[Corrigendum] miR­195 inhibits cell proliferation and angiogenesis in human prostate cancer by downregulating PRR11 expression.

Subsequently to the publication of the above paper, an interested reader drew to the authors' attention that a pair of data panels featured in Figs. 1B and 4C contained overlapping sections, such that data that were intended to show the results from differently performed experiments appeared to have been derived from the same original source (specifically, the 'LNCaP / miR­NC' panel in Fig. 1B and the 'LNCaP / miR­195+ PRR11' panel in Fig. 4C were overlapping). The authors were able to re­examine their original data files, and realized that this figure had been inadverently assembled incorrectly. The revised version of Fig. 1, containing the correct data for Fig. 1B (wherein the error was contained), is shown on the next page. Note that the revisions made to this figure do not affect the overall conclusions reported in the paper. The authors are grateful to the Editor of Oncology Reports for allowing them the opportunity to publish this Corrigendum, and apologize to the readership for any inconvenience caused. [Oncology Reports 39: 1658­1670, 2018; DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6240].

Designing Intelligent Nanomaterials to Achieve Highly Sensitive Diagnoses and Multimodality Therapy of Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) is among the most common malignant tumors of the genitourinary system worldwide. In recent years, the rate of BC incidence has increased, and the recurrence rate is high, resulting in poor quality of life for patients. Therefore, how to develop an effective method to achieve synchronous precise diagnoses and BC therapies is a difficult problem to solve clinically. Previous reports usually focus on the role of nanomaterials as drug delivery carriers, while a summary of the functional design and application of nanomaterials is lacking. Summarizing the application of functional nanomaterials in high-sensitivity diagnosis and multimodality therapy of BC is urgently needed. This review summarizes the application of nanotechnology in BC diagnosis, including the application of nanotechnology in the sensoring of BC biomarkers and their role in monitoring BC. In addition, conventional and combination therapies strategy in potential BC therapy are analyzed. Moreover, different kinds of nanomaterials in BC multimodal therapy according to pathological features of BC are also outlined. The goal of this review is to present an overview of the application of nanomaterials in the theranostics of BC to provide guidance for the application of functional nanomaterials to precisely diagnose and treat BC.

Long-term follow-up study of the malignant transformation potential of the simple renal cysts.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a multi-center study to investigate the prevalence, the malignant transformation potential of the simple renal cysts and the factors that might predict malignancy. METHODS: We defined the simple renal cysts as Bosniak class I & II (including IIF) lesions. In the prevalence study, data from 115,132 ultrasonographies was collected from individuals who participated in a multiphasic health wellness screen. In the natural history and progression study, we retrospectively reviewed 333 participants with simple renal cysts and were followed for at the least 3 years with a mean of 6.3±2.9 years (ranged from 3 to 13 years). RESULTS: About 7.2% (8,303) of the individuals who participated in the study were found to have at the least one simple renal cyst. The incidence increased with age from 0.6% in the first decade to 28.0% in the eighth or later decade of life. The Bosniak class I lesion accounted for 7,559 or 91.0% of the cysts whereas 744 or 9.0% were class II. A slower growth rate was observed in the older age group. Twenty-four patients (7.2%) had their renal cysts upgraded according to the Bosniak classification. Gender, age, initial cyst size, number of cysts and bi-laterality failed to predict the malignancy tendency. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the cysts discovered were the Bosniak class I and II lesions and they rarely progress further. Treatment for the asymptomatic simple renal cyst is not warranted. Treatment decision-making based on older age or larger initial cyst size should not be recommended.

Comparison of metabolic changes for stone risks in 24-hour urine between non- and postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: To explore the differences of 24-hour urine compositions associated with urolithiasis between non- and postmenopausal females. METHODS: The 24-hour urine samples of female participants were collected from May 2013 to July 2014 along with national cross-sectional study of urolithiasis among adults aged ≥18 years in China. The exclusion criteria for the participants were: serum creatinine > 133µmol/L, with urinary tract infection, gout, hyperthyroidism, malignancy, had a history of cancer, kidney stones, enterectomy, had taken thiazide diuretics, allopurinol, vitamin supplement, potassium citrate or calcium supplements during the past two weeks. The compositions associated with urinary stone in 24-hour urine were measured and compared between non-and postmenopausal women. RESULTS: A total of 603 24-hour urine samples of female participants were analyzed. 354 women with a mean age of 52.5± 14.03 (range 19-84) years met the criteria, including 160 non-menopausal women and 194 postmenopausal women. Compared to the non-menopausal women, postmenopausal women had a lower secretion of citrate (p = 0.043), magnesium (p = 0.001) and creatinine (p = 0.001) in 24h urine. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the menopause status was associated with the changes in magnesium (p = 0.003) and creatinine (p = 0.002) secretion, whereas not with the changes in citrate (p = 0.402) secretion. CONCLUSIONS: Postmenopausal women have a significant lower secretion of magnesium in their 24-hour urine than non-menopausal ones. We suppose that might be associated with increased risk of urinary stone formation among postmenopausal women.

miR-195 inhibits cell proliferation and angiogenesis in human prostate cancer by downregulating PRR11 expression.

hsa-miR-195-5p (miR-195) has been proven to be a critical regulator in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa). To identify additional targets and molecular functions of miR-195, we overexpressed miR-195 by transient oligonucleotide transfection in DU145 and LNCaP cells and examined the effects. RNA-based microarray and dual-luciferase assays were carried out to identify novel targets of miR-195, while in vitro functional assays, a subcutaneous xenograft model, tissue microarray (TMA) analysis and a cohort of publicly available data (Taylor cohort) were used to investigate the biological function and clinical value of miR-195 targeting. The results shown that miR-195 overexpression could markedly suppress cellular proliferation and tube formation compared with miR-negative control. The RNA-based microarray identified a total of 153 differentially regulated genes with fold changes of ≤|1.5|, including 138 (90.2%) downregulated and 15 (9.8%) upregulated genes. Among the downregulated genes, we found that proline-rich protein 11 (PRR11) combined with miR-195 expression (miR-195/PRR11) could be used as an independent predictor of the risk of biochemical recurrence in the Taylor cohort. Additionally, the dual-luciferase assay identified PRR11 as a novel target of miR-195, and the in vitro assays indicated that PRR11 abrogated the suppressive effects of miR-195 on cell proliferation, tube formation and cell cycling. Furthermore, the subcutaneous tumor xenograft model indicated that knockdown of PRR11 inhibited xenograft growth and angiogenesis, while the results of the TMA and Taylor cohort analyses collectively demonstrated that PRR11 expression was upregulated in aggressive tumors and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Taken together, these findings further illustrate the suppressive role of miR-195 in PCa, and indicate a novel role of PRR11 in PCa. Importantly, the newly identified miR-195/PRR11 axis may aid with identifying potential therapeutic targets in PCa.

Predictors for uroseptic shock in patients who undergo minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

To identify risk factors that can predict which patient is likely to progress from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to uroseptic shock after minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) for the upper urinary tract stones. We retrospectively reviewed 156 patients who suffered infectious complications after MPCNL from March 2014 to February 2016. Perioperative risk factors that could potentially contribute to uroseptic shock were compared to those of patients with only SIRS. 135 of the 156 patients developed to SIRS only, the remaining 21 patients progressed to uroseptic shock. The rate of positive preoperative urine nitrite was significantly higher (p < 0.001), stone diameter was larger (p = 0.015) and operative time was longer (p < 0.001) in uroseptic shock group. Multivariable logistic analysis showed that preoperative urine nitrite (OR 10.570, p = 0.025), stone size (OR 11.512, p = 0.009) and postoperative blood leukopenia (OR 0.009, p < 0.001) were independently related to uroseptic shock. Moreover, ROC curve analysis showed that white blood count threshold within the first 3 h of uroseptic shock was 2.98 × 109/L. The sensitivity and specificity of leukocyte count in predicting uroseptic shock were 90.5 and 92.6%, respectively. Preoperative urine nitrite, stone size and postoperative leukocyte count are statistically linked to uroseptic shock after MPCNL. Leukopenia of less than 2.98 × 109/L within 3 h after MPCNL can be a predictor for uroseptic shock. For patients who have high risk factors for developing uroseptic shock, the white blood count should be measured within 3 h after MPCNL.

Serum estradiol and testosterone levels in kidney stones disease with and without calcium oxalate components in naturally postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: Epidemiological data reveal that the overall risk for kidney stones disease is lower for women compared to age-matched men. However, the beneficial effect for the female sex is lost upon menopause, a time corresponding to the onset of fall in estrogen levels. The aim of this study was to describe the serum estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) characteristics of naturally postmenopausal women with kidney stones. METHODS: 113 naturally postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed kidney stones (aged 57.4±4.98 years) and 84 age frequency matched stone-free controls (56.9±4.56 years) were validly recruited in the case-control study. The odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between sex hormones and kidney stones were estimated with logistic regression models, adjusting for demographic data and medical history. Patients were also stratified analyzed according to stone components (calcium oxalate stones [COS]; non-calcium oxalate stones [NCOS]). RESULTS: Serum E2 (21.1 vs. 31.1 pg/ml) was significantly lower in kidney stones patients compared to controls. Post-hoc analysis demonstrated that this effect was driven by COS patients (p<0.001). According to tertiles of the E2 levels, a significant higher frequency of COS was seen in the lowest E2 group (p <0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis identified E2 level as a strong factor that was independently associated with the risk for COS (per 1 SD increase, OR=0.951, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.919-0.985; highest: lowest tertile, OR=0.214, 95%CI = 0.069-0.665). However, serum T levels did not significantly differ among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Naturally postmenopausal women with higher remaining estradiol levels appear less likely to suffer from kidney calcium oxalate stones. However, no correlation was found between serum T level and kidney stones. These findings support the hypothesis that higher postmenopausal endogenous estrogens may protect against kidney stones with ageing.

Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy for simple and complex renal caliceal stones: a comparative analysis of more than 10,000 cases.

PURPOSE: To determine whether minimally invasive PCNL (MPCNL) is as safe and effective in the management of complex renal caliceal stones as it is for simple renal stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 5761(41.2%) simple caliceal stones (isolated renal pelvis including isolated calix) and 8223 (58.8%) complex caliceal stones (renal pelvis accompanying two calices at least) that were managed by MPCNL between 1992 nd 2011. The safety, efficacy, and outcome were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: Stone burden was larger in complex caliceal stones (1763.0 vs 1018.6 mm(2), P<0.05). Patients with simple stones had significantly shorter operative time, less frequency of multiple percutaneous accesses, and less hemoglobin drop. They also had a higher initial stone-free rate (SFR) (77.6% vs 66.4%) after a single session of MPCNL (P<0.05). The differences diminished in the final SFR (86.7% vs 86.1%) after relook and/or auxiliary procedures (P>0.05). The complication rate (17.9% vs 19.0%) and blood transfusion rate (grade II) (2.2% vs 3.2%) were similar in both groups (P>0.05). Both groups had a low rate of high Clavien grade complications. Renal vascular embolizations (grade III), however, were significantly higher in patients with complex caliceal stones (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MPCNL is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with complex caliceal stones except there is a slightly higher frequency rate of embolization. There was a higher initial SFR in simple stones, but this difference diminished with secondary procedures.

Treatment of upper urinary calculi with Chinese minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a single-center experience with 12,482 consecutive patients over 20 years.

The Chinese minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL) was a modified version of standard PCNL which utilizes smaller tract and sheaths. The aim of this study was to present our experience on its efficacy and safety, and to grade its complications according to the modified Clavien classification. Between 1992 and 2011, 12,482 patients who underwent 13,984 MPCNL procedures entered this study. Data on stone size, access number, operative time, hospital length of stay, stone-free rate (SFR), and complications according to the modified clavien system were evaluated prospectively. Their mean age of patients was 47.6 years (range 0.6-93). The mean stone size was 3.2 ± 0.8 (1.4-7.4) cm. The mean operative time was 83 ± 38 min. Mean hemoglobin drop was 13.5 ± 11.3 g/L. Mean hospital stay was 10.3 ± 6.4 days (2-22 days). The initial SFR after first procedure was 78.6 %. In 14.7 % of cases with a second look, the SFR increase to 89.9 %. At 3 months after auxiliary procedures (re-PCNL, ureterorenoscopy, and shock wave lithotripsy), the overall SFR was achieved to 94.8 %. A total of 3,624 complications (25.92 %) were observed in 2,591 (18.53 %) procedures. There were 2,355 grade I (16.84 %), 706 grade II (5.05 %), 553 grade III (3.95 %), 7 grade IV (0.05 %), and three death of grade V (0.02 %) complications. This large-scale, contemporary analysis confirms MPCNL is still a safe and efficacious treatment option of kidney stones with a high stone-free rate and uncommon rate of high grade complications.

A prospective, randomised trial comparing plasmakinetic enucleation to standard transurethral resection of the prostate for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: three-year follow-up results.

BACKGROUND: Plasmakinetic enucleation of the prostate (PKEP) has recently been proved a safe and technically feasible procedure for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, its long-term safety, efficacy, and durability in comparison with the gold-standard transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) have not yet been reported. OBJECTIVE: To report the 3-yr follow-up results of a prospective, randomised clinical trial comparing PKEP with standard TURP for symptomatic BPH. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 204 patients with bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) secondary to BPH were prospectively randomised 1:1 into either the PKEP group or the TURP group. INTERVENTION: The patients in each group underwent the procedure accordingly. MEASUREMENTS: All patients were assessed perioperatively and followed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 mo postoperatively. The preoperative and postoperative parameters included International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) scores, the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire, maximum urinary flow rates (Q(max)), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-assessed prostate volume, postvoid residual urine (PVRU) volume, and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Patient baseline characteristics, perioperative data, and postoperative outcomes were compared. All complications were recorded. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: PKEP was significantly superior to TURP in terms of the drop in haemoglobin (0.74±0.33 g/dl vs 1.88±1.06 g/dl; p<0.001), intraoperative irrigation volume (11.7±4.5 l vs 15.4±6.2 l; p<0.001), postoperative irrigation volume and time (18.5±7.6 l vs. 30.0±11.4 l and 16.6±5.2 h vs 25.3±8.5 h; all p<0.001), recovery room stay (67.3±11.1 min vs 82.0±16.4 min; p<0.001), catheterisation time (51.7±26.3 h vs 80.5±31.6 h; p<0.001), hospital stay (98.4±20.4 h vs 134.2±31.5 h; p<0.001), and resected tissue (56.4±12.8 g vs 43.8±15.5 g; p<0.001). There were no statistical differences in operation time and sexual function between the two groups. At 36 mo postoperatively, the PKEP group had a maintained and statistically significant improvement in IPSS (2.4±2.2 vs 4.3±2.9; p<0.001), QoL (0.6±0.5 vs 1.6±1.4; p<0.001), Q(max) (28.8±10.1 ml/s vs 25.1±8.0 ml/s; p=0.017), and TRUS volume (21.0±7.3 ml vs 26.4±6.8 ml; p<0.001), with urodynamically proven deobstruction (Schäfer grade 0.2±0.02 vs 0.8±0.1; p<0.001). More extensive clinical trials are required to validate these results. CONCLUSIONS: PKEP is a safe and highly effective technique for relieving BOO. At 3-yr follow-up, the clinical efficacy of PKEP is durable and compares favourably with TURP.