Cytological Evaluation of Pathological Male Breast Lesions.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the cytodiagnostic spectrum of various male breast lesions, which were corroborated on histopathology as appropriate, to describe the process of the cytomorphology of some uncommon pathological lesions, and to discuss the reasons of their misdiagnoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this 8-year study, a total of 114 patients underwent fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). In a representative case, nipple discharge from an 8-month-old child was examined. Confirmatory histopathology was obtained in 38 cases only. RESULTS: Gynecomastia was the most common (63.5%) male breast pathology. Invasive breast carcinoma of no special type was the most common variant of male breast malignancy. Half of the "gray zone" of cytological lesions was confirmed as cancer, but the rest were diagnosed as fibrocystic disease and intraductal papilloma. All cases with malignant cytology matched their corresponding histopathology. However, a tumor from an intraductal papillary carcinoma was miscued as ductal carcinoma on previous FNAC. CONCLUSION: Cytological evaluation of male breast lesions provides highly sensitive and specific results with excellent histologic reproducibility. Thus, it should be the ideal pretherapeutic diagnostic procedure for male breasts. However, some benign pathological conditions, which are particularly associated with epithelial hyperplasia, perplex the cytomorphologic scenario into the "gray zone."

Cytological Evaluation of Palpebral Lesions: An Insight into its Limitations Aided with Histopathological Corroboration.

CONTEXT: Eyelids by virtue of its unique histomorphology give rise to multitudes of different pathological conditions. Appropriate preoperative cytological diagnoses of these cases are necessary to determine their optimal therapy. AIMS: The aims of this study were to evaluate the utility of various cytological techniques in diagnosing the definite pathology for palpebral lesions and thereby to highlight the drawbacks associated with cytology in this context. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fine-needle cytology with or without applying the aspiration was the preferable method. Ulcerated lesions were sampled through scrapings. RESULTS: Totally 62 cases were examined. Cytologically, 22 lesions were diagnosed as nonneoplastic, 38 lesions were neoplastic, and nondiagnostic material was obtained twice. Malignant tumors predominated among the neoplastic cases. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) was the most common malignancy observed. On histopathological corroboration, benign skin adnexal tumor was found to be the most frequently misinterpreted entity. Two (out of four cases) of those tumors were confirmed as melanocytic nevus and BCC. A single case of squamous cell carcinoma was also cytodiagnostically erred into sebaceous carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Cytologically palpebral pathologies, including the neoplastic ones, are at times vulnerable to misinterpretation. To avert such dilemma, it is better to readily excise any recurrent lesion, basaloid neoplasm, or any necrohemorrhagic lesion presumptive of overshadowing the neoplastic pathology underneath.

Importance of Ki-67 Labeling in Oral Leukoplakia with Features of Dysplasia and Carcinomatous Transformation: An Observational Study over 4 Years.

Background Early detection of dysplastic changes within oral potentially malignant disorders is the mainstay to prevent oral cancer. Ki-67 is one of the most useful antigens in this purpose. Aims The study aims were to recognize and mutually compare the proliferative status of idiopathic oral leukoplakia (OL) patches, which presented through different forms of dysplasia and carcinoma. Settings and Design In 4 years of observation, cumulatively 140 OL lesions were included for examination. The wholesome Ki-67 labeling scores in each of the subgroups were calculated. Subjects and Methods The World Health Organization recommended histopathological classification was used to categorize the dysplastic and malignant lesions. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were processed for Ki-67 immunostaining. The labeling indices (LIs) were quantified semiquantitatively at the site of maximal reactive cells on tissue sections. Statistical Analysis The statistical comparison was performed by means of the SPSS software (Version 16.0 SPSS Inc.). A p- value < 0.05 was considered as the benchmark for statistical significance. Results A steady and significant increment in Ki-67 expression was discovered from dysplastic to malignant OL patches compared with normal mucosa. The labeling differences were significant between normal mucosa and mild dysplasia, as well as between mild, moderate, and severe dysplasia. However, the expression did not differ significantly with the severity of oral cancers. Conclusions Ki-67 is a useful molecular marker of carcinogenesis in OL. It also serves worthwhile in separating marginally dysplastic lesions, such as mild dysplasia or verrucous carcinoma from their benign epigones.

Fine needle aspiration cytology of epididymal nodules and its corroboration with ultrasonographic-histological findings.

BACKGROUND: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) assisted with scrotal ultrasonography is the best preoperative diagnostic modality for palpable epididymal nodules. It also aids in their successive remedial approach as well as serves semi-therapeutically in cystic lesions. The objectives of this study are to recognize the spectrum of pathological conditions giving rise to epididymal nodules, then to compare them with corresponding ultrasound images, and to evaluate the histological features wherever practicable. METHODS: Total 62 patients underwent FNAC as well as sonographic evaluation for their epididymal nodules. Histopathology was performed in only 20 cases. RESULTS: Epididymitis either caused by tuberculosis (30.6%), or in its acute (11.3%) and chronic (8.1%) forms remained the commonest cytological diagnosis. Neoplastic lesions included mostly adenomatoid tumors (8.1%), and another case of seminomatous spread from ipsilateral testicular primary. Nineteen of the excised masses corroborated with their respective cytodiagnoses. The discrepant lesion was actually a papillary cystadenoma, which was cytologically misinterpreted as adenomatoid tumor. CONCLUSIONS: FNAC becomes the first-hand investigative measure for epididymal nodules, by virtue of its early, easy and highly accurate diagnostic implications. It segregates the patients into proper therapeutic protocol and thereby estranges those who really need operative management. When deployed together with ultrasound, the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC improves further.

Two unusual reports of urogenital tuberculosis: One 'putty' kidney and another in association with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

In India urogenital tuberculosis is the second commonest form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Kidney is the highest and prostate is the least affected urogenital organ. But the extreme stage of renal tuberculosis named as 'putty' kidney is a rare manifestation. In general most cases of urogenital tuberculosis are quasi-symptomatic, and therefore an uttermost apprehension is needed from physicians to intercept such cases at the earliest. In this presentation we describe a case of 'putty' kidney, and another incidental association of prostate tuberculosis with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Pitfalls in the cytological diagnosis of tenosynovial giant cell tumor: An illustration of eight discordant cases.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TSGCT) is a highly recurrent benign tumor of the extremities. Wide local excision is usually sufficient to achieve its recurrence-free outcome. However, that needs a confident pre-operative cytological diagnosis as TSGCT. Aspirates from this tumor express the characteristic polymorphic cytological pattern, enough to impose a definite diagnosis. However rarely so, inadequate sampling from smaller tumors or due to faulty techniques, and selective sampling from topographic clusters of any individual component may lead to wrong interpretation. An unorthodox location near the larger limb joints further complicates the diagnostic misery on occasions. Such tumors are amenable to incomplete removal and risk for future recurrence. In this report, we describe eight cases of TSGCTs that were cytologically diagnosed otherwise. The cytological features of these discrepant tumors and the factors attributable to such dilemma are elaborated. Finally, a possible remedy has been proposed at conclusion in order to avoid future inconveniences.

Follicular Hybrid Cyst with Rare Juxtaposition of Epidermal Cyst and Steatocystoma.

Any cutaneous cyst differentiating toward two or more pilosebaceous components is known as follicular hybrid cyst (FHC). A combination of epidermal and trichilemmal cyst is its most frequent example. Other combinations of pilosebaceous derivatives occur uncommonly as well. The histogenesis of this condition has been controversial. In this latest report, we describe an unusual FHC from the earlobe of a 19-year-old male, which expressed the cohabitation of epidermal cyst and steatocystoma. A sharp transition was noted between the two kinds of epithelial components.

Acute Appendicitis Caused by an Echinococcal Brood Capsule Unmasks an Asymptomatic Hepatic Hydatid Cyst.

Hydatidosis is an endemic helminthic disease in the cattle-grazing regions of Asia. It is usually caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Internal organs, particularly the liver and lungs, are predominantly affected, but the appendix is only rarely involved with the formation of characteristic hydatid cyst. We present a unique case of appendiceal hydatidosis in an 18-year-old woman with acute appendicitis. Her preoperative abdominal ultrasound revealed an asymptomatic hydatid cyst in the liver. An echinococcal brood capsule was detected postoperatively within the appendicular lumen under microscope.

A Carcinoid Tumor in the Urinary Bladder with Uncommon Clinicopathological Presentation.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoid tumors usually originate from the enterochromaffin cells located in gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary system. They may rarely arise in the urinary bladder, where this can be eventually miscued as any other commoner bladder neoplasms. The current study was conducted to connote an uncommon clinicopathological presentation by a carcinoid tumor in the urinary bladder. CASE: A 52-year-old male, who initially experienced obstructive urinary symptoms, underwent cystourethroscopy to remove a tumor in the urinary bladder. The tumor exhibited insular, trabecular, and organoid architecture on histology without any necrosis or mitosis, stained positively with chromogranin A, and thereby, confirmed the diagnosis of a pure carcinoid tumor. CONCLUSION: Carcinoid tumors rarely arise in the urinary bladder and other genitourinary organs. But, several other and relatively more common bladder neoplasms may often deceptively simulate it. This dilemma could be resolved easily with the application of proper immunohistochemistry (IHC) in neuroendocrine tumors.

Bilateral lung metastases unveils an asymptomatic sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumor.

Sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumor is an uncommon pediatric neoplasm. It usually presents with intra-abdominal or gluteal pain and mass. At later stage, it disseminates to regional nodes and distant organs. We describe one such neoplasm in an 18-month-old male child who turned symptomatic with multiple bilateral lung metastases. The tumor produced the least deformity to his physique, to become detectable on routine inspection and clinical examination. Finally, a combined approach through clinical, radiological, pathological, and biochemical perspectives established the diagnosis.

A study of Ki-67 expression and its clinicopathological determinants in nondysplastic oral leukoplakia.

CONTEXT: Oral cancer is the third most prevalent malignancy in India. Leukoplakia is its most common precursor lesion. AIMS: This study aimed at evaluation of the Ki-67 expression and thereby detection of the dysplastic potential in histopathologically nondysplastic oral leukoplakia (OL). Secondarily, another purpose was to correlate various clinicopathological factors with the labeling indices (LIs) of Ki-67 in those cases as well. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: In total, 97 OL cases were examined. Relevant clinical and demographic information was retrieved from the pro forma, prefilled by the patients themselves during their first visit. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Its LIs were calculated and correlated with different clinicopathological parameters using statistical software SPSS version 16.0. RESULTS: 58.8% (57 cases) lesions exhibited a Ki-67 positivity of ≤5%, and 25.8% (25 cases) lesions exhibited it in the range of 6%-25%. Only 15 (15.4%) patches were stained positively between 26% and 60%. Patients' age beyond 50 years, nonhomogeneous leukoplakia, and tobacco addiction were the significant risk factors for high Ki-67 scores (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ki-67 is an essential immunohistochemical marker for epithelial dysplasia in OL, especially when the conventional histopathology fails to appreciate the same. In this purpose, Ki-67 labeling on a routine basis delivers the most convenient results for patients aged above 50 years, and/or addicted to tobacco products, and/or suffering from nonhomogeneous patches.

Congenital Anaplastic Rhabdomyosarcoma Presenting As Abdominal Wall Mass.

Rhabdomyosarcoma encompasses a group of malignant myogenic neoplasms expressing a multitude of clinical and pathological diversities. It is the commonest soft tissue sarcoma of childhood but neonates are rarely affected. Embryonal subtype is the most frequent. Head-neck and genitourinary tracts are predominant sites, while trunk is considered among the unusual sites of rhabdomyosarcoma. Herein we report a case of anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma in a newborn girl presenting, at the Pediatric Surgery Outpatient Department of North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, India in 2013 with a large tumor mass in the left flank region, arising from abdominal wall muscles.

Two cases of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of female breast: Role of fine-needle aspiration cytology and cell-block immunohistochemistry.

Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) is an uncommon neoplastic condition. Though HIV-infection is a known risk factor for the development of extranodal lymphomas, mammary involvement is still a rarity. Radiologically, PBL appears as well circumscribed, heteroechoic, noncalcifying mass. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is commonly used to diagnose this neoplasm; however, subcategorization requires immunophenotypic characterization of the neoplastic cells. Herein, we report two cases of PBL, including a HIV-infected lady; in both the cases FNAC expressed features of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Finally, immunohistochemistry on cell-block with CD20 diagnosed both the cases as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

A clinicopathological study of peripheral lymph nodes in HIV-infected patients with special reference to CD4+ T-cell counts: Experience from a tertiary care institution in Darjeeling (India).

BACKGROUND: HIV/AIDS is a major health burden worldwide. India bears the third highest HIV-patients load globally. In the Darjeeling district, HIV-prevalence is >1% with very little known about the profile of HIV-lymphadenopathy. The aim of this study was to identify the different causes of peripheral lymphadenopathy among HIV-infected patients in this region, correlate them with CD4+ T-cell counts and formulate some common clinico-haematological parameters as potential predictors of CD4+ T-cell count. METHODS: In the present study, 76 cases were evaluated. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was performed as an out-patient procedure in the Department of Pathology. Smears were stained routinely with Haematoxylin-Eosin and Leishman stains. ZN stains were done when indicated by the cytological findings. Immediate CD4+ T-cell count was obtained by referring the patients to the Anti-retroviral therapy centre. RESULTS: Cytological diagnoses included tuberculosis (82.9%), reactive hyperplasia (6.6%), nonspecific granulomatous lesions (3.9%), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (2.6%), histoplasmosis (2.6%) and simultaneous filariasis with toxoplasmosis (1.3%). Statistically, the opportunistic infections and lymphomas significantly concurred with a CD4+ T-cell count <350/µl. Likewise, the number of enlarged lymph nodes and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) were found to be useful predictors of CD4+ T-cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node cytology in HIV-infected patients is essential to identify opportunistic infections from neoplastic lesions and; to enable therapeutic strategies. Correlation of lesions with mean CD4+ T-cell count predicts personal immunity, stage of disease and disease activity. Furthermore, enlarged lymph node numbers and ALC can be surrogate markers of CD4+ T-cell count for monitoring the severity of the immune suppression in under-resourced countries like India.

Cytopathological and Microbiological Profile of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in HIV-Infected Patients with Special Emphasis on Its Corroboration with CD4+ T-Cell Counts.

OBJECTIVES: The present study was performed to evaluate various cytological patterns and acid fast bacillus (AFB) grades in HIV-infected patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis and to correlate these with each other as well as with peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts. STUDY DESIGN: Ninety-two HIV-seropositive patients, cytologically diagnosed with tuberculous lymphadenitis, were evaluated. Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed as an outpatient procedure. Sonographic guidance was sought for internally sited lymph nodes. Cytopathological details were assessed on routinely stained and Ziehl-Neelsen-stained smears. Appropriate AFB grades were assigned. CD4+ T-cell counts were obtained immediately. Finally, the cytopathological findings, AFB grades and CD4+ T-cell counts were corroborated with each other. RESULTS: Epithelioid cell granuloma in the presence of caseation appeared to be the most frequent (66.3%) cytomorphology on aspirated smears. AFB grades 3+ (37%) and 4+ (35.9%) were the commonest patterns of bacillary involvement. The mycobacterial density and cytological features significantly correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-associated tuberculous lymphadenitis, AFB grade and CD4+ T-cell counts worsen with the appearance of necrosis. Here, the peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts inversely correlated with bacillary load. Collectively, peripheral CD4+ T-cell counts, cytological findings and AFB grade exemplify the immune status in these patients.