Complications of Pessaries Amenable to Surgical Correction: Two Case Reports and a Systematic Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Forty percent of women will experience prolapse in their lifetime. Vaginal pessaries are considered the first line of treatment in selected patients. Major complications of vaginal pessaries rarely occur. METHODS: PubMed and Embase were searched from 1961 to 2022 for major complications of vaginal pessaries using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text terms. The keywords were pessary or pessaries and: vaginal discharge, incontinence, entrapment, urinary infections, fistula, complications, and vaginal infection. The exclusion criteria were other languages than English, pregnancy, complications without a prior history of pessary placement, pessaries unregistered for clinical practice (herbal pessaries), or male patients. The extracted data included symptoms, findings upon examination, infection, type of complication, extragenital symptoms, and treatment. RESULTS: We identified 1874 abstracts and full text articles; 54 were assessed for eligibility and 49 met the inclusion criteria. These 49 studies included data from 66 patients with pessary complications amenable to surgical correction. Clavien-Dindo classification was used to grade the complications. Most patients presented with vaginal symptoms such as bleeding, discharge, or ulceration. The most frequent complications were pessary incarceration and fistulas. Surgical treatment included removal of the pessary under local or general anesthesia, fistula repair, hysterectomy and vaginal repair, and the management of bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Pessaries are a reasonable and durable treatment for pelvic organ prolapse. Complications are rare. Routine follow-ups are necessary. The ideal patient candidate must be able to remove and reintroduce their pessary on a regular basis; if not, this must be performed by a healthcare worker at regular intervals.

Same-day Discharge after Robotic Hysterectomy for Benign Conditions: Feasibility and Safety.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility and predictive factors for same-day discharge (SDD) after robotic hysterectomy (RH) for benign indications to optimize patient selection by incorporating preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables. DESIGN: A single-center retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary academic hospital. PATIENTS: Patients undergoing RH for benign indications. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were designated for SDD by implementing enhanced recovery after surgery protocol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The study included 890 patients who underwent RH for benign indications between the years 2016 and 2021. Of these, 618 (69.4%) were discharged the same day and 272 (30.5%) were admitted for overnight stay. Both groups had similar age (46.4 vs 46.2 years), body mass index (28.3 vs 28.9), and indications for surgery. In multivariable logistic regression, factors that were significant for overnight stay were American Society of Anesthesiologists score 3, Charlson comorbidity index, previous laparotomy, and operative time. Other factors such as surgery start time and preoperative hemoglobin levels were not statistically significant. Postoperative outcomes were comparable for both groups with similar readmission and reoperation rates. CONCLUSION: The likelihood of SDD after RH in this cohort after implementing enhanced recovery after surgery protocol was almost 70%, and most of the predictive factors for overnight stay were nonmodifiable. Importantly, both groups had similar outcomes after surgery.

Same-day dismissal for endometrial cancer robotic surgery: feasibility factors.

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors in feasibility and safety of same-day dismissal (SDD) of endometrial cancer patients undergoing robotic hysterectomy and staging. A single-institution retrospective chart review of endometrial cancer patients who underwent robotic hysterectomy and staging between 2012 and 2021 was performed. Patient demographics, medical and surgical history, intra- and postoperative events were examined as possible factors related to non-SDD. These factors were analyzed using univariate (chi-square test) and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Of the 292 patients, 117 (40%) had SDD, and 175 (60%) had non-SDD. The SDD rate increased from 13.8% to 88% over the 10-year study period. The factors significantly associated with non-SDD (p < 0.05) were surgery in the first 5 years after the introduction of the SDD and ERAS protocols (2012-2016), age > 75 years, and comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, anemia (Hb < 11 g/dl), and anticoagulant therapy. Extensive adhesiolysis, the performance of complete pelvic and/or aortic lymphadenectomy, operating time > 180 min, and PACU discharge after 2:00 p.m. were significant factors for non-SDD. Sentinel lymph node sampling was significantly associated with SDD (OR 0.050; CI 0.273-0.934, p = 0.029). We reported no significant difference in the number, setting and timing of any unscheduled postoperative contacts, complications, and readmissions between SDD and non-SDD groups. SDD after robotic hysterectomy and staging for endometrial cancer is feasible and safe. There are patient and surgery factors for the failure of SDD. The sentinel lymph node sampling was significantly associated with achieving SDD. Trial registration: Institutional Review Board approved the study protocol (#: 1764-05).

Does MIS Play a Role in the Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Cancer?

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy allows a minimally invasive approach for interval debulking in patients with ovarian cancer considered unresectable to no residual disease by laparotomy at diagnosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the type of surgical approach at interval debulking (ID) after three courses of carboplatin and taxol in patients with unresectable ovarian cancer at diagnosis compared with the type of surgical approach at primary debulking (PD). A secondary objective was to compare the perioperative outcomes of MIS vs. laparotomy at ID. A retrospective review of the type of surgical approach at ID following three courses of carboplatin and taxol was compared with the surgical approach at PD, and a review of the perioperative outcomes of MIS vs. open at ID was performed during the period from 21 January 2012, through 21 February 2013, for stage IIIC > 2 cm or IV epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) unresectable at diagnosis and the surgical approach at PD. During the study period, 127 patients with stage IIIC or IV EOC met the inclusion criteria. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS), laparoscopic or robotic, was used in 21.6% of patients at ID and in 23.3% of patients at PD. At ID, MIS patients had a shorter hospital stay as compared to laparotomy (2 vs. 8 days; p < 0.001). At 5 year follow-up, 31.5% of EOC patients were alive (ID MIS: 47.5% vs. ID open: 30%; PD MIS: 41% vs. PD open: 28%), while 24.4% had no evidence of disease (ID MIS: 39% vs. ID open: 19.5%; PD MIS: 32% vs. PD open: 22%). Among living patients, 22% had evidence of disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a form of chemo-debulking and allows a minimally invasive approach at interval debulking in about one-fifth of the patients, with initial disease deemed unresectable to no residual tumor at initial diagnosis.

Does a Uterine Manipulator Increase the Distance of the Ureter to the Cervix and/or Vagina? An Anatomical Cadaver Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether advancing a manipulator increased the distance of the ureter to the cervix and/or vagina. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Academic institution. PATIENTS: A total of 22 intact fresh-frozen female pelvises. INTERVENTIONS: A total of 6 ureteral distances were measured per pelvis. Included were the following measurements on each side: (1) from the lateral cervical wall to the ureter at the intersection with the uterine artery; (2) from the lateral cervical wall to the parametrial ureter; and (3) from the vagina to the ureter at the intersection with the uterine artery. All measurements were obtained with and without advancement of a uterine manipulator. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The average distance from the ureter to the cervix and vagina without advancing the manipulator was 2.8 and 3.1 cm, respectively, and the distance from the parametrial ureter to the cervix was 3.3 cm. When the manipulator was advanced, all ureteral distances increased by 0.8, 0.6, and 0.6 cm, respectively, in 12 of the 22 pelvises (55%). Advancing the manipulator did not increase at least 1 of the distances in 10 of the 22 pelvises (45%). The advancement of the manipulator lengthened the 2 shortest ureteral distances of 1 cm noted in 1 pelvis (4.5%) by 0.9 and 0.4 cm. CONCLUSION: The uterine manipulator increased the distance of the ureter to the cervix and vagina for all measurements in 55.5% of the pelvises. The greatest increase was 0.9 cm. The manipulator did not increase at least 1 of the distances in 10 of the 22 pelvises (45.4%).

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis-Mimicking Advanced Gynecological Cancer: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature.

(1) Background: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a necrotizing vasculitis that mimics gynecologic cancer. In GPA patients, the genitourinary system is affected in <1%. The objective of the study was to provide a systematic review of the literature of GPA patients with gynecological involvement. (2) Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched from inception to July 2021 for GPA patients with gynecological involvement Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text terms. Exclusion criteria were other language, review articles, pregnancy, fertility, or male patients. Data were extracted on clinical evolution, symptoms, examinations findings, diagnosis delay, treatment, outcome, patient status, and follow-up. (3) Results: Seventeen studies included data from patients with GPA and primary or relapsed gynecological involvement. 68% of the authors of this review thought the patient had cancer. The main gynecological symptom is bleeding, but exclusive gynecologic symptomatology is rare (ENT: 63%, lungs: 44%, kidneys-urinary tract: 53%). GPA could affect all areas of the genital tract, but the most frequent location is the uterine cervix. Medical treatment for GPA is effective. (4) Conclusions: GPA of the female genital tract must be considered when biopsies of an ulcerated malignant-appearing cervical or vaginal mass are negative for malignancy even when they are unspecific. Rheumatology consultation is indicated.

The shift from inpatient to outpatient hysterectomy for endometrial cancer in the United States: trends, enabling factors, cost, and safety.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in outpatient versus inpatient hysterectomy for endometrial cancer and assess enabling factors, cost and safety. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients aged 18 years or older who underwent hysterectomy for endometrial cancer between January 2008 and September 2015 were identified in the Premier Healthcare Database. The surgical approach for hysterectomy was classified as open/abdominal, vaginal, laparoscopic or robotic assisted. We described trends in surgical setting, perioperative costs and safety. The impact of patient, provider and hospital characteristics on outpatient migration was assessed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: We identified 41 246 patients who met inclusion criteria. During the time period studied, we observed a 41.3% shift from inpatient to outpatient hysterectomy (p<0.0001), an increase in robotic hysterectomy, and a decrease in abdominal hysterectomy. The robotic hysterectomy approach, more recent procedure (year), and mid-sized hospital were factors that enabled outpatient hysterectomies; while abdominal hysterectomy, older age, Medicare insurance, black ethnicity, higher number of comorbidities, and concomitant procedures were associated with an inpatient setting. The shift towards outpatient hysterectomy led to a $2500 savings per case during the study period, in parallel to the increased robotic hysterectomy rates (p<0.001). The post-discharge 30-day readmission and complications rate after outpatient hysterectomy remained stable at around 2%. CONCLUSIONS: A significant shift from inpatient to outpatient setting was observed for hysterectomies performed for endometrial cancer over time. Minimally invasive surgery, particularly the robotic approach, facilitated this migration, preserving clinical outcomes and leading to reduction in costs.

Endometriosis and the Urinary Tract: From Diagnosis to Surgical Treatment.

We aim to describe the diagnosis and surgical management of urinary tract endometriosis (UTE). We detail current diagnostic tools, including advanced transvaginal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and surgical diagnostic tools such as cystourethroscopy. While discussing surgical treatment options, we emphasize the importance of an interdisciplinary team for complex cases that involve the urinary tract. While bladder deep endometriosis (DE) is more straightforward in its surgical treatment, ureteral DE requires a high level of surgical skill. Specialists should be aware of the important entity of UTE, due to the serious health implications for women. When UTE exists, it is important to work within an interdisciplinary radiological and surgical team.

Robotic Resection of Diaphragm Metastases in Ovarian Cancer: Technical Aspects.

Diaphragm metastases in ovarian cancer can be safely resected robotically in selected patients. The technique is similar to laparotomy, whether it is a peritoneal or full-thickness excision. Trocar placement is very important for successful resection and is dependent on the location of the disease. Metastases involving the left diaphragm and the ventral aspect of the right diaphragm are accessed with trocars placed slightly cranial to the umbilicus. Metastases in the dorsal aspect of the right diaphragm are removed with trocars in the upper quadrants. Metastases located in the lateral portion of the right diaphragm are excised using an infrahepatic approach, and those in the medial aspect are removed using a suprahepatic approach. In peritoneal resection, monopolar instruments must be kept at 10 W to 15 W to prevent contraction of the diaphragm and pleural perforation. Intraoperative pleural decompression is performed via an aspirating catheter. A video of the technique described in this report is available online (Supplementary Video 1).

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Resection of Diaphragm Metastases in Ovarian Cancer.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To estimate pulmonary complications and diaphragm recurrence after resection of diaphragm metastases by minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). DESIGN: Retrospective analysis (Canadian Task Force classification III). SETTING: Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona, from January 1, 2004, through January 31, 2014. PATIENTS: Selected cohort of 29 patients. INTERVENTIONS: Diaphragm resection by MIS (robotics, 21; laparoscopy, 8) for EOC. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: To assess for pulmonary complications most likely due to diaphragm resection, patients were excluded if they had preoperative pleural effusions or pulmonary disease or had undergone additional upper abdominal procedures. Mean patient age was 58.7 years (standard deviation, 14.9) and mean BMI was 24.2 kg/m2 (standard deviation, 3.4). The mean size of diaphragm metastases was 56.7 mm (range, 2-145). Full-thickness resection was performed in 6 patients; 23 had peritoneal resection. Complete resection was achieved in all patients with no conversions to laparotomy. Two patients (6.9%) had pulmonary complications (pleural effusion). Six patients (20.7%) had diaphragm recurrence; 10 patients (34.5%) had recurrence at other abdominal sites. CONCLUSION: Resection of diaphragm metastases by MIS appears to be feasible and safe for selected patients, with similar recurrence as other abdominal sites.

Laparoscopy vs. Robotic Surgery for Endometriosis (LAROSE): a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the use of the robot for surgical treatment of endometriosis is better than traditional laparoscopy in terms of operative length, perioperative parameters, and quality of life outcomes. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized clinical trial. SETTING: University teaching hospitals. PATIENT(S): Women aged >18 years with suspected endometriosis who elected to undergo surgical management. INTERVENTION(S): Randomization to conventional or robot-assisted laparoscopic removal of endometriosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The primary outcome measured was operative time. Secondary outcomes were perioperative complications and quality of life. RESULT(S): The mean operative time for robotic vs. laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis was 106.6 ± 48.4 minutes vs. 101.6 ± 63.2 minutes. There were no differences in blood loss, intraoperative or postoperative complications, or rates of conversion to laparotomy in the two arms. Both groups reported significant improvement on condition-specific quality of life outcomes at 6 weeks and 6 months. CONCLUSION(S): There were no differences in perioperative outcomes between robotic and conventional laparoscopy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01556204.

Outcomes of Concurrent Breast and Gynecologic Risk Reduction Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Women considering risk reduction surgery after a diagnosis of breast/ovarian cancer and/or inherited cancer gene mutation face difficult decisions. The safety of combined breast and gynecologic surgery has not been well studied; therefore, we evaluated the outcomes for patients who have undergone coordinated multispecialty surgery. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients undergoing simultaneous breast and gynecologic surgery for newly or previously diagnosed breast cancer and/or an inherited cancer gene mutation during the same anesthetic at a single institution from 1999 to 2013. RESULTS: Seventy-three patients with a mean age of 50 years (range 27-88) were identified. Most patients had newly diagnosed breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ (62 %) and 28 patients (38 %) had an identified BRCA mutation. Almost all gynecologic procedures were for risk reduction or benign gynecologic conditions (97 %). Mastectomy was performed in 39 patients (53 %), the majority of whom (79 %) underwent immediate reconstruction. The most common gynecologic procedure involved bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, which was performed alone in 18 patients (25 %) and combined with hysterectomy in 40 patients (55 %). A total of 32 patients (44 %) developed postoperative complications, most of which were minor and did not require surgical intervention or hospitalization. Two of the 19 patients who underwent implant reconstruction (11 %; 3 % of the entire cohort) had major infectious complications requiring explantation. CONCLUSION: Combined breast and gynecologic procedures for a breast cancer diagnosis and/or risk reduction in patients can be accomplished with acceptable morbidity. Concurrent operations, including reconstruction, can be offered to patients without negatively impacting their outcome.

"The impact of debulking surgery in patients with node-positive epithelial ovarian cancer: Analysis of prognostic factors related to overall survival and progression-free survival after an extended long-term follow-up period".

OBJECTIVE: to estimate the prognostic factors associated with survival and progression free survival (PFS) in patients with node-positive epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) after an extended long-term follow-up period. METHODS: Data was provided by the Tumor Registry of the Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona on 116 node-positive EOC patients who underwent primary cytoreductive surgery observed over the period 1996-2014. RESULTS: At censoring date, 21 patients were alive (18%), 95 dead (82%), 18 without evidence of disease (NED) (15 alive, 3 dead) and 76 with evidence of disease (ED) (2 alive, 74 dead). Twenty-nine ED patients (38.2%) experienced a recurrence within 2 years, 53 patients (69.7%) before 5 years. No recurrences were recorded after 10 years. The median follow-up in alive patients was 169.8 months (1.20-207.9 months), 34.9 months (0.30-196.2 months) in dead patients, 128.4 months for NED patients (72.8-202.5 months) and 34.6 months (0.1-106.9 months) in ED patients. Multivariate analysis showed an increased risk of dead in patients with age ≥ 60 years (HR: 3.20; p < 0.002), stage IVA/B (compared with stage IIIA1/2, HR: 4.31; p < 0.001 and stage IIIB/C, HR: 5.31; p < 0.010) and incomplete surgery (compared with complete surgery, HR: 3.10; 95% CI, 1.41-6.77; p < 0.003) and a decreased PFS in stage IVA/B (compared with stages IIIB/C; p = 0.003 and stage IIIA; p = 0.000) and residual volume after surgery >0.6 cm (compared with residual disease <0.5 cm; p < 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: prognostic factors for an extended long-term PFS are similar as those for survival, because after 17-year follow-up period, the majority of alive patients are NED patients.

Trocar in conventional laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery as a major cause of iatrogenic trauma to the patient.

All laparoscopic procedures, laparoscopic or robotic-assisted, start with a trocar entry. Unfortunately unknown to most, this is an extremely important part of the surgery, as 80% of major vascular injuries and 50% of intestinal injuries occur during this procedure. Laparoscopic first entry is often delegated to trainees with little experience, wrongly assuming that laparoscopic entry is similar to incisional entry at laparotomy. This may result in patient death (mortality of major vascular injuries is 11% and unrecognized intestinal injuries is 5%) or significant temporary or permanent morbidity.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis: A malignant disease with an embryological origin?

INTRODUCTION: In 1931, Simpson et al. coined the term "peritoneal carcinomatosis" to describe the regional spread of ovarian tumors as localized or extended with involvement of the peritoneal serous membrane and neighboring anatomical structures. Research into the origin of peritoneal carcinomatosis is based on two phases in a woman's life: EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT: During week 3, the bilaminar disc becomes a trilaminar disc called the mesoderm. Inside the lateral plate mesoderm, the coelomic cavity is divided into 2 layers: the parietal (somatic) mesoderm, which gives rise to the parietal peritoneum and pleural surfaces; and the visceral (splanchnic) mesoderm, which gives rise to the visceral peritoneum, visceral surface of the pleura, gonadal stroma, and the muscular layer of the hollow viscera and its mesenteries. TUMOR SPREAD: Transcoelomic metastasis and metaplasia of pluripotent stem cells in the peritoneum was involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. This involvement takes the form of a synchronous malignant transformation at multiple foci and may cause intraperitoneal field cancerization. Pluripotent stem cells play a role both in the development of the embryonic peritoneum and in the spread of transcoelomic tumors. Consequently, knowledge of the origin of these cells (embryonic or current) could be extremely useful. The many markers that act during the embryonic period can affect descendants, that is, cells are already marked before specification and differentiation are activated. Thus, programmed activation could be attributed to genetic and epigenetic changes.

Round Ligament Technique and Use of a Vessel-sealing Device to Facilitate Complete Salpingectomy at the Time of Vaginal Hysterectomy.

Prophylactic salpingectomy at the time of hysterectomy has been recommended for women at average risk for ovarian cancer. Vaginal hysterectomy is considered the preferred approach to a benign hysterectomy, and adnexectomy should not be considered a contraindication to this approach. This paper with accompanying video describes and demonstrates the round ligament technique and use of a vessel-sealing device to facilitate removal of the entire fallopian tube at the time of vaginal hysterectomy.

Surgical Excision of Advanced Endometriosis: Perioperative Outcomes and Impacting Factors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine perioperative outcomes and factors impacting operating time, length of hospital stay, and complications of patients undergoing surgery for stage 3 or 4 endometriosis. DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). SETTING: Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona. PATIENTS: Women (n = 493) with endometriosis stage 3 and 4 undergoing surgical excision between March 15, 2005, and December 31, 2011. INTERVENTIONS: Robotic-assisted (n = 331) or laparoscopic (n = 162) excision. MEASUREMENTS: Age, body mass index, comorbidities, number and type of procedures per patient, type of surgical approach, operating time, blood loss, intraoperative and postoperative complications (within 42 days), and length of hospital stay. MAIN RESULTS: The mean patient age was 39.5 years; body mass index, 25.9; number of procedures, 3.3; operating time, 130.4 minutes; blood loss, 88.5 mL; and hospital stay, 1.0 days. Major complications occurred in 5 patients (1.5%). Fifty-nine patients (12.0%) underwent modified radical hysterectomy, 90 (18.3%) underwent ureteral and/or intestinal resection, and 3 (0.6%) underwent diaphragm resection. Factors significantly associated with operating time included age (p = .008) and blood loss, number of procedures per patient, and robotics (all p < .001). Length of stay was affected by age, operating time, and blood loss (all p < .001). Operating time was the only significant factor associated with postoperative complications (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Operating time is an independent and significant factor for postoperative complications and hospital stay.

Power morcellators: a review of current practice and assessment of risk.

Power morcellation has come under scrutiny because of a highly publicized case of disseminated leiomyosarcoma following a laparoscopic hysterectomy. A recent Federal and Drug Administration safety communication discouraging use of power morcellators on presumed uterine leiomyoma further highlights the need for reexamination of uterine tissue extraction. This clinical opinion aims to summarize current approaches to uterine/fibroid tissue extraction including the associated immediate and long-term potential risks of open power morcellation. The known data about risk of uterine sarcoma is reviewed followed by a discussion of acceptable risk and informed consent in the context of shared-decision making.