Insect galls from the Botanical Garden of the Museu Nacional (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil).

The Botanical Garden of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) was investigated monthly from October, 2017 to December, 2019 in a total of 27 collections, each lasting four hours, following the methodology of random walking. Vegetative and reproductive organs of herbs, bushes and trees (up to 2 m high) were examined by two people. Voucher material was deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional (MNRJ)/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. We found 13 insect gall morphotypes in nine host plant species of four families. All host plants are native of Brazil, except Ficus microcarpa L.f. (Moraceae), which is naturalized. Myrtaceae and Moraceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of gall morphotypes. Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) and Ficus L. (Moraceae) were the plant genera with the highest number of gall morphotypes. In several inventories in the Atlantic forest, Myrtaceae and Eugenia stand out for harboring a great variety of galls, while Moraceae and Ficus were never stood out for this reason. Most plant species mentioned in the present study were already known as hosts of gall-inducing insects in Brazil. However, for the first time, insect galls are reported on Ficus crocata (Miq.) Miq. (Moraceae). We found two new morphotypes on Eugenia florida DC. (Myrtaceae). Leaves, stems and buds were the galled organs. Cecidomyiidae were the most frequent inducers. Galls of Thysanoptera were also found. Inquilines were observed in leaf galls on Eugenia florida. They promoted differences in gall morphology and killed the gall-inducing larva.

Review of the inquilinous fauna associated with insect galls in Brazilian restingas / Revisão da fauna inquilina associada a galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras

Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.

Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.

Review of the inquilinous fauna associated with insect galls in Brazilian restingas

Abstract Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.

Resumo Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.

Review of the inquilinous fauna associated with insect galls in Brazilian restingas / Revisão da fauna inquilina associada a galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras

Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.

Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.

Review of the inquilinous fauna associated with insect galls in Brazilian restingas.

Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.

Myrciamyia pterandrae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Lopesiini), a new species of gall midge associated with Pterandra pyroidea A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae), an endemic plant in Brazilian Cerrado

ABSTRACT Myrciamyia pterandrae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), a new galling species associated with Pterandra pyroidea (Fabaceae), an endemic plant species in Brazilian Cerrado, is described based on larva, pupa, male and female. M. pterandrae galls were collected in the municipality of Quartel de São João, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Larvae were removed from the galls and pupae, and adults were obtained by rearing. The specimens were mounted on slides, and the diagnostic morphological characters were illustrated. M. pterandrae is compared to Myrciamyia maricaensis Maia, 1996 the unique, previously known species of the genus.

Phylogeny of the genus Stephomyia Tavares, 1916 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) / Filogenia do gênero Stephomyia Tavares, 1916 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Abstract Stephomyia Tavares, 1916 comprises seven species, all Neotropical: S. clavata (Tavares, 1920); S. epeugeniae Gagné, 1994; S. espiralis Maia, 1993; S. mina Maia, 1993; S. rotundifoliorum Maia, 1993; S. tetralobae Maia, 1993; and S. eugeniae (Felt, 1913). In the present study, a cladistic analysis based upon adult, pupa, larva and gall morphological characters as well as host plant data is carried out in order to discuss the monophyly of the genus and the relationships among the known species. The Stephomyia monophyly was supported by eight synapomorphies: five homoplastic characters and three non-homoplastic characters. Analyzes showed S. clavata with great instability within the genus, probably due to lack of larva, pupa and female data, so S. clavata was deactivated in analyze. The topology found was (S. mina ((S. eugeniae + S. epeugeniae) (S. tetralobae (S. rotundifoliorum + S. espiralis)))).

Resumo Stephomyia Tavares, 1916 compreende sete espécies, todas neotropicais: S. clavata (Tavares, 1920); S. epeugeniae Gagné, 1994; S. espiralis Maia, 1993; S. mina Maia, 1993; S. rotundifoliorum Maia, 1993; S. tetralobae Maia, 1993 e S. eugeniae (Felt, 1913). Neste estudo, uma análise cladística baseada em caracteres morfológicos dos adultos, pupa, larva e galha, bem como na informação das plantas hospedeiras é realizada e a monofilia do gênero e as relações entre as espécies conhecidas são discutidas. A monofilia de Stephomyia foi suportada por oito sinapomorfias: cinco caracteres homoplásticos e três não homoplásticos. Análises mostraram uma grande instabilidade de S. clavata dentro do gênero, provavelmente devido à falta de informações sobre a larva, a pupa e a fêmea, o que resultou em desativação na análise. A topologia encontrada foi (S. mina ((S. eugeniae + S. epeugeniae) (S. tetralobae (S. rotundifoliorum + S. espiralis)))).

Lopesia davillae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), a new species of gall midge from Brazil associated with Davilla rugosa (Dilleniaceae) / Lopesia davillae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), uma nova espécie de cecidomiídeo do Brazil associada à Davilla rugosa (Dilleniaceae)

Abstract Lopesia davillae, a new species of gall midge associated with the reproductive structures of Davilla rugosa (Dilleniaceae), is described and illustrated (larva, pupa, male, female, and damage) based on material collected in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This new species is compared with its congeneric species. This is the first record of Lopesia on Dilleniaceae.

Resumo Lopesia davillae, uma nova espécie de Cecidomyiidae associada a estruturas reprodutivas de Davilla rugosa (Dilleniaceae), é descrita e ilustrada (larva, pupa, macho, fêmea e dano) com base em material coletado no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A nova espécie é comparada com as outras espécies conhecidas do mesmo gênero. Este é o primeiro registro de Lopesia em Dilleniaceae.

Neolasioptera pantaneira, a new species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) associated with Aeschynomene denticulata (Fabaceae) from Brazil / Neolasioptera pantaneira, uma nova espécie de Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) associada com Aeschynomene denticulata (Fabaceae) do Brasil

Abstract A new species of gall midge that induces stem galls on Aeschynomene denticulata (Fabaceae) is described based on material collected in Pantanal (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). This species is unique among the Brazilian congeners in having spatula with three convex teeth, cruciate, with defined anterolateral extensions, four lateral papillae on each side of the spatula, and three pairs of terminal papillae (larva), four-segmented palpi (adult), 17 flagellomeres (female), ovipositor about 11 times length of seventh tergite.

Resumo Uma nova espécie de Cecidomyiidae que induz galhas caulinares em Aeschynomene denticulata (Fabaceae) é descrita com base em material coletado no Pantanal (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil). Esta espécie é única entre as congenéricas brasileiras por possuir espátula com três dentes convexos, com extensões anterolaterais cruzadas e bem definidas, quatro papilas laterais de cada lado da espátula e três pares papilas terminais (larva), palpos com quatro segmentos (adulto), 17 flagelômeres (fêmeas), ovipositor cerca de 11 vezes mais longo que o sétimo tergito.

Insect galls of Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ) / Galhas de insetos da Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ)

Abstract Thirty-one morphotypes of insect galls and two flower damages were found on 16 families, 22 genera and 24 plant species in Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ). Fabaceae and Myrtaceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of insect galls (4 and 6 morphotypes, respectively), and the greatest number of galled plants (four and three species, respectively). Galls were mostly found on leaves and stems (77% and 10%, respectively). The galling insects are represented by Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. The majority of the galls (81%) were induced by gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera).

Resumo Foram encontrados 31 morfotipos de galhas de insetos e dois danos em flores em 16 famílias, 22 gêneros e 24 espécies de plantas, na Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ). Fabaceae e Myrtaceae foram as famílias de plantas com maior riqueza de galhas (4 e 6 morfotipos, respectivamente) e maior número de espécies com galhas (quatro e três espécies, respectivamente). As galhas predominaram nas folhas e caules (77% e 10%, respectivamente). Os insetos galhadores estão representados por Diptera, Lepidoptera e Hemiptera. A maioria das galhas (81%) foi induzida por Cecidomyiidae (Diptera).

Clinodiplosis agerati (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), a new galling species associated with Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) from Brazil / Clinodiplosis agerati (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), uma nova espécie galhadora associada a Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) do Brazil

Abstract Clinodiplosis agerati, a new galling species that induces stem galls on Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) is described and illustrated (larva, pupa, male, female and gall) based on material collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species is compared with the other Neotropical species. This is the first record of the Clinodiplosis in Ageratum.

Resumo Clinodiplosis agerati, uma nova espécie cecidógena que induz galhas caulinares em Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) é descrita e ilustrada (larva, pupa, macho, fêmea e galha) com base em material coletado em Minas Gerais, Brasil. A nova espécie é comparada com as outras espécies neotropicais. Este é o primeiro registro de Clinodiplosis em Ageratum.

Clinodiplosis agerati (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), a new galling species associated with Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) from Brazil.

Clinodiplosis agerati, a new galling species that induces stem galls on Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae) is described and illustrated (larva, pupa, male, female and gall) based on material collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species is compared with the other Neotropical species. This is the first record of the Clinodiplosis in Ageratum.

Insect galls of Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ).

Thirty-one morphotypes of insect galls and two flower damages were found on 16 families, 22 genera and 24 plant species in Restinga de Marambaia (Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, RJ). Fabaceae and Myrtaceae were the plant families with the greatest richness of insect galls (4 and 6 morphotypes, respectively), and the greatest number of galled plants (four and three species, respectively). Galls were mostly found on leaves and stems (77% and 10%, respectively). The galling insects are represented by Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. The majority of the galls (81%) were induced by gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera).

The insect gall collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro: biome cerrado, rupestrian fields.

An inventory of the insect gall from Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) was elaborated based on samples of the collection of the Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Data on localities and host plants were obtained from the labels and information about the gall morphology (plant organ of occurrence, shape, and presence of trichomes) by observing the samples. The galling species was determined based on the literature. The collection includes 131 morphotypes of galls from Cerrado, obtained from 71 host plant species distributed in 50 genera and 30 botanical families (Table 1). All galls were collected in rupestrian fields (a rare vegetation physiognomy of the Brazilian Cerrado) in the state of Minas Gerais. As the collection comprises a great diversity of insect galls, it can be considered representative of this physiognomy.

The genus Dasineura Rondani, 1840 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in Brazil / O gênero Dasineura Rondani, 1840 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) no Brasil

Dasineura (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) is the gall midge genus with the highest number of known species (466 throughout the world). Only 39 species have been described from the Neotropics, being 10 from Brazil. Many records of not determined species are found in the literature. Furthermore, many unidentified specimens are deposited in the Cecidomyiidae Collection of the Museu Nacional/UFRJ, which comprises material from several Brazilian biomes. This paper provides these data, presents new records of localities and host plants, and discusses the representativeness of Dasineura in Brazil. The results point to the occurrence of 32 species in Brazil and show that the genus is much more diversified than previous knowledge indicates.

Dasineura (Diptera) é o gênero de Cecidomyiidae com o maior número de espécies conhecidas (466 no mundo). Apenas 39 espécies foram descritas da região Neotropical, sendo 10 do Brasil. Muitos registros de espécies não determinadas são encontrados em literatura. Além disso, muitos exemplares não identificados estão depositados na Coleção de Cecidomyiidae do Museu Naciona/UFRJ, que compreende material de diversos biomas brasileiros. Este artigo compila estas informações, apresenta novos registros de localidades e de plantas hospedeiras e discute a representatividade de Dasineura no Brasil. Os resultados assinalam a ocorrência de 32 espécies no Brasil e mostram que o gênero é muito mais diversificado do que o conhecimento prévio indica.

The genus Dasineura Rondani, 1840 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in Brazil.

Dasineura (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) is the gall midge genus with the highest number of known species (466 throughout the world). Only 39 species have been described from the Neotropics, being 10 from Brazil. Many records of not determined species are found in the literature. Furthermore, many unidentified specimens are deposited in the Cecidomyiidae Collection of the Museu Nacional/UFRJ, which comprises material from several Brazilian biomes. This paper provides these data, presents new records of localities and host plants, and discusses the representativeness of Dasineura in Brazil. The results point to the occurrence of 32 species in Brazil and show that the genus is much more diversified than previous knowledge indicates.

Two new species of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr. (Erythroxylaceae) from the Barra de Maricá restinga, Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Two new species of gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) Dasineura ovalifoliae and Clinodiplosis maricaensis are described based on material from the Barra de Maricá restinga, Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Both species are associated with Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr. (Erythroxylaceae). The former is the gall inducer and the latter an inquiline.

Description of the female, pupa and gall of Pisphondylia brasiliensis Couri and Maia, 1992 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, Schizomyiina) with new records.

The gall of Pisphondylia brasiliensis on Guapira opposita, its female and pupa are described and illustrated. The geographic distribution of this species is now widened to Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). For the first time, a female of the genus is described.