Investigation of IL-6 serum level in COVID-19 patients with positive COVID-19 IgG/IgM antibody titers to check inflammation and disease progression.

OBJECTIVE: The SARS-CoV-2, the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), leads to severe pathogenicity and high mortality among different communities around the world. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms of virus pathogenesis and the immune system's response to prevent the further spread of this virus. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between the serum level of interleukin 6 and positive IgG and IgM antibody levels in patients with COVID-19 to investigate inflammation and disease progression. METHODS & MATERIALS: In this study, 10 ml of EDTA blood samples were taken from 414 COVID-19 patients. Then, the plasma was separated and the levels of IgM and IgG antibodies and interleukin 6 cytokine were evaluated by ELISA and chemiluminescence methods, respectively. All data were analyzed by SPSS 22 and GraphPad prism 9 software at the significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in the expression of IgM and IgG antibodies between men and women. Also, a significant increase in the mean expression of IL-6 was observed only in the high concentration range (100-〉1000 pg/ml) in men compared to women (P < 0.001). In addition, in the female population, all three concentration ranges (negative, medium, and high) of IL-6 have the highest correlation with high titers (>10 U/ml) of IgM and IgG antibodies. While, in men, all three concentration ranges of IL-6 had the highest correlation with > 10 U/ml IgM antibody titers, but in the case of IgG, the highest correlation between different concentrations of IL-6 was observed with the negative or moderate titers of this antibody and there was an inverse relationship with the high titers of IgG (>10 U/ml). CONCLUSION: As a result, the relationship between different serum levels of cytokine IL-6 with different titers of IgM and IgG antibodies was observed in both male and female populations. In general, it can be concluded that the correlation between different concentrations of IL-6 with different IgM titers was similar in both men and women, but in the case of different IgG titers, this correlation was higher in women than men.

Tolerogenic probiotics Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus promote anti-inflammatory profile of macrophages-derived monocytes of newly diagnosed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is known as an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by the breakdown of self-tolerance, resulting in disease onset and progression. Macrophages have been implicated as a factor in the development of SLE through faulty phagocytosis of dead cells or an imbalanced M1/M2 ratio. The study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on M1 and M2 macrophages in new case lupus patients. For this purpose, blood monocytes were collected from lupus patients and healthy people and were cultured for 5 days to produce macrophages. For 48 h, the macrophages were then cocultured with either probiotics or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction were then used to analyze the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, CD80, and human leukocyte antigen - DR (HLADR) markers, as well as cytokine expression (interleukin [IL]1-ß, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], IL-10, and transforming growth factor beta [TGF-ß]). The results indicated three distinct macrophage populations, M0, M1, and M2. In both control and patient-derived macrophage-derived monocytes (MDMs), the probiotic groups showed a decrease in CD14, CD80, and HLADR expression compared to the LPS group. This decrease was particularly evident in M0 and M2 macrophages from lupus patients and M1 macrophages from healthy subjects. In addition, the probiotic groups showed increased levels of IL-10 and TGF-ß and decreased levels of IL-12, IL1-ß, and TNF-α in MDMs from both healthy and lupus subjects compared to the LPS groups. Although there was a higher expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lupus patients, there was a higher expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in healthy subjects. In general, L. delbrueckii and L. rhamnosus could induce anti-inflammatory effects on MDMs from both healthy and lupus subjects.

Immunoregulatory effects of nanocurcumin in inflammatory milieu: Focus on COVID-19.

The use of natural compounds, such as curcumin, to treat infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, inflammatory diseases, and various types of cancer is an active and dynamic area of research. Curcumin has a long history of use in the food industry, and there is currently a growing interest in its therapeutic applications. Numerous clinical trials have consistently shown that curcumin, a polyphenolic compound, is safe and well-tolerated even at high doses. There is no toxicity limit. However, the clinical efficacy of curcumin has been limited by its constraints. However, scientific evidence indicates that the use of adjuvants and carriers, such as nanoparticles, exosomes, micelles, and liposomes, can help overcome this limitation. The properties, functions, and human benefits of using nanocurcumin are well-supported by scientific research. Recent evidence suggests that nanocurcumin may be a beneficial therapeutic modality due to its potential to decrease gene expression and secretion of specific inflammatory biomarkers involved in the cytokinestorm seen in severe COVID-19, as well as increase lymphocyte counts. Nanocurcumin has demonstrated the ability to improve clinical manifestations and modulate immune response and inflammation in various autoinflammatory diseases. Additionally, its efficacy, affordability, and safety make it a promising replacement for residual cancer cells after tumor removal. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate the safety and efficacy of nanocurcumin as a new therapeutic in clinical trials, including appropriate dosage, frequency, and duration.

Lupus mice derived mesenchymal stromal cells: Beneficial or detrimental on SLE disease outcome.

BACKGROUND: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against nuclear genes, deposition of immune complexes, and autoimmune T cells, through which, tissue damage would ultimately occur. Furthermore, loss of immune tolerance and imbalance of Th1/Th2 cells in addition to Th17/Treg are contributed to the pathogenesis of SLE. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) infusion is a potential therapy for SLE disease. Despite a majority of SLE patients achieving clinical remission after allogeneic MSC infusion from healthy individuals, SLE patients have less benefited from autologous MSC infusion, justifying the probable compromised function of SLE patients-derived MSCs. In this study, we aim to further investigate the potential immunoregulatory mechanisms in which mesenchymal stromal cells derived from pristane-induced lupus mice, following injection into healthy and lupus mice, exert their possible effects on the lupus process. METHOD: 40 female Balb/c mice aged 3 weeks were purchased and randomly divided into six groups. First, lupus disease was induced into the lupus groups by intraperitoneal injection of pristane and then the mice were surveyed for 6 months. The body weight, anti-dsDNA autoantibody levels, serum creatinine, and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured in two-month intervals. After 6 months, the group of lupus mice was sacrificed, and lupus MSCs were isolated. Two months later, cultured lupus MSCs were intravenously injected into two groups of healthy and lupus mice. After two months, the mice were euthanized and the kidneys of each group were examined histologically by hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining and the immunofluorescence method was also performed to evaluate IgG and C3 deposition. The frequency of splenic Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells was measured by flow cytometry. Moreover, the cytokine levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and TGF-ß in sera were measured by ELISA method. RESULTS: Our results showed that the induction of lupus disease by pristane in Balb/c mice caused the formation of lipogranuloma, increased levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, and impaired renal function in all pristane-induced lupus groups. In addition, the injection of lupus mesenchymal stromal cells (L-MSC) into healthy and lupus mice led to a further rise in anti-dsDNA serum levels, IgG and C3 deposition, and further dysfunction of mice renal tissue. Also, the flow cytometry results implicated that compared to the control groups, splenic Th1, Th2, and Th17 inflammatory cell subtypes and their secreted cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17) in the sera of healthy and lupus mice were increased after the intake of L-MSC. Additionally, the splenic Treg cells were also significantly increased in the lupus mice receiving L-MSC. However, a decrease in serum levels of TGF-ß cytokine was observed in healthy and lupus mice following L-MSC injection. In contrast, the lupus mice receiving healthy mesenchymal stem cells (H-MSC) manifested opposite results. CONCLUSION: In a nutshell, our results suggest that although allogeneic MSCs are encouraging candidates for SLE treatment, syngeneic MSCs may not be eligible for treating SLE patients due to their defects in regulating the immune system in addition to their capability in promoting inflammation which would consequently worsen the SLE disease status.

A new generation of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells differentially trained by immunoregulatory probiotics in a lupus microenvironment.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising intervention strategy in treating autoimmune inflammatory diseases. It should be stated that systemic immunoregulation is increasingly recognized among the beneficial effects of MSCs and probiotics in treating morbid autoimmune disorders such as lupus. This study aimed to determine if immunoregulatory probiotics L. rhamnosus or L. delbrueckii can change the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs in lupus-like disease. METHODS: Pristane-induced lupus (PIL) mice model was created via intraperitoneal injection of Pristane and then confirmed. Naïve MSCs (N-MSCs) were coincubated with two Lactobacillus strains, rhamnosus (R-MSCs) or delbrueckii (D-MSCs), and/or a combination of both (DR-MSCs) for 48 h, then administrated intravenously in separate groups. Negative (PBS-treated normal mice) and positive control groups (PBS-treated lupus mice) were also investigated. At the end of the study, flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis were used to determine the percentage of Th cell subpopulations in splenocytes and the level of their master cytokines in sera, respectively. Moreover, lupus nephritis was investigated and compared. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Abnormalities in serum levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies, creatinine, and urine proteinuria were significantly suppressed by MSCs transplantation, whereas engrafted MSCs coincubation with both L. strains did a lesser effect on anti-dsDNA antibodies. L. rhamnosus significantly escalated the ability of MSCs to scale down the inflammatory cytokines (IFN-É£, IL-17), while L. delbrueckii significantly elevated the capacity of MSCs to scale down the percentage of Th cell subpopulations. However, incubation with both strains induced MSCs with augmented capacity in introducing inflammatory cytokines (IFN-É£, IL-17). Strikingly, R-MSCs directly restored the serum level of TGF-ß more effectively and showed more significant improvement in disease parameters than N-MSCs. These results suggest that R-MSCs significantly attenuate lupus disease by further skew the immune phenotype of MSCs toward increased immunoregulation. CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated that Lactobacillus strains showed different capabilities in training/inducing new abilities in MSCs, in such a way that pretreated MSCs with L. rhamnosus might benefit the treatment of lupus-like symptoms, given their desirable properties.

Cobalt ferrite nanoparticle for the elimination of CD133+CD44+ and CD44+CD24-, in breast and skin cancer stem cells, using non-ionizing treatments.

Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the most challenging issue in cancer treatment, because of their high resistance mechanisms, that can cause tumor recurrence after common cancer treatments such as drug and radiation based therapies, and the insufficient efficiency of common treatments in CSCs removal and the recurrence of tumors after these treatments, it is essential to consider other methods, including non-ionizing treatments likes light-based treatments and magnetic hyperthermia (MHT). Method and material: After synthesis, characterization and investigation, the toxicity of novel on A375 and MAD-MB-231 cell lines, magnetic hyperthermia and light-based treatments were applied. MTT assay and flow cytometry was employed to determine cell survival. the influence of combination therapy on CD44 + CD24-and CD133 + CD44+ cell population, Comparison and evaluation of combination treatments was done respectively using Combination Indices (CIs). Result: The final nanoparticle has a high efficiency in producing hydroxyl radicals and generating heat in MHT. According to CIs, we can conclude that combined using of light-based treatment and MHT in the presence of final synthesized nanoparticle have synergistic effect and a high ability to reduce the population of stem cells in both cell lines compared to single treatments. Conclusion: In this study a novel multi-functional nanoplatform acted well in dual and triple combined treatments, and showed a good performance in the eradication of CSCs, in A375 and MAD-MB-231 cell lines.

Effect of photothermal and photodynamic therapy with cobalt ferrite superparamagnetic nanoparticles loaded with ICG and PpIX on cancer stem cells in MDA-MB-231 and A375 cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Cancer cells are resistant to treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy due to their characteristics such as self-renewal, high proliferation and other resistance mechanisms. To overcome this resistance, we combined a light-based treatment with nanoparticles to get advantage of both PDT and PTT in order to increase efficiency and beater outcome. METHODS AND MATERIAL: After synthesis and characterization of CoFe2O4@citric@PEG@ICG@ PpIX NPs, their dark cytotoxicity concentration was determined with MTT assay. Then light-base treatments were performed by two different light source for MDA-MB-231 and A375 cell lines. After treatment, the results were evaluated 48 h and 24 h after treatment by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Among CSCs defined markers, CD44, CD24 and CD133 are the most widely-used markers in CSC research and are also therapeutic targets in cancers. So we used proper antibodies to detect CSCs. Then indexes like ED50, synergism defined to evaluated the treatment. RESULTS: ROS production and temperature increase have a direct relationship with exposure time. In both cell lines, the death rate in combinational treatment (PDT/PTT) is higher than single treatment and the amount of cells with CD44+CD24- and CD133+CD44+ markers has decreased. According to the synergism index, conjugated NPs show a high efficiency in use in light-based treatments. This index was higher in cell line MDA-MB-231 than A375. And the ED50 is proof of the high sensitivity of A375 cell line compared to MDA-MB-231 in PDT and PTT. CONCLUSION: Conjugated NPs along with combined photothermal and photodynamic therapies may play an important role in eradication CSCs.

Impacts of Porphyromonas gingivalis periodontitis on rheumatoid arthritis autoimmunity.

In RA patients' synovial sites, citrullinated RA-related antigens such as type II collagens, fibrin (ogen), vimentin, and α-enolase could be targeted by ACCPAs. Since ACCPA production can be initiated a long time before RA sign appearance, primary auto-immunization against these citrullinated proteins can be originated from extra-articular sites. It has been shown that there is a significant association between P. gingivalis periodontitis, anti- P. gingivalis antibodies, and RA. P. gingivalis gingipains (Rgp, Kgp) can degrade proteins such as fibrin and α-enolase into some peptides in the form of Arg in the C-terminal which is converted to citrulline by PPAD. Also, PPAD can citrullinate type II collagen and vimentins (SA antigen). P. gingivalis induces inflammation and chemoattraction of immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages through the increase of C5a (gingipain C5 convertase-like activity) and SCFA secretion. Besides, this microorganism stimulates anoikis, a special type of apoptosis, and NETosis, an antimicrobial form of neutrophil death, leading to the release of PAD1-4, α-enolase, and vimentin from apoptotic cells into the periodontal site. In addition, gingipains can degrade macrophages CD14 and decrease their ability in apoptotic cell removal. Gingipains also can cleave IgGs in the Fc region and transform them into rheumatoid factor (RF) antigens. In the present study, the effects of P. gingivalis on rheumatoid arthritis autoimmune response have been reviewed, which could attract practical insight both in bench and clinic.

Dysregulated balance in Th17/Treg axis of Pristane-induced lupus mouse model, are mesenchymal stem cells therapeutic?

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in general and targeted immunosuppressive therapies, limiting all mainstay treatment options in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cases has necessitated the development of new therapeutic strategies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently emerged with unique properties, including a solid propensity to reduce inflammation, exert immunomodulatory effects, and repair injured tissues. METHODS: An animal model of acquired SLE mice was induced via intraperitoneal immunization with Pristane and affirmed by measuring specific biomarkers. Bone marrow (BM) MSCs were isolated from healthy BALB/c mice and cultured in vitro, then were identified and confirmed by flow cytometry and cytodifferentiation. Systemic MSCs transplantation was performed and then several parameters were analyzed and compared, including specific cytokines (IL-17, IL-4, IFN-É£, TGF-ß) at the serum level, the percentage of Th cell subsets (Treg/Th17, Th1/Th2) in splenocytes, and also the relief of lupus nephritis, respectively by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry analysis and by hematoxylin & eosin staining and also immunofluorescence assessment. Experiments were carried out with different initiation treatment time points (early and late stages of disease). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey's test was used for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: The rate of proteinuria, anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA) antibodies, and serum creatinine levels decreased with BM-MSCs transplantation. These results were associated with attenuated lupus renal pathology in terms of reducing IgG and C3 deposition and lymphocyte infiltration. Our findings suggested that TGF-ß (associated with lupus microenvironment) can contribute to MSC-based immunotherapy by modulating the population of TCD4+ cell subsets. Obtained results indicated that MSCs-based cytotherapy could negatively affect the progression of induced SLE by recovering the function of Treg cells, suppressing Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocyte function, and downregulating their pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION: MSC-based immunotherapy showed a delayed effect on the progression of acquired SLE in a lupus microenvironment-dependent manner. Allogenic MSCs transplantation revealed the ability to re-establish the balance of Th17/Treg, Th1/Th2 and restore the plasma cytokines network in a pattern dependent on disease conditions. The conflicting results of early versus advanced therapy suggest that MSCs may produce different effects depending on when they are administered and their activation status.

The Evaluation of the Effect of Tolerogenic Probiotics on the Maturation of Healthy Dendritic Cells versus Immature Dendritic Cells.

Background: Dendritic cells, (DCs) as one of the important immune cell populations, are responsible for the initiation, development, and control of acquired immune responses. Myeloid dendritic cells can be used as a vaccine for several autoimmune diseases and cancers. Tolerogenic probiotics with regulatory properties can affect the maturation and development of immature dendritic cells (IDC) into mature DCs with certain immunomodulatory effects. Objective: To assess the immunomodulatory effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii, as two tolerogenic probiotics, in the differentiation and maturation of myeloid dendritic cells. Methods: The IDCs were derived from the healthy donors in GM-CSF and IL 4 medium. Mature DCs (MDC) were produced with L. delbrueckii, L. rhamnosus, and LPS from IDCs. Real-Time PCR and flow cytometry were used to confirm the DC maturation and to determine DC markers as well as IDO, IL10, and IL12 expression levels, respectively. Results: Probiotic-derived DCs showed a significant reduction in the level of HLA-DR (P≤0.05), CD86 (P≤0.05), CD80 (P≤0.001), CD83 (P≤0.001), and CD1a. Also, the expression of IDO (P≤0.001) and IL10 increased while IL12 expression decreased (P≤0.001). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that tolerogenic probiotics could induce regulatory DCs by reducing co-stimulatory molecules along with increasing the expression of IDO and IL10 during the differentiation process. Therefore, the induced regulatory DCs probably can be used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.

Modulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Mediated Adaptive Immune Effectors' Repertoire in the Recovery of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

The breakdown of self-tolerance of the immune response can lead to autoimmune conditions in which chronic inflammation induces tissue damage. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a debilitating multisystemic autoimmune disorder with a high prevalence in women of childbearing age; however, SLE incidence, prevalence, and severity are strongly influenced by ethnicity. Although the mystery of autoimmune diseases remains unsolved, disturbance in the proportion and function of B cell subsets has a major role in SLE's pathogenesis. Additionally, colocalizing hyperactive T helper cell subgroups within inflammatory niches are indispensable. Despite significant advances in standard treatments, nonspecific immunosuppression, the risk of serious infections, and resistance to conventional therapies in some cases have raised the urgent need for new treatment strategies. Without the need to suppress the immune system, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as ''smart" immune modulators, are able to control cellular and humoral auto-aggression responses by participating in precursor cell development. In lupus, due to autologous MSCs disorder, the ability of allogenic engrafted MSCs in tissue regeneration and resetting immune homeostasis with the provision of a new immunocyte repertoire has been considered simultaneously. In Brief The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) lineage plays a critical role in maintaining the hematopoietic stem-cell microstructure and modulating immunocytes. The impairment of BM-MSCs and their niche partially contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE-like diseases. Allogenic MSC transplantation can reconstruct BM microstructure, possibly contributing to the recovery of immunocyte phenotype restoration of immune homeostasis. In terms of future prospects of MSCs, artificially gained by ex vivo isolation and culture adaptation, the wide variety of potential mediators and mechanisms might be linked to the promotion of the immunomodulatory function of MSCs.

Flow cytometric assessment of DNA double-strand break and repair kinetics in prediction of intrinsic radiosensitivity.

Objectives: To enhance the efficiency of radiotherapy (RT), implementation of individual-based treatment is essential. In this way, determining individual intrinsic radiosensitivity (IRS) can be useful to achieve minimal adverse effects of RT. The present study aimed to identify IRS of breast cancer (BC) patients through determination of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), repair kinetics, and acute normal tissue complications induced by RT. Materials and Methods: DSBs induction and its repair kinetics in 50 BC patients' lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometric analysis of H2AX Ser-139 phosphorylation at 30 min, 3 and 24 hr after in vitro irradiation. In vivo skin dosimetry was done by GAFChromic films and acute skin toxicity was scored by radiation oncologists according to the criteria of Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group (RTOG) in all patients with similar prescribed treatment. Results: The average surface dose for patients ranged from 0.92 to 1.9 Gy and correlation analysis showed no significant relationship with weekly acute skin reactions. Formation of γH2AX after 30 min, slope of dose-response curve and repair kinetics of DSBs after 3 and 24 hr (intrinsic radiosensitivity) were significantly correlated with the RTOG scores following irradiation (clinical radiosensitivity) (r=0.48 and P-value<0.0001, r=0.72 and P-value<0.0001, r=0.48 and P-value<0.001, and finally r=0.53 and P-value<0.001, respectively; (using Pearson's correlation test). Conclusion: Flow cytometric analysis of DNA DSBs by γH2AX measurement has the potential to be developed into a clinical predictor for identifying the overreactor patients prior to RT. Our result suggests that the slope-related quantity based on the linear pattern of the dose-response curve has the merit to predict overreactor patients with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 94%.

Cross Talk between Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Innate Immunocytes Concerning Lupus Disease.

Lupus is known as a systemic immune-mediated disorder. Like other diseases in this category, its cause and definitive treatment remain unknown. Gold standard therapies, which mainly include immunosuppressive agents, have been able to have therapeutic effects on patients. However, a significant percentage of cases still do not respond to this kind of treatment, resulting in death from complications. Recently, a new source of non-hematopoietic cells, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), with the potency to re-establishment immune homeostasis and tissue regeneration, has been wildly used in both primary and clinical research. One of the remarkable features of MSCs is their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and stimulating tissue differentiation programs. Under the influence of background signals, MSCs migrate to inflammatory bioactive substances and then regulate overactive immune responses to restore immune tolerance. MSCs have shown a two-way interaction with most immunocytes, which plays a significant role in resolving sterile inflammation. Restricting the entry of inflamed cells into the site of inflammation and re-educated infiltrated cells to achieve a tolerant phenotype have been reported as mechanisms of MSCs in tissue repair. Stimulation of the endogenous and tissue-dwelling stem cells in addition to releasing immunomodulatory agents, suggests MSCs transplantation as a potential modality in the treatment of future immune-mediated disorders.

Prognostic Value of Serum MICA Levels as a Marker of Severity in COVID-19 Patients.

The COVID-19 global pandemic and high mortality rates necessitate the development of diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as expanding testing capacity. Existing methods for detecting and characterizing SARS-CoV-2 infection are typically based on viral genome detection or measuring COVID-19-specific antibody levels. Despite their value, these methods are unable to predict disease outcomes in patients. Given the critical role of innate immune cells, particularly natural killer (NK) cells, in antiviral defense, this study sought to determine the prognostic value of serum secretory MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (sMICA) levels as an essential ligand for the NKG2D receptor, the master regulator of NK cell development and responsiveness. Serum MICA levels were measured by ELISA assay. Sera (n = 60) from SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were collected, and disease severity was determined using clinical criteria. The patient group included 30 patients with mild disease and 30 severely ill patients, as well as 30 healthy controls. Our findings revealed that serum MICA levels were significantly higher in patients than in controls, especially in cases with severe complications (P < .0001). Higher serum MICA levels may be associated with respiratory failure in COVID-19 and may serve as a marker of clinical severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, particularly when clinical manifestations are insufficient to make a confident prediction.

Higher MICA levels may be associated with respiratory failure in COVID-19 infection.SMICA levels change with age, particularly for patients with severe COVID-19 disease.NKG2D ligands may have prognostic and therapeutic value for COVID-19 patients.

The impact of lymphoid memory cells in different ages of COVID-19 patients.

Coronaviruses are highly pathogenic and transmissible viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 virus that emerged in December 2019 is increasingly recognized as a serious, worldwide public health concern. Respiratory infections and the hyper-inflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2 play a key role in disease severity and death in infected COVID-19 patients. However, much uncertainty still exists about the pathogenesis and various effects of COVID-19 on immune system. It seems that memory T cells can reduce the severity of COVID-19 infection by inducing a protective immune response. Memory T cells along with protective antibodies are the main defenses and also protective barrier against recurrent COVID-19 infection. The role of Memory T cells varies in different ages and the severity of COVID-19 infection varies between children, adults and the elderly. Furthermore, the aim of this review is to evaluate the role of memory cells in mild, moderate and severe infected COVID-19 patients with different ages.

The role of Th22 cells, from tissue repair to cancer progression.

CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play a significant role in modulating host defense. In the presence of lineage specific cytokine cocktail, Naive CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several categories with distinct cytokines profile and effector functions. Th22 cells are a recently identified subset of CD4+ T cell, which differentiate from Naive CD4+ T in the presence of IL-6 and TNF-α. Th22 characterized by the production of interleukin-22 (IL-22) and expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The main function of Th22 cells is to participate in mucosal defense, tissue repair, and wound healing. However, controversial data have shown that overexpression of IL-22 can lead to pathological changes under inflammatory conditions and tumor progression. This review summarizes our knowledge about the role of Th22 and IL-22 cells in tumor progression through induction of inflammation.

Comparative assessment of proliferation and immunomodulatory potential of Hypericum perforatum plant and callus extracts on mesenchymal stem cells derived adipose tissue from multiple sclerosis patients.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells-derived adipose tissue (AT-MSCs) are recognized for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Hypericum perforatum (HP) is an anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical plant with bioactive compounds. Plant tissue culture is a technique to improve desired pharmacological potential. The aim of this study was to compare the anti-inflammatory and proliferative effects of callus with field-growing plant extracts of HP on AT-MSCs derived from MS patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AT-MSCs were isolated and characterized. HP callus was prepared and exposure to light spectrum (blue, red, blue-red, and control). Total phenols, flavonoids, and hypericin of HP callus and plant extracts were measured. The effects of HP extracts concentrations on proliferation were evaluated by MTT assay. Co-culture of AT-MSCs: PBMCs were challenged by HP plant and callus extracts, and Tregs percentage was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Identification of MSCs was performed. Data showed that blue light could stimulate total phenols, flavonoids, and hypericin. MTT test demonstrated that plant extract in concentrations (0.03, 1.2, 2.5 and 10 µg/ml) and HP callus extract in 10 µg/ml significantly increased. Both HP extracts lead to an increase in Tregs percentage in all concentrations. In particular, a comparison between HP plant and callus extracts revealed that Tregs enhanced 3-fold more than control groups in the concentration of 10 µg/ml callus. CONCLUSIONS: High concentrations of HP extracts showed effectiveness on AT-MSCs proliferation and immunomodulatory properties with a certain consequence in callus extract. HP extracts may be considered as supplementary treatments for the patients who receiving MSCs transplantation.

Radiation-induced DNA damage and altered expression of p21, cyclin D1 and Mre11 genes in human fibroblast cell lines with different radiosensitivity.

PURPOSE: Radiotherapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment of cancer. One of the main challenges in this treatment modality is radiation-induced complications in some patients affected by high radiosensitivity (RS). The differences in RS are determined mainly by genetic factors. Therefore, identifying the genes and mechanisms that affect RS in different cells is essential for evaluating radiotherapy outcomes. In the present study, the ability to repair DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB) is evaluated, followed by examining the expression levels of CDKN1A (p21), cyclinD1, and Mre11 genes in human fibroblasts with different RSs. MATERIALS & METHODS: Cellular RS was measured by survival fraction at 2 Gy (SF2). The γ-H2AX assay was used for assessing DNA repair capacity. Eventually, gene expression levels from each cell line 4 and 24 h after irradiation (at 2, 4, and 8 Gy) were measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The SF2 values for the cell lines ranged from 0.286 to 0.641, and RS differences of fibroblast cells were identified. Among the studied genes, the expression of Mre11 was the most important. Analysis of the real-time PCR data showed that changes in Mre11 gene expression (4 h after 8 Gy irradiation) were directly correlated with the RS (R2 = 0.905). The difference in the expression of the p21 gene (4 h after 4 Gy irradiation) was also promising. Finally, the flow cytometry analysis showed that the radioresistant cell lines quickly repaired DBS damages. However, the repair process was slow in the radiosensitive cell line, and the residual damage is significantly higher than other cell lines (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that changes in the expression of p21 and Mre11 genes play an important role in cell response to radiation and thus these genes can be introduced as biomarkers to predict RS in normal cell lines.

Para-Clinical and Immunological Evaluation in Buerger's Disease as a Suspected Autoimmune Disease: Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmunity causes the loss of normal immune homeostasis and involves the presence of autoantibodies and inflammation. Thromboangiitis obliterans or Buerger's disease (BD) refers to a type of vascular obstructive syndrome, with tobacco exposure accounting for disease formation and progression. However, the current understanding of autoimmunity is unclear in the context of BD, and the scientific findings are not enough to support autoimmune mechanisms. This study was aimed at investigating autoimmunity factors in patients with BD. METHODS: Clinical and experimental examinations were performed on 80 patients with BD. The diagnostic work-up for autoimmunity was composed of IgM rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies, Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA), Anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACLA), anti-double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA), and extractable nuclear antigen (ENA) profile. Immunomarkers were detected using the quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Raynaud's phenomenon (84.93%), cold sensitivity (76.25%), and claudication (73.75%) were the most common symptoms in the BD patients. Also, 64.29% represented with high ANA levels and positive RF, while 42.11% were found with increased ANA and ESR levels. The ANA/RF positive BD patients had ESR> 15 mm/hr and a high prevalence of cold sensitivity, claudication, and Raynaud's phenomenon (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: There is a possibility of a non-specific autoimmune disposition among BD patients. RF and ANA could be considered for predicting disease progression.

Flavonoids, the compounds with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, as promising tools in multiple sclerosis (MS) therapy: A systematic review of preclinical evidence.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, are diseases resulting in neurological disabilities that are regarded as chronic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases of central nervous system (CNS). In this respect, the use of anti-inflammatory compounds including flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds abundantly found in vegetables and fruits, has proposed to combat MS to dampen the inflammation and thereby ameliorating the disease severity. The objective of this study was to clarify the probable therapeutic effect of flavonoids for treatment of MS. Therefore, only English published articles that reported the therapeutic effect of flavonoids alone or in combination with other anti-MS therapeutic agents on MS, were selected by searching scientific electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Evaluation of the selected researches (686) showed that a total of 13 studies were suitable to be included in this systematic review. Interestingly, all of the studies (11 studies concerning EAE and 2 studies concerning MS) reported positive outcomes for the therapeutic effect of flavonoids on EAE and MS. All flavonoid compounds which are mentioned herein could successfully decrease the maximum clinical score of EAE, which is particularly connected to the anti-inflammatory property of these compounds. The literature review clearly discloses that flavonoids alone or in combination with other anti-MS therapeutic agents can pave the way for improving MS therapeutic strategies.