Decoding Therapeutic Applications of Quercetin: Recent Advancements in Nanotechnological Strategies.

For centuries, people have used herbal medicine to treat a diversity of health complications and as a natural substance, they have a favourable effect on our health. Herbal ingredients can be utilized as lead molecules in the innovation and development of a new drug. Flavonoids are a class of chemical compounds with diverse phenolic structures, and they are found in a wide variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, cereals, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea, and wine. Quercetin is the most prevalent polyphenolic bioflavonoid or flavonoid. Quercetin is found in many food products and has demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological activities, including the treatment of allergies, ocular diseases, metabolic ailments, inflammatory illnesses, cardiovascular ailments and arthritis. Quercetin has attracted interest as an emerging pharmacophore with the potential to significantly advance research and the development of novel therapeutic medicines for a variety of diseases. Despite having a huge therapeutic potential, these flavonoids have unfavourable pharmacokinetic characteristics, low bioavailability, and poor solubility, limiting their application in therapeutics. The objective of the current study is to present a new update on the major therapeutic uses of quercetin and other types of nanocarriers that contain quercetin to treat various ailments.

Innate Immune Sensing of Influenza A Virus.

Influenza virus infection triggers host innate immune response by stimulating various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of these PRRs leads to the activation of a plethora of signaling pathways, resulting in the production of interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines, followed by the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), the recruitment of innate immune cells, or the activation of programmed cell death. All these antiviral approaches collectively restrict viral replication inside the host. However, influenza virus also engages in multiple mechanisms to subvert the innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the role of PRRs such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), NOD-, LRR-, pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), and Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1) in sensing and restricting influenza viral infection. Further, we also discuss the mechanisms influenza virus utilizes, especially the role of viral non-structure proteins NS1, PB1-F2, and PA-X, to evade the host innate immune responses.

Role of trans vaginal ultrasound and Doppler in diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome.

Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is a cause of chronic pelvic pain in women and is defined as pelvic pain lasting for more than six months.The diagnosis of PCS is a challenging task for the gynaecologist. It can be due to many varied causes like endometriosis, adhesions, chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ovarian cyst, fibroids, pelvic varicosities. Radiology plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of PCS. Pelvic UltraSonography (PUS),transvaginal sonography (TVS) with doppler, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) and ovarian venography are usually used in the diagnosis of this condition. We report a case of a 35-year-old multiparous patient with history of pain in lower abdomen, vaginal discharge and general lethargy for past three years who was diagnosed as a case of PCS based on typical TVS and Doppler findings.

Pediatric solitary intraosseous infantile myofibroma of the mandible.

Myofibroma is a rare benign tumor of myofibroblastic origin that presents as solitary or multiple, and as an intraosseous and/or soft tissue lesion. It most commonly occurs in infants and children, although adult myofibromas have also been reported. Solitary central infantile myofibroma of the jaws is very rare and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of central jaw lesions involving the mandible in children. Its etiology is unknown. The purpose of this manuscript is to report a case of solitary intraosseous infantile myofibroma of the mandible wherein trauma may have been a contributory factor to the development of the tumor. The importance of immunohistochemistry in diagnosing this entity has also been emphasized. Resection should be preferred over enucleation when the lesion infiltrates the surrounding bone.