / Cardiovascular Risk Estimates in Ten Years in the Brazilian Population, a Population-Based Study

Resumo Fundamento: As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morbimortalidade, altos custos com saúde e perdas econômicas importantes. O escore de Framingham tem sido amplamente utilizado para estratificar o risco dos indivíduos avaliados, identificando aqueles com risco maior para que sejam implementadas medidas de prevenção direcionadas para esse grupo. Objetivos: Estimar o risco cardiovascular em 10 anos da população brasileira adulta. Métodos: Estudo transversal, utilizando dados laboratoriais de uma subamostra da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde. Para calcular o risco cardiovascular, utilizou-se o escore de Framingham, estratificado por sexo. Resultados: A maioria das mulheres (58,4%) apresentou baixo risco cardiovascular, 32,9%, risco médio e 8,7%, risco elevado. Entre homens, 36,5% apresentaram risco cardiovascular baixo, 41,9%, risco médio e 21,6%, risco elevado. O risco aumentou com a idade e foi elevado na população com baixa escolaridade. A proporção dos componentes do modelo de Framingham, por grupos de risco e sexo, mostra que, no risco elevado entre mulheres, os indicadores que mais contribuíram para o risco cardiovascular foram: a pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, diabetes e tabagismo. Entre homens, pressão arterial sistólica, colesterol total, HDL, tabagismo e diabetes. Conclusões: Trata-se do primeiro estudo nacional com dados laboratoriais a estimar o risco de doença cardiovascular em dez anos. Os escores de risco são úteis para subsidiar as práticas de prevenção dessas doenças, considerando o contexto clínico e epidemiológico.

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, resulting in high health costs and significant economic losses. The Framingham score has been widely used to stratify the cardiovascular risk of the individuals, identifying those at higher risk for the implementation of prevention measures directed to this group. Objective: To estimate cardiovascular risk at 10 years in the adult Brazilian population. Methods: Cross-sectional study using laboratory data from a subsample of the National Health Survey. To calculate cardiovascular risk, the Framingham score stratified by sex was used. Results: Most women (58.4%) had low cardiovascular risk, 32.9% had medium risk and 8.7% had high risk. Among men, 36.5% had low cardiovascular risk, 41.9% had medium risk and 21.6% had high risk. The risk increased with age and was high in the low-educated population. The proportion of the components of the Framingham model, by risk and sex, shows that, among women at high risk, the indicators that mostly contributed to cardiovascular risk were: systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, diabetes and tobacco. Among men, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, tobacco and diabetes. Conclusion: The study estimates, for the first time in Brazil, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in ten years. The risk score is useful to support the prevention practices of these diseases, considering the clinical and epidemiological context.

A pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil: a série de projeções do Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation e a evolução observada, maio a agosto de 2020 / La Pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil: Serie de Proyecciones del Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation y la Evolución Observada, desde mayo hasta agosto, 2020 / The COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projections and observed evolution, May-August, 2020

Objetivo: Descrever as projeções do Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) para a COVID-19 no Brasil e seus estados, apresentar sua acurácia e discutir suas implicações. Métodos: As previsões do IHME de maio a agosto de 2020, para o Brasil e alguns estados, foram comparadas ao número de mortes cumulativas observadas. Resultados: A projeção prevê 182.809 mortes causadas pela pandemia até 1º de dezembro de 2020 no Brasil. O aumento no uso de máscara poderia poupar ~17 mil óbitos. O erro médio no número acumulado de óbitos em duas, quatro e seis semanas das projeções foi de 13%, 18% e 22% respectivamente. Conclusão: Projeções de curto e médio prazo dispõem dados importantes e acurácia suficiente para informar os gestores de saúde, autoridades eleitas e sociedade geral. Após trajeto difícil até agosto, a pandemia, conforme as projeções, terá declínio sustentado, embora demorado, causando em média 400 óbitos/dia no início de dezembro.

Objetivo: Describir las proyecciones del Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation para COVID-19 en Brasil y sus estados, presentar su precisión y discutir sus implicaciones. Métodos Las previsiones del IHME de mayo a agosto de 2020 para Brasil y algunos estados, se compararon con las muertes acumuladas observadas. Resultados La proyección prevé 182.809 muertes por la pandemia hasta el 1º de diciembre de 2020 en Brasil. Un aumento en el uso de mascarillas podría evitar ~17.000 muertes. El error medio en el número acumulado de muertes en 2, 4 y 6 semanas de las proyecciones fue de 13%, 18% y 22%. Conclusión: Las proyecciones de corto y medio plazo proporcionan datos importantes y con suficiente precisión para informar a los administradores de salud, autoridades electas y a la sociedad. Después de un camino difícil hasta agosto, la pandemia, según las proyecciones, tendrá una disminución sostenida, pero lenta, y seguirá causando alrededor de 400 muertes/día a principios de diciembre.

Objective: To describe the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) projections for the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and the Brazilian states, present their accuracy and discuss their implications. Methods: The IHME projections from May to August 2020 for Brazil and selected states were compared with the ensuing reported number of cumulative deaths. Results: The pandemic was projected to cause 182,809 deaths by December 1, 2020 in Brazil. An increase in mask use could reduce the projected death toll by ~17,000. The mean error in the cumulative number of deaths at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after the projections were made was 13%, 18% and 22%, respectively. Conclusion: Short and medium-term projections provide important and sufficiently accurate data to inform health managers, elected officials, and society at large. After following an arduous course up until August, the pandemic is projected to decline steadily although slowly, with ~400 deaths/day still occurring in early December.

Factors affecting Brazilians' self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic / Fatores que afetam a autopercepção de saúde dos brasileiros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Factores que afectan la salud autoevaluada de los brasileños durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Abstract: This is a cross-sectional study investigating the factors affecting brazilians' self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on data from the web-based behavior survey. Carried out from April 24 to May 24, 2020, the survey recruited participants by a chain sampling procedure. Its outcome was the worsening of self-rated health during the pandemic. Statistical analysis was based on a hierarchical model of determination. Logistic regression models were used to test the associations between sociodemographic characteristics, pre-existing health conditions, lifestyle indicators and intensity of social restraint measures, and biological and psychological issues during the pandemic. From the total sample of 45,161 participants, 29.4% reported worsening of health state during this period. After adjusting for hierarchical distal factors, the health problems mostly associated with worsening health state were: bad self-rated health (adjusted OR = 4.35, p < 0.001), health care seeking for mental health problem (adjusted OR = 3.95, p < 0.001), and for COVID-19 (adjusted OR = 3.60, p < 0.001). People who experienced sleep problems, worsening of back pain, depression and at least one flu symptom during the pandemic were twice as likely to report worsening of health status. Sedentary and eating behaviors and adherence to social distancing measures showed significant correlation with the outcome. There exists a relation between social, biological, and psychological factors, mediated by lifestyles and variables pertaining to confinement. Altogether, these factors have negatively affected self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

Resumo: O estudo transversal investigou fatores que afetam a autopercepção de saúde dos brasileiros durante pandemia da COVID-19, com base em dados de um inquérito comportamental eletrônico. Realizado entre 24 de abril e 24 de maio de 2020, o estudo recrutou participantes através de um procedimento de amostragem em cadeia. A variável de desfecho era a piora na autopercepção de saúde durante a pandemia. A análise estatística usou um modelo hierárquico de determinação. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística para testar as associações entre características sociodemográficas, doenças preexistentes, indicadores de estilo de vida e intensidade de medidas de distanciamento social, e aspectos biológicos e psicológicos durante a pandemia. Na amostra total de 45.161 participantes, 29,4% relataram piora do estado de saúde durante a pandemia. Após ajustar para fatores hierárquicos distais, os problemas de saúde mais associados à piora do estado de saúde foram: autopercepção de saúde ruim (OR ajustado = 4,35, p < 0,001): e procura de assistência devido a problemas de saúde mental (OR ajustado = 3,95, p < 0,001) e para COVID-19 (OR ajustado = 3,60, p < 0,001). As pessoas que relataram problemas de sono, piora da dor lombar, depressão e pelo menos um sintoma gripal durante a pandemia apresentavam duas vezes maior probabilidade de relatar piora do estado de saúde. Comportamentos sedentários e alimentares e adesão a medidas de distanciamento social mostraram correlação significativa com o desfecho. Há uma correlação entre fatores sociais, biológicos e psicológicos, mediada por estilos de vida e variáveis relacionadas ao confinamento. Juntos, esses fatores têm afetado negativamente a autopercepção de saúde dos brasileiros durante a pandemia da COVID-19.

Resumen: Se trata de un estudio transversal que investiga los factores que afectan la salud autoevaluada de los brasileños durante la pandemia de COVID-19, basada en datos de una encuesta por internet sobre comportamiento. Se llevó a cabo del 24 de abril al 24 de mayo de 2020, la encuesta reclutó participantes mediante un método de muestreo en cadena. Su resultado fue el empeoramiento de la salud autoevaluada durante la pandemia. El análisis estadístico estuvo basado en un modelo jerárquico de determinación. Los modelos de regresión logística se usaron para probar las asociaciones entre características sociodemográficas, condiciones de salud preexistentes, indicadores de estilo de vida e intensidad de las medidas de distanciamiento social, y problemas biológicos y psicológicos durante la pandemia. De una muestra total de 45.161 participantes, un 29,4% informaron de un empeoramiento del estado de salud durante este periodo. Tras el ajuste por factores jerárquicos distales, los problemas de salud en su mayoría asociados con un empeoramiento del estado de salud fueron: mala salud autoevaluada (OR ajustada = 4,35, p < 0,001), búsqueda de cuidados de salud por problemas mentales (OR ajustada = 3,95, p < 0,001), y en el caso del COVID-19 (OR ajustada = 3,60, p < 0,001). Las personas que sufrieron problemas de sueño, empeoramiento del dolor de espalda, depresión y al menos un síntoma de gripe durante la pandemia tuvieron dos veces más probabilidades de informar de un empeoramiento del estado de salud. Sedentarismo y comportamientos alimenticios, así como la adherencia a las medidas de distanciamiento social mostraron una significativa correlación con el resultado. Existe una relación entre los factores sociales, biológicos, y psicológicos, influenciados por los estilos de vida y variables relacionadas con el confinamiento. En conjunto, estos factores han afectado negativamente la salud autoinformada durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil.