A framework for measurement and harmonization of pediatric multiple sclerosis etiologic research studies: The Pediatric MS Tool-Kit.

BACKGROUND: While studying the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) in children has several methodological advantages over studying etiology in adults, studies are limited by small sample sizes. OBJECTIVE: Using a rigorous methodological process, we developed the Pediatric MS Tool-Kit, a measurement framework that includes a minimal set of core variables to assess etiological risk factors. METHODS: We solicited input from the International Pediatric MS Study Group to select three risk factors: environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, sun exposure, and vitamin D intake. To develop the Tool-Kit, we used a Delphi study involving a working group of epidemiologists, neurologists, and content experts from North America and Europe. RESULTS: The Tool-Kit includes six core variables to measure ETS, six to measure sun exposure, and six to measure vitamin D intake. The Tool-Kit can be accessed online ( www.maelstrom-research.org/mica/network/tool-kit ). CONCLUSION: The goals of the Tool-Kit are to enhance exposure measurement in newly designed pediatric MS studies and comparability of results across studies, and in the longer term to facilitate harmonization of studies, a methodological approach that can be used to circumvent issues of small sample sizes. We believe the Tool-Kit will prove to be a valuable resource to guide pediatric MS researchers in developing study-specific questionnaire.

Exercise Training Impacts Cardiac Mitochondrial Proteome Remodeling in Murine Urothelial Carcinoma.

Cardiac dysfunction secondary to cancer may exert a negative impact in patients' tolerance to therapeutics, quality of life, and survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of exercise training on the heart in the setting of cancer, after diagnosis. Thus, the molecular pathways harbored in heart mitochondria from a murine model of chemically-induced urothelial carcinoma submitted to 8-weeks of high intensity treadmill exercise were characterized using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Data highlight the protective effects of high intensity exercise training in preventing left ventricle diastolic dysfunction, fibrosis, and structural derangement observed in tumor-bearing mice. At the mitochondrial level, exercise training counteracted the lower ability to produce ATP observed in the heart of animals with urothelial carcinoma and induced the up-regulation of fatty acid oxidation and down-regulation of the biological process "cardiac morphogenesis". Taken together, our data support the prescription of exercise training after cancer diagnosis for the management of disease-related cardiac dysfunction.

A regionalização da saúde e a assistência aos usuários com câncer de mama / Health regionalization and assistance to users with breast cancer

Resumo O câncer (ou neoplasia maligna), apesar de ser uma patologia conhecida há séculos, tem ocupado posição de destaque nos estudos referentes à saúde por todo o mundo, pois se tornou um problema de saúde pública, devido ao caráter epidêmico com que tem se apresentado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir a regionalização da saúde em Minas Gerais, relacionando-a com a assistência aos usuários com câncer de mama dos municípios que compõem a Região Ampliada de Saúde Norte (RAS Norte). Os procedimentos metodológicos consistiram em revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e registros iconográficos. A RAS Norte é composta por 86 municípios divididos em nove regiões de saúde, sendo Montes Claros a cidade-polo que oferece os serviços ambulatoriais e hospitalares de alta complexidade para o tratamento do câncer e que recebe toda a demanda de usuários oncológicos da região. A população atingida pelo câncer de mama na região enfrenta problemas relacionados com o acesso aos serviços de saúde, principalmente no que se refere à acessibilidade, como percorrer grandes distâncias com péssimas condições das estradas para tratarem a doença. Percebe-se que a regionalização da saúde em Minas Gerais é um processo ainda em construção que deve ser revisto constantemente, a fim de se atingir uma gestão eficiente dos serviços de saúde.

Abstract Cancer (or malignancy), despite being a well known disease for centuries, has occupied a prominent position in the studies regarding health throughout the world, because it has become a public health problem, due to its epidemic character. This work aims to discuss the health regionalization in Minas Gerais relating this to the assistance to breast cancer patients of the municipalities that compose the Extended Region of Northern Health (RAS North). The methodological procedures consisted of literature review, document search and iconographic records. RAS North comprises 86 municipalities, divided into nine health regions, and Montes Claros is the main city to offer outpatient and hospital services of high complexity for cancer treatment, and receives all the demand for oncology patients in the region. The people of RAS North diagnosed with breast cancer face many problems, such as accessibility to health services, like traveling great distances with poor road conditions to receive medical treatment. It can be observed that health regionalization in Minas Gerais is a process under construction that should be constantly revised to achieve efficient management of health services.

Negative interaction between smoking and EBV in the risk of multiple sclerosis: The EnvIMS study.

BACKGROUND: Results from previous studies on a possible interaction between smoking and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) are conflicting. OBJECTIVES: To examine the interaction between smoking and infectious mononucleosis (IM) in the risk of MS. METHODS: Within the case-control study on Environmental Factors In Multiple Sclerosis (EnvIMS), 1904 MS patients and 3694 population-based frequency-matched healthy controls from Norway, Italy, and Sweden reported on prior exposure to smoking and history of IM. We examined the interaction between the two exposures on the additive and multiplicative scale. RESULTS: Smoking and IM were each found to be associated with an increased MS risk in all three countries, and there was a negative multiplicative interaction between the two exposures in each country separately as well as in the pooled analysis ( p = 0.001). Among those who reported IM, there was no increased risk associated with smoking (odds ratio (OR): 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66-1.37). The direction of the estimated interactions on the additive scale was consistent with a negative interaction in all three countries (relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI): -0.98, 95% CI: -2.05-0.15, p = 0.09). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate competing antagonism, where the two exposures compete to affect the outcome.

[Predictors of changes in functional capacity on a cardiac rehabilitation program]. / Fatores preditores da evolução da capacidade funcional num programa de reabilitação cardíaca.

INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP) strongly influences the recovery of functional capacity (FC), resulting in improved prognosis and survival. OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiovascular risk factors that predict changes in FC in patients on CRP. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional descriptive retrospective study of patients who began a CRP between January 2008 and December 2013. The dependent variable was changes in FC estimated in metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved in stress testing at the beginning and end of the phase II program. The independent variables were age, gender, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, body mass index, physical activity level and reason for referral to the CRP. RESULTS: The sample included 1399 patients, of whom 1125 (80.4%) completed the program. FC improved in most patients (93%), with a mean gain of 1.45 ± 1.19 METs. Patients aged 45 -65 and over 65 years achieved a greater increase in FC compared with other age groups. Patients admitted to the CRP after coronary artery bypass graft surgery obtained a greater improvement in FC compared to patients with acute coronary syndrome. Non-diabetic patients benefited more than diabetic patients. No significant differences were seen between the groups in the other variables. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for new and individualized approaches in certain subgroups of patients on CRP.

Level of education and multiple sclerosis risk after adjustment for known risk factors: The EnvIMS study.

BACKGROUND: Several recent studies have found a higher risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) among people with a low level of education. This has been suggested to reflect an effect of smoking and lower vitamin D status in the social class associated with lower levels of education. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to investigate the association between level of education and MS risk adjusting for the known risk factors smoking, infectious mononucleosis, indicators of vitamin D levels and body size. METHODS: Within the case-control study on Environmental Factors In MS (EnvIMS), 953 MS patients and 1717 healthy controls from Norway reported educational level and history of exposure to putative environmental risk factors. RESULTS: Higher level of education were associated with decreased MS risk (p trend = 0.001) with an OR of 0.53 (95% CI 0.41-0.68) when comparing those with the highest and lowest level of education. This association was only moderately reduced after adjusting for known risk factors (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.44-0.83). The estimates remained similar when cases with disease onset before age 28 were excluded. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that factors related to lower socioeconomic status other than established risk factors are associated with MS risk.

Timing of use of cod liver oil, a vitamin D source, and multiple sclerosis risk: The EnvIMS study.

BACKGROUND: Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), although it remains unknown whether this relationship varies by age. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to investigate the association between vitamin D3 supplementation through cod liver oil at different postnatal ages and MS risk. METHODS: In the Norwegian component of the multinational case-control study Environmental Factors In Multiple Sclerosis (EnvIMS), a total of 953 MS patients with maximum disease duration of 10 years and 1717 controls reported their cod liver oil use from childhood to adulthood. RESULTS: Self-reported supplement use at ages 13-18 was associated with a reduced risk of MS (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.52-0.86), whereas supplementation during childhood was not found to alter MS risk (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.81-1.26), each compared to non-use during the respective period. An inverse association was found between MS risk and the dose of cod liver oil during adolescence, suggesting a dose-response relationship (p trend = 0.001) with the strongest effect for an estimated vitamin D3 intake of 600-800 IU/d (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.31-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: These findings not only support the hypothesis relating to low vitamin D as a risk factor for MS, but further point to adolescence as an important susceptibility period for adult-onset MS.

Comparative proteomic analyses of urine from rat urothelial carcinoma chemically induced by exposure to N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine.

Bladder cancer is estimated to be the ninth most common malignancy with a high rate of recurrence and progression despite therapy, early diagnosis being crucial for timely intervention. Using a well-established animal model of urothelial carcinoma, we performed a comprehensive analysis of urine proteome profile from healthy animals and animals with urothelial carcinoma at two time-points of disease pathogenesis. GeLC-MS/MS, followed by bioinformatics analysis of unique proteins and the ones present in significantly distinct levels among groups, highlighted the biological processes involved in disease pathogenesis such as, for instance, response to selenium and to drugs, neutral lipid metabolism at earlier stages of disease, and inflammation, immune response and wound healing at advanced stages. Proteins from up-regulated biological processes might be seen as putative disease biomarkers. These include, for example, cadherins, lipoproteins, and glysosyltransferases, which may be included in multimarker strategies. Taken together, the data support the application of urine proteomics for the identification of the biological processes modulated by bladder cancer in an integrative perspective. The present exploratory urinary proteomic analysis might be seen as an important starting point for studies targeting urinary proteins in human, aiming at the implementation of novel laboratory approaches for the detection and successful management of urothelial carcinoma.

Body size and the risk of multiple sclerosis in Norway and Italy: the EnvIMS study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity may be a risk factor for developing multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE: We examined if body size influences the risk of MS in a population-based, case control study. METHODS: A total of 953 cases and 1717 controls from Norway and 707 cases and 1333 controls from Italy reported their body size by choosing a silhouette 1 to 9 (largest) every fifth year from age 5 to 30 and at time of study. The body size-related MS risk was defined by odds ratios (ORs) in logistic regression analyses adjusting for age, smoking and outdoor activity. RESULTS: In Norway a large body size (silhouettes 6-9) compared to silhouette 3 increased the risk of MS, especially at age 25 (OR 2.21; 95% CI 1.09-4.46 for men and OR 1.43; 95% CI 0.90-2.27 for women). When comparing silhouette 9 to 1, we found a significant dose-response from age 10 until age 30 peaking at age 25 (sex-adjusted OR 2.83; 95% CI 1.68-4.78). The association was present for at least 15 years prior to disease onset. No significant associations were found in Italy. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity from childhood until young adulthood is a likely risk factor for MS with a seemingly stronger effect in Norway than in Italy.

[Long-term effects of a cardiac rehabilitation program in the control of cardiovascular risk factors]. / Efeitos a longo prazo de um programa de reabilitação cardíaca no controlo dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac rehabilitation programs are designed to improve patients' functional capacity, as well as to educate them and to monitor their cardiovascular risk factors. AIM: The study aims to evaluate the effects of cardiac rehabilitation programs in patients with coronary disease over a 12-month follow-up period with regard to control of cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: This was a prospective study of patients diagnosed with coronary disease who completed an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program between January 2008 and December 2009 and who were not lost to follow-up. Patients were evaluated at an early stage (first medical consultation in phase II of the program) and 3, 6 and 12 months later, the following parameters being assessed: weight and body mass index, waist circumference, lipid profile, HbA1c in diabetic patients, blood pressure, smoking status and physical activity (using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire). RESULTS: In the sample of 256 patients (76.2% male, mean age 67 years), dyslipidemia proved to be the most prevalent risk factor (74.2%), followed by overweight (71.5%). There was a statistically significant improvement (p<0,05) in all risk factors studied at the end of phase II of the program, which was maintained at 6 and 12 months of follow-up, with the exception of body mass index (loss of statistical significance at 6-month assessment, p=0,92). CONCLUSION: This study highlights the need for cardiac rehabilitation programs in the context of secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and the importance of implementing strategies that promote long-term maintenance of their benefits.

Boas práticas e segurança alimentar em serviço de alimentação: comparação entre setores e categorias de gêneros alimentícios / Good practices and security in food service: comparison between sectors and categories of food

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as Boas Práticas de Manipulação em uma Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição, de entidade militar, localizada na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, comparando carnes e vegetais, desde a recepção até o consumo. Foram avaliadas as Boas Práticas para serviços de alimentação, com aplicação dos critérios nas etapas de recepção, armazenamento, preparo e consumo, conforme os parâmetros estabelecidos pela RDC 216/04 da ANVISA.

The demographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of transverse myelitis in children.

The authors collected demographic, clinical, and neuroimaging data prospectively on 38 children with transverse myelitis. One child died during the illness. The female:male ratio was 1.2:1 for children under age 10 years and 2.6:1 over age 10 years. Twenty-eight (74%) reported a prodromal event. Twenty-two patients (58%) had longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, 9 (24%) had focal lesions, and 5 (13%) had both. Twenty of 33 with brain imaging (61%) had brain lesions; 7 fulfilled McDonald criteria for dissemination in space. Seven of 22 (36%) tested had cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal banding, 6 of whom had brain lesions. Serum neuromyelitis optica IgG antibodies were absent in all 20 of the children for whom this test was available. At follow-up (mean 3.2 ± 2.0 years), 16% are wheelchair-dependent, 22% have persisting bladder dysfunction, and 13% have been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

Formacão de cisto epidermóide (colesteatoma) com implantacão de tecido epitelial junto ao osso femural de ratos / Growth of cholesteatoma by implantation of epithelial tissue along the femoral bone of rats

O colesteatoma é um cisto epidermóide, caracterizado por tecido epidérmico queratinizado, com capacidade de migracão e erosão de estruturas adjacentes. OBJETIVO: Verificar o crescimento do cisto epidermóide (colesteatoma) quando se implanta fragmento de pele do pavilhão auricular junto ao osso femoral de ratos. FORMAL DE ESTUDO: experimental. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram selecionados 10 ratos, os quais foram submetidos à implantacão de fragmento de pele do pavilhão auricular na coxa e mantidos por 3 meses, seguido de remocão do tecido implantado após este período. Cada fragmento ressecado dos animais foi incluso em parafina, corado em hematoxilina-eoxina e preparado em lâminas para efetivacão de estudo anatomopatológico. RESULTADO: Aspecto macroscópico: aspecto granulomatoso, de coloracão amarelada, de forma arredondada e amolecida. Aspecto microscópico: estrutura cística com revestimento constituído por epitélio escamoso estratificado. O cisto apresenta camada mais interna córnea, com descamacão de queratina, seguida da camada granulosa e camadas escamosa e basal mais externamente. CONCLUSAO: O cisto epidermóide (colesteatoma) pode se desenvolver a partir de tecido epitelial transplantado junto ao osso femoral de ratos.

Growth of cholesteatoma by implantation of epithelial tissue along the femoral bone of rats.

UNLABELLED: Cholesteatoma is a well-known infection resembling a pearl. Its histological aspect is of an epidermal cyst formation characterized by epidermal-keratinized tissue in the middle ear and mastoid that can migrate and erode to adjacent structures. AIM: To verify epidermal cyst (cholesteatoma) growth through implantation of auricular skin of a mouse next to its femoral bone. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ten healthy rats between two and five months of age and of both sexes underwent implantation of auricular skin on the femoral bone during a three-month period. Paraffin-embedded sections were obtained from the sample and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for pathology investigation. RESULTS: Macroscopic view: round soft yellowish granulation tissue. Microscopic view: keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium cystic formation. The cyst presented innermost corneal layer, resulted from keratinized skin, followed by granulated and squamous layers, and outermost basal layer. CONCLUSIONS: Growth of epidermal cyst (cholesteatoma) may start from a transplanted epithelial tissue next to the femoral bone of rats.

Relação da presença de hiperacusia em pacientes com paralisia facial periférica de Bell / Hyperacusis and peripheral facial paralysis correlation (Bell's palsy)

A paralisia de Bell é uma paralisia facial unilateral de início súbito e de causa desconhecida. Pode afetar a salivação, o paladar e o lacrimejamento dependendo do topografia do acometimento do nervo facial, e os pacientes podem referir hipersensibilidade auditiva. Nos pacientes com paralisia de Bell, o reflexo estapediano está ausente. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desta investigação foi o de verificar se os pacientes com paralisia de Bell apresentam hiperacusia. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram examinados 18 pacientes aleatórios apresentando paralisia facial periférica de Bell. Foi realizada avaliação otorrinolaringológica completa, teste de Hilger, teste de Schirmer, gustometria, audiometria tonal e vocal, imitanciometria e teste de desconforto auditivo. A faixa etária entre 31 e 40 anos foi a mais afetada pela PFP nesta amostra. RESULTADO: Os pacientes do sexo feminino foram os mais afetados estando acometidos em 61 por cento dos casos. A hemi-face direita foi acometida em 56 por cento dos casos. O grau de acometimento local mais encontrado foi o grau IV em 44 por cento dos casos e os graus III e V em 28 por cento dos casos cada. A queixa de hiperacusia esteve presente em apenas um paciente, o que representa 5,5 por cento dos casos. Todos os pacientes estudados apresentaram diminuição nos gráficos audiométricos do limiar de tolerância auditiva, sendo que o reflexo estapediano protege, em média 16 dB, nestes pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: Portanto, concluímos que pacientes com paralisia de Bell apresentam clinicamente queixas de hiperacusia semelhantes da população geral, porém, audiometricamente, o limiar de tolerância auditivo no lado paralisado é menor do que em relação ao do lado normal.

60 anos da Escola de Nutrição / School of Nutrition: 60 years

Edição comemorativa pela passagem dos 60 anos da Escola de Nutrição da UNIRIO, idealizada pela Professora Enilda Lins da Cruz Gouveia e elaborada por uma Comissão, constituída de professores da casa, contando ainda com a colaboração direta de ex-alunas, ex-professoras e ex-diretoras.

Comissão tripartite do Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador - CTPAT: processo decisório. Um estudo exploratório - 1997/2001 / Commission tripartite of the program of feeding of worker - CTPAT: power to decide process. A exploratório study - 1997/2001

Focaliza as negociações que envolvem as associações de empregadores, trabalhadores e o governo no Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador dentro da arena decisória formal denominada de Comissão Tripartite do Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador - CTPAT, criada a partir de 1997. O objetivo foi acompanhar como acontece o processo decisório dentro das reuniões da CTPAT, em função das decisões políticas e do desempenho enquanto forum de discussão sobre os problemas relacionados à operacionalização do Programa, seja facilitando ou impedindo que as empresas efetivem o benefício-alimentação a seus trabalhadores. O período estudado é de 1997 a 2001. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos: o primeiro com conteúdo teórico-político, sobre "policy making" analisando o processo decisório na formulação e implementação das políticas relativas à alimentação do trabalhador. O segundo trata do Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador- PAT, com seus antecedentes, toda a sua evolução do ponto de vista legal e político, os impactos econômico-financeiros para os empresários, nutricionais para os trabalhadores além das avaliações quanto ao desempenho do programa. O terceiro aborda a Comissão Tripartite, os antecedentes históricos, abordando a formação e a composição das associações intervenientes, atuação e o "policy-making" no interior das mesmas. Foram analisadas vinte atas dessas reuniões. Foram estudadas as questões no que tange à participação de seus membros e convidados, os assuntos discutidos, as negociações e as pactuações entre os atores envolvidos focalizando-se o processo decisório, e a formulação das pollíticas de alimentação para os trabalhadores. Foi analisada a conduta da Comissão comparando-se com o Regimento Interno que a norteia e dita as regras que envolvem o processo decisório. Conclui-se que são poucos os confrontos políticos entre governo, empregadores e trabalhadores, e que esta arena formal de discussão tem propiciado aos diversos grupos de trabalhadores, empregadores e profissionais do segmento de alimentação participar da formulação e fiscalização de uma política criada para beneficiá-la, compartilhando democraticamente das decisões que dizem respeito à operacionalização deste Programa, e dos arranjos relativos à concentração política. A comissão reformulou o PAT, flexibilizando a legislação que o ampara, tendo como meta, ampliar o número de trabalhadores beneficiados e maior adesão por parte das empresas.

O enfermeiro e a gerência dos fatores produtores de satisfaçäo e insastifaçäo na administraçäo dos recursos humanos / The nurse and the management of producer factors of pleasure and displeasure in manpower administration

A compilaçäo dos fatores produtores de motivos para o diagnóstico da síndrome motivacional e a gerência desses fatores no contexto hospitalar, é tarefa imprescindível ao profissional-enfermeiro que intenta supervisionar funcionários motivados na prestaçäo de uma assistência eficaz e eficiente ao indivíduo enfermo