The prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of tobacco and nicotine use among students in healthcare disciplines in Saudi Arabian universities: a cross-sectional survey.

Background: Tobacco smoking is one of the most significant health-related problems worldwide. However, the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of tobacco and nicotine use among students on healthcare courses in Saudi Arabia are limited. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a questionnaire that was distributed via SurveyMonkey between November 2022 and June 2023 to all student universities offering healthcare courses. Data are presented as frequency and percentages. The associated sociodemographic factors with current tobacco and nicotine use were subjected to logistic regression. Results: Overall, 5,012, of whom 3,872 (77.25%) were males, responded to the online survey. The prevalence of current tobacco and nicotine use was 3,553 (71%). The majority of users used electronic nicotine delivery systems (1,622: 32.36%). The current use of cigarettes (AOR: 1.75 (1.42 to 2.15)), e-cigarettes (AOR: 1.17 (1.01 to 1.37)), and smokeless tobacco substances (AOR: 1.35 (1.02 to 1.90)) were more pronounced among males compared to female students. However, the current use of a hookah was less among males (AOR: 0.74 (95% CI: 61 to 0.91)). Smoking cigarettes was practiced less among students living in other regions compared to the Central Region. However, smokeless tobacco substances seem to be more prevalent in the Western, Southern, and Northern Regions, (AOR: 1.57 (95% CI: 1.09 to 2.26)), (AOR: 1.43 (95% CI: 1.04 to 1.95)), and (AOR: 1.57 (95% CI: 1.09 to 2.26)), respectively. Conclusion: Smoking is prevalent among students in the healthcare disciplines, with electronic nicotine delivery systems being the most used product. Several sociodemographic factors were associated with higher tobacco or nicotine use.

Knowledge and practice of using airway pressure release ventilation mode in ARDS patients: A survey of physicians.

Background: Limited data is available on awareness and clinical management of the airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) mode of ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients among physicians who work at in adult critical areas. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and current practice of using APRV mode with ARDS patients and identify barriers to not using this mode of ventilation among physicians who work in adult critical areas in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Between November 2022 and April 2023, a cross-sectional online survey was disseminated to physicians who work in adult critical areas in Saudi Arabia. The characteristics of the respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Percentages and frequencies were used to report categorical variables. Results: Overall, 498 physicians responded to the online survey. All responders (498, 100 %) reported that APRV is indicated in patients with ARDS, but 260 (52.2 %) did not know if there was an institutionally approved APRV protocol. Prone positioning was the highest recommended intervention by 164 (33.0 %) when a conventional MV failed to improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS. 136 (27.3 %) responders stated that the P-high should be set equal to the plateau pressure on a conventional ventilator while 198 (39.8 %) said that P-low should be 0 cmH2O. Almost half of (229, 46.0 %) responders stated that the T-high should be set between 4 and 6 s, while 286 (57.4 %) said that the T-low should be set at 0.4-0.8 s. The maximum allowed tidal volume during the release phase should be 4-6 ml/kg. Moreover, just over half (257, 51.6 %) believed that the maximum allowed P-high setting should be 35 cmH2O. One third of the responders (171, 34.3 %) stated that when weaning patients with ARDS while in APRV mode, the P-high should be reduced gradually to reach a target of 10 cmH2O. However, 284 (36.9 %) thought that the T-high should be gradually increased to reach a target of 10 s. Most responders (331, 66.5 %) felt that the criteria to switch the patient to CPAP would be to have an FiO2 ≤ 0.4, P-high ≤10 cm H2O, and T-high ≥10 s. Lack of training has been the most common barrier to not using APRV by 388 (77.9 %). Conclusion: There is a lack of consensus on the use of APRV mode, probably due to several barriers. While there were some agreements on the management of ventilation and oxygenation, there were variations in the selection of the initial setting of APRV. Education, training, and the presence of standardized protocols may help to provide better management.

Role of prostanoids, nitric oxide and endothelin pathways in pulmonary hypertension due to COPD.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is classified as Group 3 PH, with no current proven targeted therapies. Studies suggest that cigarette smoke, the most risk factor for COPD can cause vascular remodelling and eventually PH as a result of dysfunction and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). In addition, hypoxia is a known driver of pulmonary vascular remodelling in COPD, and it is also thought that the presence of hypoxia in patients with COPD may further exaggerate cigarette smoke-induced vascular remodelling; however, the underlying cause is not fully understood. Three main pathways (prostanoids, nitric oxide and endothelin) are currently used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with different groups of PH. However, drugs targeting these three pathways are not approved for patients with COPD-associated PH due to lack of evidence. Thus, this review aims to shed light on the role of impaired prostanoids, nitric oxide and endothelin pathways in cigarette smoke- and hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling and also discusses the potential of using these pathways as therapeutic target for patients with PH secondary to COPD.