Features of the use of ladder myoplasty of a gunshot wound to the laryngopharynx: Case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: The laryngopharynx wound is considered to be one of the most severe wounds of neck both in war and in peace, as it may cause life threatening changes in the whole body (asphyxia, bleeding, shock). Important aspects of surgical treatment are to ensure full breathing, acceptable ways of feeding, and the use of reliable wound closure techniques aimed to prevent digestive tract failure and to maintain the framework and aerostasis of the laryngotracheal region. CASE PRESENTATION: A case of unilateral multiple wounds of the laryngopharynx was described in the article. The features of diagnostics, surgical treatment and conservative therapy in the postoperative period with this injury were presented. The wounded man was urgently operated. During surgery the pharynx was mobilized. The metal fragment was removed. The wound of the pharynx was sutured with a two-row suture. The next stage of the surgical treatment was myoplasty. In the case of the patient, the purpose of myoplasty was additional sealing of the pharyngeal suture and myoplasty of the thyroid cartilage injury zone for the purpose of aerostasis. Because of the size of the wounds and their anatomical localization, we used the mobilized lower edge of the Musculus sternocleidomastoideus for myoplasty and proposed the method of ladder myoplasty developed by us. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: In myoplasty method the following criteria must be followed: the muscle flap must be of sufficient length and width, so as not to cause excessive tension in the myoplasty area; the flap must be thick enough to avoid necrosis that may cause subsequent infectious complications; when taking the flap, the most sparing operative access should be used to avoid functional and anatomical disorders; the volume of the taken muscle flap must not lead to functional and anatomical disorders. CONCLUSION: The proposed method of ladder myoplasty using Musculus sternocleidomastoideus is unique, and proves its high efficiency in unilateral multiple laryngopharyngeal injuries, and can be recommended for wide clinical implementation in such clinical situations.

Non-structural Functions of Hordeivirus Capsid Protein Identified in Plants Infected by a Chimeric Tobamovirus.

Capsid proteins (CPs) of (+)RNA-containing plant viruses are multifunctional proteins involved in many stages of viral infection cycle, in addition to their main function of virus capsid formation. For example, the tobamoviral CP ensures virus systemic transport in plants and defines the virus-host interactions, thereby influencing the virus host range, virus infectivity, pathogenicity, and manifestation of infection symptoms. Hordeiviruses and tobamoviruses belong to the Virgaviridae family and have rod-shaped virions with a helical symmetry; their CPs are similar in structure. However, no non-structural functions of hordeiviral CPs have been described so far. In this study, we assayed possible non-structural functions of CP from the barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) (hordeivirus). To do this, the genome of turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV) (tobamovirus) was modified by substituting the TVCV CP gene with the BSMV CP gene or its mutants. We found that BSMV CP efficiently replaced TVCV CP at all stages of viral infection. In particular, BSMV CP performed the role of tobamoviral CP in the long-distance transport of the chimeric virus, acted as a hypersensitive response elicitor, and served as a pathogenicity determinant that influenced the symptoms of the viral infection. The chimeric tobamovirus coding for the C-terminally truncated BSMV CP displayed an increased infectivity and was transported in plants in a form of atypical virions (ribonucleoprotein complexes).

Structural Properties of Potexvirus Coat Proteins Detected by Optical Methods.

It has been shown by X-ray analysis that cores of coat proteins (CPs) from three potexviruses, flexible helical RNA-containing plant viruses, have similar α-helical structure. However, this similarity cannot explain structural lability of potexvirus virions, which is believed to determine their biological activity. Here, we used circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in the far UV region to compare optical properties of CPs from three potexviruses with the same morphology and similar structure. CPs from Alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV), potato aucuba mosaic virus (PAMV), and potato virus X (PVX) have been studied in a free state and in virions. The CD spectrum of AltMV virions was similar to the previously obtained CD spectrum of papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) virions, but differed significantly from the CD spectrum of PAMV virions. The CD spectrum of PAMV virions resembled in its basic characteristics the CD spectrum of PVX virions characterized by molar ellipticity that is abnormally low for α-helical proteins. Homology modeling of the CP structures in AltMV, PAMV, and PVX virions was based on the known high-resolution structures of CPs from papaya mosaic virus and bamboo mosaic virus and confirmed that the structures of the CP cores in all three viruses were nearly identical. Comparison of amino acid sequences of different potexvirus CPs and prediction of unstructured regions in these proteins revealed a possible correlation between specific features in the virion CD spectra and the presence of disordered N-terminal segments in the CPs.

[ROENTGENOLOGICAL IMAGING FEATURES IN PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER AND METASTATIC OF LUNG AFFECTION].

The most often radiological imaging features in patients with lung cancer and metastasis of lung were presented.

[Virosphere and giruses].

Novel findings and concepts in the field of virology particularly regarding virosphere and giruses--a group of large nuclear-cytoplasmic deoxyriboviruses are briefly summarized. In the context of novel understanding the major taxonomic features and virus pathogenicity including African swine plague are interpreted.

Subcellular localization and self-interaction of plant-specific Nt-4/1 protein.

The Nicotiana tabacum Nt-4/1 protein is a plant-specific protein of unknown function. Analysis of bacterially expressed Nt-4/1 protein in vitro revealed that the protein secondary structure is mostly alpha-helical and suggested that it could consist of three structural domains. Earlier studies of At-4/1, the Arabidopsis thaliana-encoded ortholog of Nt-4/1, demonstrated that GFP-fused At-4/1 was capable of polar localization in plant cells, association with plasmodesmata, and cell-to-cell transport. Together with the At-4/1 ability to interact with a plant virus movement protein, these data supported the hypothesis of the At-4/1 protein involvement in viral transport through plasmodesmata. Studies of the Nt-4/1-GFP fusion protein reported in this paper revealed that the protein was localized to cytoplasmic bodies, which were co-aligned with actin filaments and capable of actin-dependent intracellular movement. The Nt-4/1-GFP bodies, being non-membrane structures, were found in association with the plasma membrane, the tubular endoplasmic reticulum and endosome-like structures. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments and inhibition of nuclear export showed that the Nt-4/1 protein was capable of nuclear-cytoplasmic transport. The nuclear export signal (NES) was identified in the Nt-4/1 protein by site-directed mutagenesis. The Nt-4/1 NES mutant was localized to the nucleoplasm forming spherical bodies. Immunogold labeling and electron microscopy of cytoplasmic Nt-4/1-containing bodies and nuclear structures containing the Nt-4/1 NES mutant revealed differences in their fine structure. In mammalian cells, Nt-4/1-GFP formed cytoplasmic spherical bodies similar to those found for the Nt-4/1 NES mutant in plant cell nuclei. Using dynamic laser light scattering and electron microscopy, the Nt-4/1 protein was found to form multimeric complexes in vitro.

In vitro phosphorylation of the N-terminal half of hordeivirus movement protein.

The N-terminal half of TGB1 movement protein of poa semilatent hordeivirus, which forms a ribonucleoprotein complex involved in movement of the viral genome in the plant, and its two domains, NTD and ID, are phosphorylated in vitro by a fraction enriched in cell walls from Nicotiana benthamiana. Using a set of protein kinase inhibitors with different specificities, it was found that enzymes possessing activities of casein kinase 1, protein kinase A, and protein kinase C are involved in phosphorylation. Commercial preparations of protein kinases A and C are able to phosphorylate in vitro recombinant proteins corresponding to the N-terminal half of the protein and its domains NTD and ID. Phosphorylation of the NTD has no effect on the efficiency and character of its binding to RNA. However, phosphorylation of the ID leads to a decrease in its RNA-binding activity and in the ability for homological protein-protein interactions.

[Mini-invasive operative interventions for spontaneous pneumothorax on the background of nonspecific pulmonary diseases].

The data, concerning the rate, causes and conditions of occurrence, localization of spontaneous pneumothorax, occurring on the background of non-specific pulmonary disease, tactic of its treatment, were adduced. The accent was done on the expediency of thoracoscopy performance for the correct diagnosis establishment as well as in the further tactic of treatment determination. The miniinvasive technologies introduction had permitted to improve the results of the patients treatment significantly and to prevent recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax.

[Chlamydiosis of the upper sections of the digestive tract]. / Khlamidioz verkhnikh otdelov pishchevaritel'nogo kanala.

The experience is submitted gained with the diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis-associated esophagitis. Used in the study were laboratory and instrumental methods of diagnosis, with their merits and demerits outlined. It is pointed out that complex diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis-produced esophagitis is important, the treatment involving institution of anti-bacterial and immunomodulating therapies.

[The functional role of the glycosylation of viral components]. / Funktsional'naia rol' glikozilirovaniia virusnykh komponentov.

An inhibitory analysis of the role of glycosylation and glycoproteins in the manifestations of the most important properties of African swine virus was carried out using a set of strains and variants with contrasting characteristics. Glycoproteins were shown to realize some virus functions such as virulence and its variability, intracellular transport and exocytosis of virions, hemadsorption, but not immunological recognition of the infected cells by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.

[Immune reactions to the African swine fever virus]. / Immunnye reaktsii na virus afrikanskoi chumy svinei.

Host immune reactions to African swine fever virus variants differing in their virulence were studied comparatively. Their obvious variabilities in antibody induction to some polypeptides active in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes were demonstrated. T-helpers of immune pig splenocytes were found to recognize the cells infected with avirulent but not virulent virus variants. The described differences were not connected with the changes in SLA-1 antigen expression in the infected cells but correlated with induction of host resistance, chronic or acute course of the disease with fatal outcome.

[Polypeptides p14 and p31 of the African swine fever virus--early proteins located on the membrane of the infected cell]. / Polipeptidy p14 i p31 virusa afrikanskoi chumy svinei--rannie belki, lokalizovannye na membrane infitsirovannoi kletki.

African swine fever virus polypeptides p14 and p31 are synthesized in the presence of phosphonacetic acid which inhibits viral DNA replication, and therefore they are early viral proteins. These polypeptides were found to be localized on plasma membranes by immunofluorescence with monospecific antisera and monoclonal antibodies and by selective solubilization of infected cells. The p14-specific antibodies mediate complement-dependent cytolysis and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity of the cells infected with African swine fever virus.

[The population structure of the African swine fever virus based on the quantitative hemadsorption trait]. / Populiatsionnaia struktura virusa afrikanskoi chumy svinei po priznaku kolichestvennoi gemadsorbtsii.

Subpopulation composition of 8 ASFV isolates and variants differing in virulence was evaluated comparatively by their haemadsorption capacity. The "quantitative haemadsorption marker" was shown to be useful for characterization of the strains, virus population phenotypic heterogeneity and structure. The marker expression was found to correlate with virulence: attenuated variants had low haemadsorption and more subpopulation components with that shift, and vice versa.

[The identification of the membrane proteins of human and animal viruses]. / Identifikatsiia membrannykh belkov virusov cheloveka i zhivotnykh.

The review deals with the methods of identification of virus-specific proteins on virion and infected cell surface. The isotopic labeling of membrane proteins, their extraction by proteolytic enzymes and selective solubilization by detergents are considered. The plasmatic membrane isolation by centrifugation and by means of microcarriers is described. The methods of membrane protein localization using monoclonal antibodies and radioimmunoprecipitation are presented.

Red cell enzyme types in rheumatic diseases.

We studied the frequencies of red cell enzyme types, AcP, PGM1 and EsD in 213 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatic heart disease (RHD), scleroderma (Scl) and psoriatic arthropathy (PsA). The differences in frequency of AcP phenotypes between RA, Scl, and PsA and the Moscow population were significant. In PsA the PGM1 phenotype 1-1 frequency was significantly decreased, while the phenotype 2-1 frequency was significantly increased.

[Possible concentration-dependent mechanism of action exerted by epinephrine on giant neurons]. / Vozmozhnyi mekhanizm kontsentratsionnoi zavisnmosti deistviia adrenalina na gigantskie neipony.

The results of an investigation carried out suggest that both the stimulating and inhibitory action of epinephrine on the neuronal activity are mediated by the adenylate-cyclase system. The reason of the effect of epinephrine depending on its concentration is, apparantly, the polyfunctionality of the "second mediator"--cAMP and the primordial existence in the cells of processes oppositely influencing its functional activity, whose intensity depends on the concentration of cAMP.